RESUMEN
Although anemia has been historically linked to Haemonchus contortus infection, other infectious agents, such as hemotropic mycoplasmas and tick-borne disease pathogens, may also lead to anemic crisis in sheep. This study has aimed to investigate infections related to anemia in a sheep herd from Bandeirantes City, Paraná State, southern Brazil. Seven out of forty-two (16.6%; 95% CI: 8.32-30.6%) sheep were positive for hemoplasmas by a PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and all tested negative for A. marginale/A. ovis and Babesia/Theileria spp. by PCR based on msp4 and 18S rRNA genes, respectively. Two (4.7%; 95% CI: 1.32-15.79%) animals were infested with Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Fecal egg counting was performed in 38 sheep and 24 (63.15%; 95% CI: 47.2-76.6%) presented > 500 eggs per gram. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the detected hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. 16S and 23S rRNA genes confirmed that the animals were infected with Mycoplasma ovis. Polymorphism analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences showed three different genotypes of M. ovis infecting sheep assessed in the present study. Mycoplasma ovis and gastrointestinal nematodes occurs in sheep from the northern region of Paraná State.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/veterinaria , Nematodos , Parásitos , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Anemia/complicaciones , Anemia/parasitología , Animales , Brasil , Mycoplasma/genética , Mycoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Parásitos/clasificación , Parásitos/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/complicaciones , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/microbiología , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/parasitología , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de enteroparasitos em escolares do 6º ao 9º ano de uma escola de rede pública de ensino do município de Bandeirantes, Paraná, e abordar ações educativas na prevenção dos parasitos intestinais. As amostras fecais foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea, centrífugo-flutuação em sulfato de zinco a 33% e Kato-Katz modificado. Para análise da associação dos resultados e os dados obtidos do questionário epidemiológico foram realizados os testes de qui-quadrado (χ2), exato de Fisher e razão de chances (Odds Ratio-OR), com nível de significância de 5%. Das 112 amostras fecais analisadas, 9,8% (11/112) foram positivas para algum enteroparasito. Em 10 amostras foi constatado monoparasitismo para os seguintes parasitos: Giardia sp 36,3% (4/11); Entamoeba coli 27,3% (3/11); Iodamoeba butschlii 9,1% (1/11); Endolimax nana 9,1% (1/11) e Enterobius vermicularis 9,1% (1/11). O poliparasitismo foi observado em apenas uma amostra, com Endolimax nana e Iodamoeba butschlii. Não foram observadas diferença significativas (p>0,05) entre as variáveis associadas aos resultados das análises de fezes. As ações educativas abrangeram 88,9 % (273/307) dos escolares. Os parasitos E. coli, I. butschlii e E. nana,apesar de serem comensais ao trato intestinal humano, são indicadores de falha na higiene pessoal, já que o seu mecanismo de transmissão se dá pela via fecal-oral. Contudo, apesar da baixa frequência encontrada, pode se observar que há circulação por parasitos intestinais na população em estudo,fortalecendo a importância de ações educativas no papel da prevenção, que auxiliam na higienização pessoal e dos alimentos de forma adequada (AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of enteroparasites in schoolchildren from the 6th to the 9th of a public school system in the city of Bandeirantes, Paraná, and to discuss educational actions in the prevention of intestinal parasites. Fecal samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation, centrifugal-flotation in 33% zinc sulfate and modified Kato-Katz methods. The chisquare test (χ2), Fisher's exact test and Odds Ratio (OR) test were used to analyze the association between the results and the data obtained from the epidemiological questionnaire, with a significance level of 5%. Of the 112 fecal samples analyzed, 9.8% (11/112) were positive. Monoparasitism was observed for 10 samples, for the following parasites: Giardia sp 36.3% (4/11); Entamoeba coli 27.3% (3/11); Iodamoeba butschlii 9.1% (1/11); Endolimax nana 9.1% (1/11) and Enterobius vermicularis 9.1% (1/11). Polyparasitism was observed for only one sample with Endolimax nana and Iodamoeba butschlii. