Cell-Specific Response of NSIP- and IPF-Derived Fibroblasts to the Modification of the Elasticity, Biological Properties, and 3D Architecture of the Substrate.

The fibrotic fibroblasts derived from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) are surrounded by specific environments, characterized by increased stiffness, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and altered lung architecture. The presented research was aimed at investigating the effect of biological, physical, and topographical modification of the substrate on the properties of IPF- and NSIP-derived fibroblasts, and searching for the parameters enabling their identification. Soft and stiff polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was chosen for the basic substrates, the properties of which were subsequently tuned. To obtain the biological modification of the substrates, they were covered with ECM proteins, laminin, fibronectin, and collagen. The substrates that mimicked the 3D structure of the lungs were prepared using two approaches, resulting in porous structures that resemble natural lung architecture and honeycomb patterns, typical of IPF tissue. The growth of cells on soft and stiff PDMS covered with proteins, traced using fluorescence microscopy, confirmed an altered behavior of healthy and IPF- and NSIP-derived fibroblasts in response to the modified substrate properties, enabling their identification. In turn, differences in the mechanical properties of healthy and fibrotic fibroblasts, determined using atomic force microscopy working in force spectroscopy mode, as well as their growth on 3D-patterned substrates were not sufficient to discriminate between cell lines.

Discrimination between NSIP- and IPF-Derived Fibroblasts Based on Multi-Parameter Characterization of Their Growth, Morphology and Physic-Chemical Properties.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the research presented here was to find a set of parameters enabling discrimination between three types of fibroblasts, i.e., healthy ones and those derived from two disorders mimicking each other: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). METHODS: The morphology and growth of cells were traced using fluorescence microscopy and analyzed quantitatively using cell proliferation and substrate cytotoxicity indices. The viability of cells was recorded using MTS assays, and their stiffness was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) working in force spectroscopy (FS) mode. To enhance any possible difference in the examined parameters, experiments were performed with cells cultured on substrates of different elasticities. Moreover, the chemical composition of cells was determined using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), combined with sophisticated analytical tools, i.e., Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). RESULTS: The obtained results demonstrate that discrimination between cell lines derived from healthy and diseased patients is possible based on the analysis of the growth of cells, as well as their physical and chemical properties. In turn, the comparative analysis of the cellular response to altered stiffness of the substrates enables the identification of each cell line, including distinguishing between IPF- and NSIP-derived fibroblasts.

Identification of polycystic ovary syndrome from blood serum using hormone levels via Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disease, which causes infertility in women. The factors for the development of the disease are still not well understood and diagnostic methods need to be improved. Therefore, in this study, Raman spectroscopy as a potential diagnostic tool, was investigated and spectra of blood serum were collected from PCOS and healthy women. The obtained spectra showed distinct changes in intensities as well as shift of peaks for the blood serum collected from PCOS compared to healthy individuals. Partial Last Square (PLS) analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allowed to determine that Raman shifts of amides (1500 - 1700 cm-1) and CH2, CH3 lipid groups (2700 - 3000 cm-1), could be thus used as potential PCOS markers. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation test showed a strong correlation between hormones (lutropin (LH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating (FSH), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), thyroid-stimulating (TSH), Estradiol) and lipids, as well as between hormones and protein functional groups in PCOS women, compared to the control. These results show, that the lipid and protein balance could be potentially applied as a helpful PCOS marker in Raman spectra.

Fabrication and Impact of Fouling-Reducing Temperature-Responsive POEGMA Coatings with Embedded CaCO3 Nanoparticles on Different Cell Lines.

In the present work, we have successfully prepared and characterized novel nanocomposite material exhibiting temperature-dependent surface wettability changes, based on grafted brush coatings of non-fouling poly(di(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) with the embedded CaCO3 nanoparticles. Grafted polymer brushes attached to the glass surface were prepared in a three-step process using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Subsequently, uniform CaCO3 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in POEGMA-grafted brush coatings were synthesized using biomineralized precipitation from solutions of CaCl2 and Na2CO3. An impact of the low concentration of the embedded CaCO3 NPs on cell adhesion and growth depends strongly on the type of studied cell line: keratinocytes (HaCaT), melanoma (WM35) and osteoblastic (MC3T3-e1). Based on the temperature-responsive properties of grafted brush coatings and CaCO3 NPs acting as biologically active substrate, we hope that our research will lead to a new platform for tissue engineering with modified growth of the cells due to the release of biologically active substances from CaCO3 NPs and the ability to detach the cells in a controlled manner using temperature-induced changes of the brush.

Effect of tuned elasticity and chemical modification of substrate on fibrotic and healthy lung fibroblasts.

