[Risk Factors Analysis for Hypermagnesemia with Magnesium Oxide].

While decreased renal function is a known risk factor for hypermagnesemia caused by magnesium oxide (MgO), few studies have comprehensively investigated other contributing factors. In this study, the researchers analyzed the risk factors for hypermagnesemia development in 256 inpatients receiving MgO treatment at the Matsuyama Shimin Hospital. Multivariate analysis identified blood urea nitrogen ≧22 mg/dL, estimated glomerular filtration rate ≦43.1 mL/min, and MgO ≧1000 mg/d as risk factors. Additionally, the researchers' findings suggest a correlation between the number of risk factors and the incidence of hypermagnesemia, including the prevalence of Grade 3 cases. Interestingly, low body mass index emerged as a potential risk factor even in patients without the three identified factors. These findings highlight the importance for pharmacists to advocate for routine serum Mg level monitoring in patients with the risk factors identified in this study.

Prognostic factors for overall survival in clinical node-positive patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: There is sparse evidence regarding optimal management and prognosticators for oncologic outcomes in patients with clinical node-positive (cN+) upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data from 105 UTUC patients with cN1-2M0 between June 2010 and June 2022 at multiple institutions affiliated with our university. At the time of diagnosis, all patients received standard-of-care treatment including radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), chemotherapy, and/or palliative care. We employed a Cox regression model to analyze the prognostic importance of various factors on overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Of 105 patients, 54 (51%) underwent RNU, while 51 (49%) did not. RNU was likely to be selected in patients with younger and higher G8 score, resulting in better median OS in patients who underwent RNU than in those who did not (42 months vs. 15 months, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis among the entire cohort revealed that low G8 score (≤14) (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-3.99), elevated pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) (HR: 3.35, 95%CI: 1.63-6.90), and failure to perform RNU (HR: 2.16, 95%CI: 1.06-4.42) were independent prognostic factors for worse OS. In the subgroup analyses of cohorts who did not undergo RNU, elevated pretreatment CRP was the only independent prognostic factor for worse OS in cN+ UTUC patients. CONCLUSIONS: RNU seems to be a reasonable treatment option in cN+ UTUC patients where applicable. Elevated pretreatment CRP appears to be a reliable prognosticator of worse OS and may be helpful in optimizing candidate selection for intensified treatment in this setting.

Association between nocturnal falls and hypnotic drug use in older patients at acute care hospitals.

PURPOSE: Although hypnotic drug use is a known risk factor for falls, few reports have analyzed fall risk associated with individual hypnotic drugs after adjusting for confounding factors. While it is recommended that benzodiazepine receptor agonists not be prescribed for older adults, it is unknown whether melatonin receptor agonists and orexin receptor antagonists are safe in this population. Here, we aimed to assess the influence of various hypnotic drugs on fall risk in older patients admitted to acute care hospitals. METHODS: We investigated the relationship between nocturnal falls and sleeping pill use in 8,044 hospitalized patients aged > 65 years. We used a propensity score matching method to homogenize characteristics of patients with and without nocturnal falls (n = 145 patients per group) using 24 extracted factors (excluding hypnotic drugs) as covariates. RESULTS: Our analysis of fall risk for each hypnotic drug revealed that benzodiazepine receptor agonists were the only drugs significantly associated with falls, suggesting that use of the drugs is a risk factor for falls in older adults (p = 0.003). In addition, a multivariate analysis of 24 selected factors, excluding hypnotic drugs, revealed that patients with advanced recurrent malignancies were at greatest risk of experiencing falls (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.23-5.60; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists should be avoided in older hospitalized patients since they increase fall risk, with melatonin receptor agonists and orexin receptor antagonists used instead. Particularly, fall risk associated with hypnotic drugs should be considered in patients with advanced recurrent malignancies.

