Percepción de carga mental de trabajo en personas funcionarias administrativas que se desempeñan en una municipalidad de Chile / Perception of mental workload in administrative officials who work in a municipality in Chile

Objetivo: Caracterizar la percepción de carga mental de trabajo en personal administrativo de una municipalidad de Chile. Metodología: Investigación de abordaje cuantitativo, con un diseño descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se utilizó un cuestionario que consta de dos partes: a) antecedentes biosociodemográficos y b) escala subjetiva de carga mental de trabajo (ESCAM), censándose a un total de 47 personas funcionarias administrativas de una municipalidad de Chile. Para el análisis de datos, se usó el programa ''Statistical Package of Social Sciences'' (SPSS) versión 25.0. Posteriormente, se procedió al cálculo estadístico descriptivo con cálculo de media, desviación estándar y rango. Se respetaron los principios éticos de Ezequiel Emmanuel y se contó con la autorización del comité ético científico. Resultados: Las personas trabajadoras presentan nivel de carga mental global medio alto (𝒙̅: 3,38); los factores con mayor exposición a carga mental son características de la tarea (𝒙̅: 4,09), demanda cognitiva y complejidad de la tarea (𝒙̅: 3,89), el factor ritmo de trabajo es el que muestra resultados más bajos (𝒙̅: 2,47). Conclusión: Las características del trabajo realizado por el personal administrativo implica un esfuerzo mental asociado al cumplimiento de la tarea, durante la cual están expuestos a interrupciones y distracciones. Esta característica genera en ellos una percepción de agotamiento y dificultad para relajarse después de terminada la jornada, lo que podría producir efectos negativos en su salud física y mental.

Aim: To characterize the perception of mental workload in administrative employees of a municipality in Chile. Methods: This was a quantitative study with a descriptive and cross-sectional design. A two-part questionnaire (bio sociodemographic background and subjective scale of mental workload (SMWS)) was used to survey a total of 47 administrative employees of a municipality in Chile. The 25.0 version of the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the data analysis; this was followed by descriptive statistical calculation of mean, standard deviation, and range. The ethical principles of Ezequiel Emmanuel were respected, and the authorization of the scientific ethical committee was obtained. Results: Those who worked presented a high average global mental workload level (𝒙̅: 3.38). The factors with the highest mental workload exposure were task characteristics (𝒙̅: 4.09) and cognitive demand and task complexity (𝒙̅: 3.89) whereas the work rhythm factor showed the lowest results (𝒙̅: 2.47). Conclusion: The characteristics of the work performed by the administrative personnel force them to perform a mental effort associated with the completion of the task exposed to interruptions and distractions. These characteristics tires them and causes them difficulties to relax after the end of the day; this could cause negative effects on their physical and mental health.

Objetivo: Caracterizar a percepção da carga mental de trabalho em funcionários administrativos de uma prefeitura do Chile. Metodologia: Pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, com desenho descritivo e de corte transversal. Quarenta e sete funcionários administrativos de uma prefeitura do Chile responderam a um questionário composto por duas partes: a) antecedentes sociodemográficos e b) escala subjetiva de carga mental de trabalho (ESCAM). Os dados foram analisados com o programa ''Statistical Package of Social Sciences'' (SPSS) versão 25.0, foi considerada a estatística descritiva com cálculos de média, desvio padrão e amplitude. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com seres humanos e foram seguidos os princípios éticos de Ezequiel Emmanuel. Resultados: As pessoas que trabalham apresentam nível de carga mental global médio-alto (𝒙̅: 3,38); os fatores com maior exposição à carga mental são características da tarefa (𝒙̅: 4,09) e demanda cognitiva e complexidade da tarefa (𝒙̅: 3,89). O fator ritmo de trabalho é o que apresenta os menores resultados (𝒙̅: 2,47). Conclusão: As características do trabalho realizado pelos funcionários administrativos os obriga a um esforço mental associado ao cumprimento da tarefa, em que estão expostos a interrupções e distrações. Esta característica gera nos trabalhadores uma percepção de cansaço e dificuldade em relaxar após a jornada de trabalho, o que poderia produzir efeitos negativos em sua saúde física e mental.

Satisfacción de pacientes desde la perspectiva de los valores ético-profesionales de la relación odontólogo-paciente

Introducción: La ética profesional permite calificar los actos humanos desde una perspectiva afirmativa o negativa, donde los valores éticos y sociales permiten relacionarse eficazmente en el entorno profesional. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes desde la perspectiva de los valores éticos de la relación odontólogo-paciente de los consultorios "Centro Odontológico Integral" del Dr. Guillermo Méndez y "Design Dental" del Dr. Freddy Santillán, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a 44 pacientes de dichos consultorios donde se analizaron las variables: satisfacción en la relación interpersonal, satisfacción sobre calidad de atención, escala de valoración sobre la atención odontológica y tiempo ideal de espera en consulta, luego de recibir su tratamiento odontológico. Resultados: El 89 % de los encuestados percibió una relación con el odontólogo amigable y favorable. En la satisfacción con la calidad de la atención un 41 % consideró que sí ha creado un vínculo interpersonal con su odontólogo, un 59 % no lo cree así. En cuanto a la evaluación de la atención odontológica el 64 % le otorgó el máximo de 10 puntos. El 25 % de los pacientes concordó en que el tiempo ideal de espera en consulta debía ser de 20 minutos y otro porcentaje, alto, de 48 %, consideró que el ideal fuera de 30 minutos. Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los pacientes indican que se sienten satisfechos con el tratamiento que les brindó el odontólogo.