Response to substrate elasticity, dependent on mechanical properties of cells, differs for lung fibroblast derived from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the healthy ones. These altered interactions might potentially act as a 'biomarker' for easy and reliable IPF diagnosis. In this work, systematic studies on the effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate elasticity, tuned stepwise from 600 kPa to 1.5 MPa on the growth of IPF-derived (LL97A) and healthy (LL24) lung fibroblasts were reported. Additionally, impact of substrate chemistry on both cell lines was studied for fibroblasts cultured on glass substrates modified with three organosilanes - 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) and 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GOPS), with different end groups. Finally, the effect of the simultaneous modification of mechanical and chemical properties on the cellular behavior was studied for fibroblast cultured on PDMS substrates covered with silanes. The growth of cells was traced using fluorescence microscopy and analyzed quantitatively by nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, indicating strong, cell-dependent impact of substrate elasticity dominating over effect of chemical modification.

Effect of Substrate Stiffness on Physicochemical Properties of Normal and Fibrotic Lung Fibroblasts.

The presented research aims to verify whether physicochemical properties of lung fibroblasts, modified by substrate stiffness, can be used to discriminate between normal and fibrotic cells from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The impact of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate stiffness on the physicochemical properties of normal (LL24) and IPF-derived lung fibroblasts (LL97A) was examined in detail. The growth and elasticity of cells were assessed using fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy working in force spectroscopy mode, respectively. The number of fibroblasts, as well as their shape and the arrangement, strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the substrate. Moreover, normal fibroblasts remain more rigid as compared to their fibrotic counterparts, which may indicate the impairments of IPF-derived fibroblasts induced by the fibrosis process. The chemical properties of normal and IPF-derived lung fibroblasts inspected using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and analyzed complexly with principal component analysis (PCA), show a significant difference in the distribution of cholesterol and phospholipids. Based on the observed distinctions between healthy and fibrotic cells, the mechanical properties of cells may serve as prospective diagnostic biomarkers enabling fast and reliable identification of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

Non-cytotoxic, temperature-responsive and antibacterial POEGMA based nanocomposite coatings with silver nanoparticles.

Non-cytotoxic, temperature-responsive and antibacterial poly(di(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) - POEGMA188 based nanocomposite coatings attached to a glass surface were successfully prepared using ATRP polymerization. The thickness, morphology and wettability of the resulting coatings were analyzed using ellipsometry, AFM and contact angle measurements, respectively. The strong impact of the thicknesses of the POEGMA188 grafted brush coatings and content of AgNPs on the morphology and temperature-induced wettability changes of the nanocomposite was demonstrated. In addition to the strong temperature-dependent antibacterial activity, the proposed nanocomposite coatings have no significant cytotoxic effect towards normal cells. Moreover, the slight anti-cancer effect of AgNPs may be suggested.

Morphological and mechanical stability of bladder cancer cells in response to substrate rigidity.

BACKGROUND: Morphology of cells can be considered as an interplay between the accessibility of substrate anchoring sites, cytoskeleton properties and cellular deformability. To withstand tension induced by cell's environment, cells tend to spread out and, simultaneously, to remodel actin filament organization. METHODS: In this context, the use of polyacrylamide hydrogel substrates with a surface coated with laminin allows to trace remodeling of actin cytoskeleton during the interaction of cells with laminin-rich basement membrane. Reorganization of actin cortex can be quantified by a surface spreading area and deformability of single cells. RESULTS: In our study, we demonstrated that morphological and mechanical alterations of bladder cancer cells in response to altered microenvironment stiffness are of biphasic nature. Threshold-dependent relations are induced by mechanical properties of cell microenvironment. Initially, fast alterations in cellular capability to spread and to deform are followed by slow-rate changes. A switch provided by cellular deformability threshold, in the case of non-malignant cells, triggers the formation of thick actin bundles accompanied by matured focal adhesions. For cancer cells, cell spreading and deformability thresholds switch between slow and fast rate of changes with weak reorganization of actin filaments and focal adhesions formation. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of transition region enables the cells to achieve a morphological and mechanical stability, which together with altered expression of vinculin and integrins, can contribute to invasiveness of bladder cancers. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings show that morphological and mechanical stability is directly related to actin filament organization used by cancer cells to adapt to altered laminin-rich microenvironment.

Fibroblasts change spreading capability and mechanical properties in a direct interaction with keratinocytes in conditions mimicking wound healing.