Docetaxel versus abiraterone for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer with focus on efficacy of sequential therapy.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the oncologic efficacy of combining docetaxel (DOC) versus abiraterone (ABI) with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), with a focus on the efficacy of sequential therapy, in a real-world clinical practice setting. METHODS: The records of 336 patients who harbored de novo high-risk mHSPC, based on the LATITUDE criteria, and had received ADT with either DOC (n = 109) or ABI (n = 227) were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), progression-free survival (PFS), including time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), time to 2nd-line progression (PFS2), and 2nd- and 3rd-line PFS, were compared. We used one-to-two propensity score matching to minimize the confounders. The differential efficacy of 2nd-line therapy based on agents in each arm was evaluated using the unmatched cohort as an additional interest. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, 86 patients treated with DOC + ADT and 172 with ABI + ADT were available for analyses. The 3-year OS and CSS for DOC versus ABI were 76.2% versus 75.1% (p = 0.8) and 78.2% versus 78.6% (p = 1), respectively. There was no difference in the median PFS2 (49 vs. 43 months, p = 0.39), while the median time to CRPC in patients treated with ABI was significantly longer compared to those treated with DOC (42 vs. 22 months; p = 0.006). The median 2nd-line PFS (14 vs. 4 months, p < 0.001) and 3rd-line PFS (4 vs. 2 months, p = 0.012) were significantly better in the DOC group than in the ABI group. Among the unmatched cohort, after ABI for mHSPC, the median 2nd-line PFS did not differ between the patients treated with DOC and those treated with enzalutamide as 2nd-line therapy (both 3 months, p = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: ADT with DOC or ABI has comparable oncologic outcomes in terms of OS, CSS, and PFS2 in patients with de novo high-risk mHSPC. Compared to DOC, ABI resulted in longer time to CRPC but worse 2nd and 3rd-line PFS. Further studies are needed to clarify the optimal sequence of therapy in the upfront intensive treatment era.

Combination of docetaxel versus nonsteroidal antiandrogen with androgen deprivation therapy for high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the oncologic efficacy of combining docetaxel with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) versus nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) with ADT in patients with high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) with focus on the effect of sequential therapy in a real-world clinical practice setting. METHODS: The records of 382 patients who harbored high-volume mHSPC, based on the CHAARTED criteria, and had received ADT with either docetaxel (n = 92) or NSAA (bicalutamide) (n = 290) were retrospectively analyzed. The cohorts were matched by one-to-one propensity scores based on patient demographics. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), progression-free survival (PFS), including time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and time to second-line progression (PFS2) were compared. 2nd-line PFS defined as the time from CRPC diagnosis to progression after second-line therapy was also compared. RESULTS: After matching, a total of 170 patients were retained: 85 patients treated with docetaxel + ADT and 85 patients treated with NSAA + ADT. The median OS and CSS for docetaxel + ADT versus NSAA + ADT were not reached (NR) vs. 49 months (p = 0.02) and NR vs. 55 months (p = 0.02), respectively. Median time to CRPC and PFS2 in patients treated with docetaxel + ADT was significantly longer compared to those treated with NSAA (22 vs. 12 months; p = 0.003 and, NR vs. 28 months; p < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in 2nd-line PFS between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggested that ADT with docetaxel significantly prolonged OS and CSS owing to a better time to CRPC and PFS2 in comparison to NSAA + ADT in high-volume mHSPC.

[Incidence of Immune-Related Adverse Events after Switching from a Conventional Regimen of Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab to the Extended Dosing Interval Regimen].

A new nivolumab and pembrolizumab monotherapy regimen with double the conventional dose and longer dosing intervals( the new regimen)has been approved. Here, we report the incidence of immune-related adverse events(irAEs)in the early phase of switching from the conventional regimen to the new regimen at Ogaki Municipal Hospital. Thirty-seven patients switched to the new regimen between October 2020 and February 2021: 7(18.9%)switched to nivolumab and 5 (14.3%)to pembrolizumab. Two of the 7 patients treated with nivolumab developed irAEs. One patient developed Grade 3 colitis on day 51 following the switch to the new regimen, and the treatment was discontinued. The other patient developed Grade 3 adrenal insufficiency on day 72 and was hospitalized. No irAEs were observed with pembrolizumab treatment. These results suggest that high-severity grade irAEs may occur early after switching to the new regimen.