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) between the variables associated with the stool test results. Educational actions covered 90% (273/307) of schoolchildren. The parasites E. coli, I. butschlii and E. nana, despite being commensal to the human intestinal tract, are indicators of failure in personal hygiene, since its mechanism of transmission is via the fecal-oral route. However, despite the low frequency found, there is circulation by intestinal parasites in the study population, strengthening the importance of educational actions in the role of prevention, which help in personal hygiene and food adequately (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Parásitos , Instituciones Académicas , Higiene , Prevención de Enfermedades , Población , Enseñanza , AlimentosRESUMEN
Abstract The occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the municipalities of Jaboti, Japira, Pinhalão, and Tomazina in the North Pioneer of the State of Paraná, where this disease is endemic, prompted the investigation of sandfly fauna, their population changes throughout the year, and their behavior in and around human accommodation. In these municipalities, the collection of sandflies was conducted using Falcão traps from 7 pm to 6 am once a month. 32,994 sandflies, 18,442 males and 14,552 females, were collected and represented by the species Brumptomyia brumpti, Brumptomyia cunhai, Evandromyia correalimai, Evandromyia cortelezzii, Expapillata firmatoi, Micropygomyia ferreirana, Migonemyia migonei, Nyssomyia neivai, Nyssomyia whitmani, Pintomyia fischeri, Pintomyia monticola, Pintomyia pessoai, and Psathyromyia bigeniculata. Ny. neivai (SISA = 0.9808) predominated in Japira (46.9%), Pinhalão (53.1%), and Tomazina (38.9%), while Ny. whitmani (SISA = 0.9423) predominated in Jaboti (53.8%). Most sandflies were captured in domestic animal shelters, with a peak in September. The high number of sandflies collected in domestic animal shelters, species richness, and presence of species involved in the epidemiology of CL reveal the need for permanent entomological surveillance in the municipalities mentioned. The use of phlebotomine control measures in these municipalities should be considered in conjunction with the anthropogenic actions that have resulted in changes to sandfly fauna and behavior.
RESUMEN
Abstract Although anemia has been historically linked to Haemonchus contortus infection, other infectious agents, such as hemotropic mycoplasmas and tick-borne disease pathogens, may also lead to anemic crisis in sheep. This study has aimed to investigate infections related to anemia in a sheep herd from Bandeirantes City, Paraná State, southern Brazil. Seven out of forty-two (16.6%; 95% CI: 8.32-30.6%) sheep were positive for hemoplasmas by a PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and all tested negative for A. marginale/A. ovis and Babesia/Theileria spp. by PCR based on msp4 and 18S rRNA genes, respectively. Two (4.7%; 95% CI: 1.32-15.79%) animals were infested with Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Fecal egg counting was performed in 38 sheep and 24 (63.15%; 95% CI: 47.2-76.6%) presented > 500 eggs per gram. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the detected hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. 16S and 23S rRNA genes confirmed that the animals were infected with Mycoplasma ovis. Polymorphism analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences showed three different genotypes of M. ovis infecting sheep assessed in the present study. Mycoplasma ovis and gastrointestinal nematodes occurs in sheep from the northern region of Paraná State.
