A Community-Engaged Process for Adapting a Cardiovascular Health Intervention for Persons with Serious Mental Illness.

Introduction: People with serious mental illness experience grave disparities in cardiovascular disease risk factors. To promote scale-up of effective cardiovascular disease risk reduction interventions from clinical trials, it is important to involve end-users in adapting interventions to fit the needs of community-based settings. Objective: We describe a novel, theory-informed process of garnering community input to adapt IDEAL Goals, an evidence-based intervention for improving cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with serious mental illness. Setting: Outpatient community mental health programs in Maryland and Michigan implementing behavioral health homes, which provide enhanced support to people living with both physical and mental illnesses. Participants: Clinicians, frontline staff, and administrators from community mental health organizations and persons with serious mental illness. Methods: Our approach to community engagement is based on the Replicating Effective Programs (REP) framework. During the REP preimplementation phase, we used 2 community engagement activities: (1) a "needs assessment" to identify anticipated implementation barriers and facilitators, and (2) "community working groups" to collaboratively engage with end-users in adapting the intervention and implementation strategies. Main Findings: We used the Stakeholder Engagement Reporting Questionnaire to describe our processes for conducting a needs assessment, involving site-level surveys (N=26) and individual interviews (N=94), and convening a series of community working groups with clinicians and staff (mean, 24 per meeting) and persons with serious mental illness (mean, 8 per meeting). Conclusions: By specifying the nature and extent of our community engagement activities, we aim to contribute to the evidence base of how to better integrate and measure community-engaged processes in the adaptation of evidence-based interventions.

Technologic and Nontechnologic Barriers to Implementing Behavioral Health Homes in Community Mental Health Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Persons with serious mental illnesses (SMIs) experience disparities in health care and are more likely to die from physical health conditions than the general population. Behavioral health homes are used in public sector mental health programs to deploy collaborative care to improve physical health for those with SMIs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these programs faced new challenges in delivering care to this vulnerable group. Purpose: To describe barriers to implementing or sustaining behavioral health homes, experienced by community mental health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the strategies used to address these challenges. Methods: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted among the behavioral health workforce in Maryland and Michigan community mental health programs. Interview questions were derived from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), and responses related to implementing and sustaining health homes during the pandemic were coded and themes were analyzed by using an inductive approach. Results: Overall, 72 staff members across 21 sites in Maryland and Michigan were interviewed. Implementation barriers/strategies identified occurred across multiple CFIR domains (client, mental health system, physical health system). Interviewees discussed technologic and nontechnologic challenges as well as strategies to address technology issues. Strategies were more frequently discussed by providers when the barrier was viewed at the client level (eg, low technology literacy) versus the broader system (eg, canceled primary care visits). Conclusions: Community mental health staff described barriers beyond technology in caring for individuals with SMIs and physical health conditions. Further research should examine how implementation strategies address both technologic and nontechnologic barriers to collaborative care.