Abiraterone acetate versus nonsteroidal antiandrogen with androgen deprivation therapy for high-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although prostate cancer is a very common form of malignancy in men, the clinical significance of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with abiraterone acetate versus the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide has not yet been verified in patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). The present study was designed to initiate this verification in real-world Japanese clinical practice. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 312 patients with high-risk mHSPC based on LATITUDE criteria and had received ADT with bicalutamide (n = 212) or abiraterone acetate (n = 100) between September 2015 and December 2020. Bicalutamide was given at 80 mg daily and abiraterone was given at 1000 mg daily as four 250-mg tablets plus prednisolone (5-10 mg daily). Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) were compared. The prognostic factor for time to CRPC was analyzed by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Patients in the bicalutamide group were older, and more of them had poor performance status (≧2), than in the abiraterone group. Impaired liver function was noted in 2% of the bicalutamide group and 16% of the abiraterone group (p < 0.001). Median follow-up was 22.5 months for bicalutamide and 17 months for abiraterone (p < 0.001). Two-year OS and CSS for bicalutamide versus abiraterone was 77.8% versus 79.5% (p = 0.793) and 81.1% versus 82.5% (p = 0.698), respectively. Median time to CRPC was significantly longer in the abiraterone group than in the bicalutamide group (NA vs. 13 months, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, Gleason score ≧9, high alkaline phosphatase, high lactate dehydrogenase, liver metastasis, and bicalutamide were independent prognostic risk factors for time to CRPC. Abiraterone prolonged the time to CRPC in patients with each of these prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite limitations regarding the time-dependent bias, ADT with abiraterone acetate significantly prolonged the time to CRPC compared to bicalutamide in patients with high-risk mHSPC. However, further study with longer follow-up is needed.

Transplantation of rat cranial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury.

Cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a novel treatment strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI). MSCs can be isolated from various tissues, and their characteristics vary based on the source. However, reports demonstrating the effect of transplanted rat cranial bone-derived MSCs (rcMSCs) on rat SCI models are lacking. In this study, we determined the effect of transplanting rcMSCs in rat SCI models. MSCs were established from collected bone marrow and cranial bones. SCI rats were established using the weight-drop method and transplanted intravenously with MSCs at 24 h post SCI. The recovery of motor function and hindlimb electrophysiology was evaluated 4 weeks post transplantation. Electrophysiological recovery was evaluated by recording the transcranial electrical stimulation motor-evoked potentials. Tissue repair after SCI was assessed by calculating the cavity ratio. The expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response and cell death in the spinal cord tissue was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The transplantation of rcMSCs improved motor function and electrophysiology recovery, and reduced cavity ratio. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines was suppressed in the spinal cord tissues of the rats that received rcMSCs. These results demonstrate the efficacy of rcMSCs as cell-based therapy for SCI.

A novel bone-thinning technique for transcranial stimulation motor-evoked potentials in rats.

Transcranial electrical stimulated motor-evoked potentials (tcMEPs) are widely used to evaluate motor function in humans, and even in animal studies, tcMEPs are used to evaluate neurological dysfunction. However, there is a dearth of reports on extended tcMEP recordings in both animal models and humans. Therefore, this study examined a new technique for stably recording tcMEPs over several weeks in six healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats. We thinned the skull bone using the skull base and spinal surgery technique to reduce electrical resistance for electrical stimulation. tcMEPs were recorded on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after surgery. The onset latency and amplitude of tcMEPs from the hindlimbs were recorded and evaluated, and histological analysis was performed. Stable amplitude and onset latency could be recorded over several weeks, and histological analysis indicated no complications attributable to the procedure. Thus, our novel technique allows for less invasive, safer, easier, and more stable extended tcMEP recordings than previously reported techniques. The presently reported technique may be applied to the study of various nerve injury models in rats: specifically, to evaluate the degree of nerve dysfunction and recovery in spinal cord injury, cerebral infarction, and brain contusion models.

Comparisons of Neurotrophic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Different Tissues on Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Rats.