Resumo Embora a principal causa de anemia seja historicamente relacionada à infecção por Haemonchus contortus, outros agentes infecciosos, como micoplasmas hemotrópicos e patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos, também podem causar quadros anêmicos em ovinos. O presente estudo objetivou investigar infecções relacionadas à anemia em um rebanho de ovinos, na cidade de Bandeirantes, Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. Sete (16,6%; 95% CI: 8,32-30,6%) de 42 ovinos foram positivos para hemoplasmas pela PCR do gene 16S rRNA, enquanto todos foram negativos para A. marginale/A. ovis e Babesia/Theileria spp. por ensaios da PCR baseados nos genes msp4 e 18S rRNA, respectivamente. Dois (4,7%; 95% CI: 1,32-15,79%) animais estavam infestados por carrapatos Rhipicephalus microplus. Dos 38 animais nos quais foi realizada a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), 24 (63,15%; 95% CI: 47,2-76,6%) apresentaram valores >500 para OPG. A análise filogenética das sequências parciais dos genes 16S rRNA e 23S rRNA de hemoplasmas confirmou a infecção por Mycoplasma ovis. A análise de polimorfismos de um fragmento do gene 16S rRNA mostrou a ocorrência de três genótipos diferentes de M. ovis nos animais. Mycoplasma ovis e nematódeos gastrointestinais ocorrem em ovinos da região nordeste do Estado do Paraná.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Parásitos/aislamiento & purificación , Parásitos/clasificación , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/complicaciones , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/microbiología , Anemia/veterinaria , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/parasitología , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Brasil , Ovinos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Anemia/complicaciones , Anemia/parasitología , Mycoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Mycoplasma/genéticaRESUMEN
Abstract Opossums are marsupials from the New World of the genus Didelphis and known as synanthropic animals due to their proximity with human beings. To date, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemodidelphis' has been solely found infecting the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Accordingly, the aim of this study was to screen eight white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris) from a public park in Maringa city, Paraná State, southern Brazil, for hemoplasma infection. Blood samples were taken from caudal venipuncture, and DNA was extracted and further screened by a pan-hemoplasma PCR assay. Seven out of eight (87.50%; CI 95%: 47.35-99.68%) white-eared opossums were positive for Mycoplasma spp. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA fragment showed 98,97% identity with 'Ca. M. haemodidelphis' detected in the USA. Three out of eight (37.50%; CI 95%: 8.52-75.51%) white-eared opossums were infested by Amblyomma dubitatum ticks. This is the first report on detection of a potentially novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. infecting opossums from South America.
Resumo Gambás são marsupiais do Novo Mundo, pertencentes ao gênero Didelphis, e considerados animais sinantrópicos devido à sua proximidade com seres humanos. Atualmente, a espécie 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemodidelphis' só foi encontrada infectando gambá norte americano (Didelphis virginiana). O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar a infecção por hemoplasmas em oito gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) capturados em um parque público da cidade de Maringá, no Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas por venopunção caudal para a extração do DNA e posterior análise pela PCR para espécies de hemoplasmas. Sete de oito animais (87,50%; CI 95%: 47,35-99,68%) foram considerados positivos para Mycoplasma spp. O sequenciamento do fragmento do gene 16S rRNA obtido apresentou 98.97% de similaridade com sequências de 'Ca. M. haemodidelphis' detectadas nos Estados Unidos. Três gambás (37,50%; CI 95%: 8,52-75,51%) estavam infestados por carrapatos da espécie Amblyomma dubitatum. Esse é o primeiro relato de detecção de uma potencial nova espécie de Mycoplasma hemotrópico infectando gambás na América do Sul.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Zarigüeyas/microbiología , Mycoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Brasil , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Mycoplasma/clasificación , Mycoplasma/genéticaRESUMEN
Opossums are marsupials from the New World of the genus Didelphis and known as synanthropic animals due to their proximity with human beings. To date, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemodidelphis' has been solely found infecting the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Accordingly, the aim of this study was to screen eight white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris) from a public park in Maringa city, Paraná State, southern Brazil, for hemoplasma infection. Blood samples were taken from caudal venipuncture, and DNA was extracted and further screened by a pan-hemoplasma PCR assay. Seven out of eight (87.50%; CI 95%: 47.35-99.68%) white-eared opossums were positive for Mycoplasma spp. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA fragment showed 98,97% identity with 'Ca. M. haemodidelphis' detected in the USA. Three out of eight (37.50%; CI 95%: 8.52-75.51%) white-eared opossums were infested by Amblyomma dubitatum ticks. This is the first report on detection of a potentially novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. infecting opossums from South America.