Introduction: Professional ethics allows for characterization of the human behavior from an affirmative or negative perspective in which the ethical and social values make possible a more effective relationship among dentists and their professional environment. Objective: To identify the level of satisfaction in patients treated in both dental offices, "Centro Odontológico Integral" manages by Dr. Guillermo Méndez and "Design Dental" manages by Dr. Freddy Santillán, in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with the use of a questionnaire to 44 patients of these dental offices; the variables analyzed were as follow: interpersonal relationship satisfaction, patient satisfaction with quality of care, evaluation scale on dental care and ideal waiting time in the office after receiving dental treatment. Results: The 89% of respondents perceived a friendly and favorable relationship with dentists. Concerning patients' satisfaction on quality of care, 41% considered that they had created an interpersonal relationship with their dentist, but the other 59% expressed the opposite. As for the evaluation of dental care, 64% gave it a maximum of 10 points. Twenty-five percent of the patients agreed that the ideal waiting time for consultation should be 20 minutes and another high percentage, 48%, considered that the ideal waiting time should be 30 minutes. Conclusions: More than half of patients reported that they were satisfied with the treatment provided by dentists.

Introdução: A ética profissional permite qualificar os atos humanos sob uma perspectiva afirmativa ou negativa, onde os valores éticos e sociais permitem relações efetivas no ambiente profissional. Objetivo: Identificar o nível de satisfação do paciente desde a perspectiva dos valores éticos da relação dentista-paciente dos consultórios "Centro Odontológico Integral" do Dr. Guillermo Méndez e "Design Dental" do Dr. Freddy Santillán, Santo Domingo de Tsáchilas, Equador. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal descritivo, através da aplicação de um questionário a 44 pacientes das referidas clínicas onde foram analisadas as variáveis: satisfação no relacionamento interpessoal, satisfação com a qualidade do atendimento, escala de avaliação do atendimento odontológico e ideal tempo de espera na consulta, após receber seu tratamento odontológico. Resultados: 89% dos entrevistados perceberam uma relação amigável e favorável com o dentista. Quanto à satisfação com a qualidade do atendimento, 41% consideraram ter criado vínculo interpessoal com seu dentista, 59% não. Quanto à avaliação da assistência odontológica, 64% atribuíram nota máxima de 10 pontos. 25% dos pacientes concordaram que o tempo ideal de espera na consulta deveria ser de 20 minutos e outro alto percentual, 48%, considerou que o ideal seria de 30 minutos. Conclusões: Mais de metade dos pacientes indica que se sente satisfeito com o tratamento prestado pelo médico dentista.

Scale-Up of Duddingtonia flagrans Chlamydospores Production from Laboratory to Pilot-Scale Using a Solid-State Fermentation System.

The fungus Duddingtonia flagrans is a biological control tool to reduce infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode in pastures. To create a commercially available bioproduct based on a nematophagous fungus, an efficient mass production process should be developed that is able to guarantee a good predatory capacity and satisfactory production rates. In this work, solid-state fermentation (SSF) parameters were investigated to produce D. flagrans at pilot-scale. The results showed that the relative humidity was a critical factor to increase productivity and to reduce fermentation time. The best production conditions using a tray bioreactor were a relative humidity in the room at 90% for 2 days, and inoculation by sprinkling. The fermentation process was composed of 7 days under submerged fermentation to produce the inoculum and 7 more days of SSF in a tray bioreactor. The productivity reached was 4.96 × 106 chlamydospores g-1 of dry substrate day-1, which is the highest productivity reported to date. The predatory capacity of the chlamydospores produced using this process was 91%. Also, a statistical control process analysis was applied, finding that the process presents stability in the biological activity, yield, and final moisture content of the substrate between batches. Finally, the operational expenses (OPEX) based on the use of the heating and humidification system were estimated, given a final cost of 0.20 USD g-1 of the fermented substrate.

Waste tires pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanisms explained by TGA and Py-GC/MS under kinetically-controlled regime.