Cell-based therapies with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as promising strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI). MSCs have unique characteristics due to differences in the derived tissues. However, relatively few studies have focused on differences in the therapeutic effects of MSCs derived from different tissues. In this study, the therapeutic effects of adipose tissue-derived MSCs, bone marrow-derived MSCs, and cranial bone-derived MSCs (cMSCs) on chronic SCI model rats were compared. MSCs were established from the collected adipose tissue, bone marrow, and cranial bone. Neurotrophic factor expression of each MSC type was analyzed by real-time PCR. SCI rats were established using the weight-drop method and transplanted intravenously with MSCs at 4 weeks after SCI. Hindlimb motor function was evaluated from before injury to 4 weeks after transplantation. Endogenous neurotrophic factor and neural repair factor expression in spinal cord (SC) tissue were examined by real-time PCR and western blot analyses. Although there were no differences in the expression levels of cell surface markers and multipotency, expression of Bdnf, Ngf, and Sort1 (Nt-3) was relatively higher in cMSCs. Transplantation of cMSCs improved motor function of chronic SCI model rats. Although there was no difference in the degree of engraftment of transplanted cells in the injured SC tissue, transplantation of cMSCs enhanced Bdnf, TrkB, and Gap-43 messenger RNA expression and synaptophysin protein expression in injured SC tissue. As compared with MSCs derived other tissues, cMSCs highly express many neurotrophic factors, which improved motor function in chronic SCI model rats by promoting endogenous neurotrophic and neural plasticity factors. These results demonstrate the efficacy of cMSCs in cell-based therapy for chronic SCI.

["Exclusivity" and quantifier float in bakari"Exclusivity" and quantifier float in bakari]. / 「ばかり」の「限定」と遊離数量詞.

This paper presents a descriptive study that analyzes the semantic meaning of Toritate focus particle bakari. Previous studies reported that, although bakari expresses exclusivity, it is characterized by the fact that it permits non-applicable cases, thereby drawing the conclusion that the meaning of bakari is not exclusivity. This paper argues that bakari does indeed denote "exclusivity" as bakari is supported by the phenomenon that non-applicable cases are unacceptable when bakari co-occurs with floating quantifiers. Considering existing research on this subject, the following was observed. Even though the subjective set, as established by the speaker's past experiences to interpret the meaning of bakari, may not be consistent with the real world, the number of events that form the said set match the number of real-world events when bakari co-occurs with floating quantifiers due to the characteristics of floating quantifiers. In such cases, bakari does not permit non-applicable cases. The interpretation that permits non-applicable cases applies to situations where the set established by the speaker is fixed at a narrower range than the real world, and the non-applicable cases exist outside the set. We thus conclude that bakari denotes "exclusivity" that does not permit non-applicable cases.

Conversion of T Follicular Helper Cells to T Follicular Regulatory Cells by Interleukin-2 Through Transcriptional Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify characteristics of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells and elucidate the mechanisms by which follicular helper T (Tfh) cells convert to Tfr cells. We probed the phenotype of T helper cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and underlying transcriptional regulation using cytokine-induced STAT family factors. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 41 patients with SLE and 26 healthy donors were used to sort out the memory Tfh cell subset, and Tfh cells were cultured under various conditions. The phenotype of T helper cells and underlying mechanisms of transcriptional regulation were probed using flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. These analyses evaluated the expression of characteristic markers and phosphorylation of STATs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate histone modifications. RESULTS: In patients with SLE, the proportion of CD4+CXCR5+FoxP3-PD-1high Tfh cells was increased (P < 0.01), whereas the proportion of CD4+CXCR5+CD45RA-FoxP3high activated Tfr cells was decreased (P < 0.05). Serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels were also reduced in patients with SLE. IL-2 induced conversion of memory Tfh cells to functional Tfr cells, which was characterized by CXCR5+Bcl-6+FoxP3high pSTAT3+pSTAT5+ cells. The loci of FOXP3 and BCL6 at STAT binding sites were marked by bivalent histone modifications. Following IL-2 stimulation, STAT3 and STAT5 selectively bound to FOXP3 and BCL6 gene loci accompanied by suppression of H3K27me3. Finally, IL-2 stimulation suppressed the generation of CD38+CD27high plasmablasts in Tfh and B cell coculture assays ex vivo. CONCLUSION: Impaired function of Tfr cells might be attributed to defective IL-2 production. Exogenous IL-2 restores the function of Tfr cells through the conversion of Tfh cells to Tfr cells in patients with SLE. Thus, restoring balance between Tfh and Tfr cells may provide new therapeutic approaches in SLE.

Risk Factors for Adverse Events in Patients with Chronic Constipation Following Lubiprostone Administration.