Keratinocytes are predominant in the uppermost layer of the skin, while fibroblasts dominate in the dermal layer. These cells interact with each other directly when fibroblasts migrate to a region of the wound where they induce keratinocytes proliferation through double paracrine signalling. Since a response from both keratinocytes and fibroblasts dominates during the inflammatory and proliferative phases, the exact knowledge how these two types of cells interact with each other is crucial for deeper understanding of mechanisms involved in the wound healing process. The aim of this study was to quantify alterations in mechanical properties of cells, i.e. fibroblasts and keratinocytes, in conditions mimicking direct cellular interactions observed in wound healing. Single cell elasticity was measured using atomic force microscope. To verify the influence of keratinocyte neighbors on fibroblasts elasticity (and vice versa), the effect of cellular confluency was studied in parallel. Our results enabled us to distinguish cellular density-related effects from intercellular interactions occurring between fibroblasts and keratinocytes. While the presence of keratinocytes affects fibroblasts spreading capability and mechanical properties, the keratinocytes remain unaffected by the fibroblasts. These results highlight the importance of the cellular deformability in understanding of the role of biomechanics in double paracrine signalling as fibroblast-keratinocyte interaction can change the potential of the wound healing.

Glass transition in temperature-responsive poly(butyl methacrylate) grafted polymer brushes. Impact of thickness and temperature on wetting, morphology, and cell growth.

Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) grafted polymer brushes attached to glass were fabricated in a three-step process involving surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The surface properties of the coatings after subsequent fabrication steps were confirmed using ToF-SIMS and ellipsometry. Measurements of water contact angle and AFM revealed temperature-induced changes in the hydrophobicity and morphology of the coating. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the PBMA coatings with different thicknesses were determined from the AFM measurements. For the PBMA grafted brush coatings with thicknesses less than 62 nm, Tg increases sharply with increasing thickness. The PBMA grafted coatings of thickness equal to 86 nm and 43 nm as well as control glass substrates were used as substrates for culturing a urinary bladder cancer HTB-5 cell line. After 144 h of culturing, a well-developed monocellular layer may be observed on the PBMA coating of thickness equal to 86 nm. In turn, the cells incubated on thinner (43 nm) PBMA coatings as well as on a control glass sample only start to form a confluent layer.

Atomic force microscopy as a tool for assessing the cellular elasticity and adhesiveness to identify cancer cells and tissues.

From the first experiments of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) with biological samples, the range of its potential applications grows extensively. One of them is the use of AFM to characterize biophysical fingerprints of cancer progression in search of non-labelled biomarkers of the disease. The technique offers various functionalities, starting from surface imaging to detection of interaction forces, delivering quantitative parameters that can describe changes characteristic for various diseases, including cancer. In this review, the special emphasis was laid on these studies that compare the AFM-derived properties of reference and cancerous cells using all functionalities from cellular deformability measurements to quantification of the interaction forces at the single-molecule and single-cell levels. Despite the large effort and evidence of the microscope applicability to detect pathologically altered cells, there are still practical challenges remained to be solved before AFM can be implemented for routine cancer tracking and diagnosis. To-date, the AFM can be used to achieve a better understanding of cancer-related processes and mechanisms that could be further employed to design high-resolution clinical assays in a quantitative way.

[Assessment of Polish physicians' therapy behaviour and patterns of prescribing antihistaminic medicines in day-to-day outpatient care]. / Ocena zachowan terapeutycznych lekarzy w Polsce w codziennej praktyce ambulatoryjnej odnosnie przepisywania leków przeciwhistaminowych.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to assess management of patients with allergies, to evaluate frequency of use of specific antihistamines in population with diagnosed allergy, to evaluate causes and frequency of antihistamines' discontinuation, as well as frequency of allergen identification. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a multi-centre, observational study, in the form of epidemiological registry. The study was conducted in 1200 centres all over the country. 23 997 patients with diagnosed allergic condition were enrolled into this study. RESULTS: The most frequent allergic condition in the surveyed population was allergic rhinitis (51% of all enrolled patients), urticaria (28%), and allergic conjunctivitis (20%). Only 6 562 subjects (27%) had been examined with skin prick tests or specific IgE antibodies tests and their allergens had been identified. The remaining subjects had been treated so far with no attempts to identify allergy triggers (allergens). In the surveyed population, the dominant type was pollen allergy (62%) and house dust mites allergy (33%). Only 48% of subjects were on antiallergic treatment at the time of the enrollement into this epidemiological registry. The main causes of medication discontinuation were side effects observed, predominantly sedation. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent allergic condition treated in outpatient setting is allergic rhinitis. Only 48% of allergic patients take antiallergic medicines (predominantly antihistamines). The most prevalent reason for treatment discontinuation are side effects, mainly sedation.