The fast pyrolysis of waste tires (WTs) is studied by quasi-isothermal thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, kinetic modelling and an analytical pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The TGA demonstrated that the WTs pyrolysis is ruled by devolatilization/condensation and depropagation reactions, up to 482 °C. At higher temperatures, the cyclization and aromatization of primary products take place to form mostly monoaromatics. Py-GC/MS experiments were performed under kinetic regime according to the thermal map established by the ratio between Biot́s (31.25) and Py-numbers (7.7⋅106). Limonene (51%) and isoprene (20.5%) were the major compounds detected at temperatures below 435 °C, while above 600 °C limonene was converted to mono-aromatics (SBTX = 28.7%). The approach to equilibrium of Diels-Alder reaction demonstrated that there is an equilibrium-ruled behavior between isoprene and limonene, particularly at T > 600 °C. The Ea values calculated by the Starinks model ranged from 101.5 to 176.7 kJ/mol, while for model-based kinetics it was 152.7 kJ/kmol. The integration of TGA, kinetic modelling and Py-GC/MS provided insights into pyrolysis reaction mechanism.

Photocatalytic production of 1O2 and *OH mediated by silver oxidation during the photoinactivation of Escherichia coli with TiO2.

Ag loaded TiO(2) was applied in the photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli under ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) light irradiations. Ag enhanced the TiO(2) photodisinfecting effect under Vis irradiation promoting the formation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals as identified by EPR analyses. Ag nanoparticles, determined on TEM analyses, undergo an oxidation process on the TiO(2)'s surface under UV or Vis irradiation as observed by XPS. In particular, UV pre-irradiation of the material totally diminished its photodisinfection activity under a subsequent Vis irradiation test. Under UV, photodegradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA), attributed to photoproduced holes in TiO(2), was inhibited by the presence of Ag suggesting that oxidation of Ag(0) to Ag(+) and Ag(2+) is faster than the oxidative path of the TiO(2)'s holes on DCA molecules. Furthermore, photoassisted increased of Ag(+) concentration on TiO(2)'s surface enhances the bacteriostatic activity of the material in dark periods. Indeed, this latter dark contact of Ag(+)-TiO(2) and E. coli seems to induce recovering of the Vis light photoactivity promoted by the surface Ag photoactive species.

Decontamination of industrial wastewater from sugarcane crops by combining solar photo-Fenton and biological treatments.

The department of Valle del Cauca is the region with the largest sugarcane production in Colombia. This agricultural activity uses high quantities of herbicides, mainly Diuron and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Wastewater generated in the washing process of spray equipment and empty pesticide containers must be treated to keep natural water sources from being polluted with these pesticides when these effluents are disposed off. Conventional biological treatments are not able to remove recalcitrant substances like Diuron and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; therefore, it is essential to have alternative treatment systems. In recent years, photocatalytic processes have been proven efficient methods in treating polluted water with recalcitrant organic substances. This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of a coupled treatment constituted for a solar photo-Fenton treatment and a biological system like an immobilized biological reactor to treat industrial wastewater containing pesticides (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and Diuron). The mineralization and degradation of pesticides were followed by measuring the dissolved organic carbon and pesticide concentrations. The results revealed that industrial wastewaters with high Diuron and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations can be successfully treated by a combined solar photo-Fenton-biological system, achieving mineralization of 79.8% in prepared wastewater and 82.5% in real industrial wastewater by using low Fe(2+) and H(2)O(2) concentrations.

Determinación y analisis de hematocrito, hemoglobina y ph sanguíneo, pre y pos ejercicio en equinos atletas de salto en Bogotá, Colombia / Determination and analysis of the hematocrit, hemoglobin and blood ph pre and post exercises in jumping athletic horses in Bogota, Colombia

Con el fin de determinar los parámetros fisiológicos del hematocrito y hemoglobina y ácido-base en una población de equinos atletas de salto alto en Bogotá, se realizaron pruebas en la Escuela de equitación del Ejercito Nacional, CESPO y Club los Arrayanes, localizadas al norte de la ciudad de Bogotá a una altura sobre el nivel del mar de 2.600 metros, con una temperatura promedio de 13 grados centígrados. Se conto con 40 equinos hembras y machos, los cuales se encontraron entre los 6 y los 12 años de edad. La selección de los atletas se realizo de acuerdo con la categoría en la que participaran y a la normalidad encontrada al examen físico. En los tiempos de muestreo se determinaron las variables sanguíneas en reposo y después del ejercicio, teniendo en cuenta los siguientes parámetros: Hemoglobina, hematocrito, pH de la sangre venosa, presión de gas carbónico venoso, bicarbonato en sangre venosa. Estos ejemplares seleccionados se hicieron saltar 15 obstáculos a la mano. El calentamiento previo a la ejecución de los saltos, consistió en el galopeo libre por 3 minutos y las realización de los 15 obstáculos ya mencionados. Durante esta investigación se pudo observar que el ejercicio de salto no es suficiente extenuante para producir cambios drásticos en la sangre y pH comparados con los que se presentan en los caballos de carreras o de enduro, sin embargo se observa una diferencia dentro de los 3 grupos de rendimiento: alto, medio y bajo...