INTRODUCTION: Lubiprostone is an effective treatment of chronic constipation (CC). However, as with other stimulant or osmotic laxatives, adverse events (AEs) can make it difficult to continue treatment. This article investigates AE risk factors associated with lubiprostone. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all 1,338 Japanese patients with CC treated at our hospital from October 2013 to July 2017. All patients were diagnosed with constipation as defined by the Roma III criteria. Enrolled patients received lubiprostone orally (24 or 48 µg daily), after which we investigated the incidence of AEs. The causative factors for diarrhea and nausea, the most common AEs, were examined by the backward logistic regression model. RESULTS: Two hundred eight (15.5%) experienced at least 1 AE. No serious AEs were associated with the study drug. The AEs reported by >1% of patients overall were diarrhea (6.1%) and nausea (4.2%). We performed a multivariate logistic regression using a backward variable selection method to investigate AE risk factors. Factors associated with higher incidence of diarrhea were patient age of 65 years or more (odds ratio: [95% confidence interval]; p value) (2.09: [1.05-4.16]; 0.035). Factors associated with greater likelihood of nausea included female gender (1.99: [1.10-3.61]; 0.023), and the chief complaint was a patient complaining of abdominal pain and fullness (2.07: [1.01-4.22]; 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Understanding AE risk factors can help avoid unnecessary AEs and promote more effective treatment.

Response of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors to preoperative lanreotide therapy. Report of two cases.

Case 1 was a 51-year-old man diagnosed with thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary tumor. The octreotide loading test showed suppression of TSH secretion. Treatment with lanreotide preoperatively at 90 mg/month resulted in normalization of thyroid function. Three months after treatment initiation, tumor shrinkage was observed, and pituitary tumor resection was performed through transsphenoidal surgery. Case 2 was a 47-year-old woman in whom the octreotide loading test showed suppressed TSH secretion. Treatment with lanreotide preoperatively at 90 mg/month resulted in normalization of thyroid function. After six months of treatment, tumor reduction was observed, and transsphenoidal surgery was performed. In both cases, lanreotide administration before TSH-secreting pituitary tumor resection achieved normalization of thyroid function and tumor shrinkage. Treatment with lanreotide seems effective in patients who show TSH secretion suppression in the octreotide loading test.

Impact of cancer rehabilitation on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Sarcopenia is a prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancer rehabilitation (CR) improves patients' physical function and muscle mass. We investigated the effects of CR on the prognosis of patients with HCC. The present study was a prospective observational study, which analyzed 152 patients with HCC who underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) between 2013 and 2016. Patients were classified into the CR (n=85) and control (n=67) groups. The effects of CR on muscle mass were evaluated by changes in the skeletal muscle index (SMI) before and after TACE. Independent factors associated with survival were evaluated by Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival rate between the CR and control groups. The difference in survival rate between the two groups was also examined after propensity score matching. SMI was significantly increased in the CR group compared with the control group. In Cox regression analysis, independent factors associated with survival were CR and Child-Pugh class A (estimate 1.760, 95% CI 0.914-3.226, P=0.001; estimate 1.602, 95% CI 0.426-2.998, P=0.0129). The survival rate was significantly higher in the CR group than in the control group (median 552 vs. 424 days; P=0.0359). The survival rate was also significantly higher in the CR group than that in the control group after propensity score matching (median 529 vs. 369 days; P=0.0332). CR was associated with prolonged survival in patients with HCC who underwent TACE. Patients with cancer are recommended to maintain physical activity even during cancer treatment.

Early Transplantation of Human Cranial Bone-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Functional Recovery in Ischemic Stroke Model Rats.