Asunto(s)
Mycoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Zarigüeyas/microbiología , Animales , Brasil , Femenino , Masculino , Mycoplasma/clasificación , Mycoplasma/genética , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasitic protozoan that infects a diversity of hosts constituting the cycle of enzootic transmission in wild environments and causing disease in humans (Chagas disease) and domestic animals. Wild mammals constitute natural reservoirs of this parasite, which is transmitted by hematophagous kissing bugs of the family Reduviidae. T. cruzi is genetically subdivided into six discrete typing units (DTUs), T. cruzi (Tc)I to TcVI. In Brazil, especially in the state of Paraná, TcI and TcII are widely distributed. However, TcII is less frequently found in wild reservoirs and triatomine, and more frequently found in patients. The goal of this study was to investigate the natural occurrence of T. cruzi in wild synanthropic mammals captured in urban forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest of Paraná, southern Brazil. In this way, 12 opossums and 35 bats belonging to five species were captured in urban forest parks of the city of Maringá, Paraná, an area considered endemic for Chagas disease. PCR-kinetoplast DNA molecular diagnostic reveals Trypanosoma sp. infection in 12 (100%) Didelphis albiventris and 10 (40%) Artibeus lituratus. In addition to demonstrating the presence of Trypanosoma in the two groups of mammals studied, we obtained an isolate of the parasite genotyped as TcII by amplification of the cytochrome oxidase II gene by PCR, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism with AluI, and confirmed by PCR of rDNA 24Sα. This is the first record of the encounter in wild mammals of Trypanosoma DNA (in A. lituratus) and T. cruzi DTU TcII (in D. albiventris) in the state of Paraná.
Asunto(s)
Quirópteros/parasitología , Didelphis/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , ADN Protozoario , Bosques , Genotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Trypanosoma cruzi/genéticaRESUMEN
Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is a fatal zoonosis because of the difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment. Occurrences of BSF in the northeast of the state of Paraná prompted investigation of areas at risk of this rickettsiosis in the municipalities of Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão and Tomazina. To determine the areas at risk, 592 serum samples from dogs and 230 from equids were analyzed by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for Rickettsia rickettsii and R. parkeri . In addition, risk probability maps were drawn up using the kriging indicator technique. Among the samples tested, 5.3% (43/822) indicated presence of antibodies reactive to at least one of the two Rickettsia species tested: 7.8% of the equids (18/230) and 4.2% of the dogs (25/592) were positive. Geostatistical analysis showed that the average seropositivity rate was 5 to 6%. Although the average seropositivity rates observed among these dogs and equids were lower than those reported from endemic areas of Brazil, the biotic components (etiological agent, vector and reservoirs) and environmental aspects of BSF epidemiology were present in these municipalities.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Equidae/sangre , Infecciones por Rickettsia/veterinaria , Rickettsia/inmunología , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/veterinaria , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Perros , Equidae/inmunología , Probabilidad , Infecciones por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Rickettsia/epidemiología , Rickettsia rickettsii/inmunología , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/diagnóstico , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is a fatal zoonosis because of the difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment. Occurrences of BSF in the northeast of the state of Paraná prompted investigation of areas at risk of this rickettsiosis in the municipalities of Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão and Tomazina. To determine the areas at risk, 592 serum samples from dogs and 230 from equids were analyzed by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for Rickettsia rickettsii and R. parkeri . In addition, risk probability maps were drawn up using the kriging indicator technique. Among the samples tested, 5.3% (43/822) indicated presence of antibodies reactive to at least one of the two Rickettsia species tested: 7.8% of the equids (18/230) and 4.2% of the dogs (25/592) were positive. Geostatistical analysis showed that the average seropositivity rate was 5 to 6%. Although the average seropositivity rates observed among these dogs and equids were lower than those reported from endemic areas of Brazil, the biotic components (etiological agent, vector and reservoirs) and environmental aspects of BSF epidemiology were present in these municipalities.
Resumo A febre maculosa brasileira (FMB) é uma zoonose fatal devido às dificuldades para diagnosticá-la e tratá-la precocemente. A ocorrência de casos de FMB no Estado do Paraná suscitou a investigação de áreas de risco desta rickettsiose nos municípios de Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão e Tomazina, na mesorregião norte pioneiro do Paraná. Para determinar as áreas de risco foram analisadas amostras de soro de 592 cães e 230 equídeos submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta para Rickettsia rickettsii e R. parkeri. Além disto, foram construídos mapas de probabilidade de risco pela técnica de krigagem indicatriz. Das amostras testadas 5,3% (43/822) continham anticorpos para pelo menos uma das duas rickettsias testadas. Os equídeos apresentaram uma positividade de 7,8% (18/230) e os cães de 4,2% (25/592). A análise geoestatística mostrou que a soropositividade média é de 5 a 6%. Embora as soropositividade médias de cães e equídeos constatadas tenham sido menores do que as relatadas em áreas endêmicas do território brasileiro, os componentes bióticos (agente etiológico, vetor e reservatórios) e ambientais da epidemiologia da FMB se fazem presentes nos municípios referidos.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Rickettsia/inmunología , Infecciones por Rickettsia/veterinaria , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/veterinaria , Equidae/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Rickettsia rickettsii/inmunología , Infecciones por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Rickettsia/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/diagnóstico , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/epidemiología , Probabilidad , Equidae/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We report on surveys of ectoparasites in dogs from an indigenous village of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, before and after ivermectin treatment. From April through June 2008, we conducted a baseline survey to evaluate 145 of an estimated population of 200 dogs. The dogs received parasitological and clinical examinations, and were treated with up to four doses of ivermectin. In September 2008, we conducted a monitoring survey with 83 dogs, to assess the impact of treatment on the prevalence of ectoparasitosis. The initial investigation found 9 taxa of ectoparasites in 37.9 por cento of dogs examined. The most prevalent ectoparasitosis was myiasis caused by larvae of Dermatobia hominis (28.9 por cento). Clinical evaluation showed that 51 por cento of the dogs had signs of scabies, and 48.9 por cento had alopecia. The follow-up monitoring survey found a similar overall prevalence of ectoparasites (40.9 por cento); D. hominis (22.9 por cento) remained the most frequent, followed by Ctenocephalides felis felis (18.1 por cento). However, the signs of sarcoptic mange (12.0 por cento) were significantly reduced (p<0.0001) by the antiparasitic treatment. After treatment, 51.3 por cento of the animals had no ectoparasites. These results indicate that the dogs of this indigenous village continue to be important hosts for ectoparasites, in spite of clinical improvement after ivermectin treatment...
Impacto do tratamento antiparasitário sobre a prevalência de ectoparasitos em cães de uma Terra Indígena, Estado do Paraná, BrasilNeste estudo são relatados os resultados de inquéritos ectoparasitológicos realizados em cães de uma aldeia indígena do Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil, antes e após os tratamentos com ivermectina. De abril a junho de 2008, foi realizado um inquérito incial avaliando-se 145 de uma população estimada de 200 cães. Os animais foram avaliados clínica e parasitologicamente e tratados com até quatro doses de ivermectina. Em setembro do mesmo ano foi realizado um inquérito de monitoramento com 83 cães para avaliar o impacto do tratamento sobre a prevalência das ectoparasitoses. Na investigação inicial foram encontrados 9 taxa de ectoparasitas em 37,9% dos animais examinados. A ectoparasitose mais prevalente foi a miíase causada por larvas de Dermatobia hominis (28,9%). Na avaliação clínica, 51% dos cães apresentavam sinais de sarna e a alopecia foi o mais prevalente ocorrendo em 48,9% dos cães. No inquérito de monitoramento, a prevalência total de ectoparasitas (40,9%) não se alterou significativamente; parasitismo por D. hominis (22,9%) manteve-se o mais freqüente, seguido por Ctenocephalides felis felis (18,1%). No entanto, a prevalência de sinais de sarna sarcóptica (12,0%) foi significativamente reduzida (p <0,0001) pelo tratamento antiparasitário. Após o tratamento, 51,3% dos animais não tinha infestação por ectoparasitas. Estes resultados indicam que os cães desta aldeia indígena permanecem como importante hospedeiro para ectoparasitas, apesar da melhora clínica obtida com o tratamento com ivermectina...