We analyzed the cell characteristics, neuroprotective, and transplantation effects of human cranial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hcMSCs) in ischemic stroke model rats compared with human iliac bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiMSCs). The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF ) as neurotrophic factors were analyzed in both MSCs. hiMSCs or hcMSCs were intravenously administered into ischemic stroke model rats at 3 or 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and neurological function was evaluated. The survival rate of neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) after 3 or 24 h oxidative or inflammatory stress and the neuroprotective effects of hiMSCs or hcMSCs-conditioned medium (CM) on 3 or 24 h oxidative or inflammatory stress-exposed NG108-15 cells were analyzed. The expressions of BDNF and VEGF were higher in hcMSCs than in hiMSCs. hcMSCs transplantation at 3 h after MCAO resulted in significant functional recovery compared with that in the hiMSCs or control group. The survival rate of stress-exposed NG108-15 was lower after 24 h stress than after 3 h stress. The survival rates of NG108-15 cells cultured with hcMSCs-CM after 3 h oxidative or inflammatory stress were significantly higher than in the control group. Our results suggest that hcMSCs transplantation in the early stage of ischemic stroke suppresses the damage of residual nerve cells and leads to functional recovery through the strong expressions of neurotrophic factors. This is the first report demonstrating a functional recovery effect after ischemic stroke following hcMSCs transplantation.

Simulated microgravity-cultured mesenchymal stem cells improve recovery following spinal cord ischemia in rats.

Spinal cord ischemia is a potential complication of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery that may induce irreversible motor disability. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of simulated microgravity-cultured mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injection following spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), normal gravity-cultured MSC (MSC-1 G), and simulated microgravity-cultured MSC (MSC-MG) groups. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by transient balloon occlusion of the thoracic aorta, which was followed immediately by PBS or MSC injection into the left carotid artery. Hindlimb motor function was evaluated by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale. Spinal cords were removed 1, 3, or 7 days post-injury for immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis. One day post-injury, a few infiltrating inflammatory cells and small vacuoles were observed without significant group differences, followed over several days by progressive spinal cord degeneration. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive (reactive) astrocyte numbers were increased in all three groups, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was colocalized with GFAP-positive cells in spinal ventral horn. Animals in the MSC-MG group demonstrated greater BDNF-positive astrocyte numbers, reduced caspase-3-positive cell numbers, and superior motor recovery. Microgravity-cultured MSC-based therapy may improve functional recovery following spinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting astrocytic BDNF release, thereby preventing apoptosis.

Efficacy and Safety of Tofogliflozin on 24-h Glucose Profile Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Crossover Study of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor.

Background: To compare the impact of two sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, tofogliflozin and ipragliflozin, on hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), treated with sulfonylureas. Methods: Thirty patients with T2DM were allocated to treatment with either 20 mg/day tofogliflozin or 50 mg/day ipragliflozin and underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for 5 days at three times in a crossover manner. Results: The percent time spent at glucose <70 mg/dL per 24 h was 0.48, 2.77, and 0.06%, before treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and treatment with ipragliflozin and tofogliflozin, respectively (P = 0.1135, difference between SGLT2 inhibitors). The addition of either ipragliflozin or tofogliflozin to sulfonylureas markedly and significantly improved other CGM-derived parameters, including average plasma glucose, standard deviation of glucose, mean postprandial glucose excursion, percent time with glucose >140, >180 mg/dL, and >200 mg/dL, area over the curve <70, area under the curve >140, >180, and >200, and maximum and minimum plasma glucose. However, there were no significant differences in these parameters between the two SGLT2 inhibitors. Conclusions: Based on the CGM, the addition of tofogliflozin to sulfonylureas tended to decrease the percent time spent in hypoglycemia in T2DM patients. The addition of SGLT2 inhibitors to sulfonylureas improved the average glucose level and reduced glucose fluctuations without increasing the time in hypoglycemia.

"Microgravity" as a unique and useful stem cell culture environment for cell-based therapy.

Cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells or pluripotent stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells has seen dramatic progress in recent years. Part of cell-based therapy are already covered by public medical insurance. Recently, researchers have attempted to improve therapeutic effects toward various diseases by cell transplantation. Culture environment is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting therapeutic effects, in particular factors such as physical stimuli, because cells have the potential to adapt to their surrounding environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the research on the effects of gravity alteration on cell kinetics such as proliferation or differentiation and on potential therapeutic effects, and we also summarize the remarkable possibilities of the use of microgravity culture in cell-based therapy for various diseases.

Effects of in-hospital exercise on sarcopenia in hepatoma patients who underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sarcopenia is a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. HCC patients who underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) are at a risk of muscle atrophy. We aimed to investigate the effects of in-hospital exercise on muscle mass and factors associated with muscle hypertrophy in HCC patients who underwent TACE. METHODS: We enrolled 209 HCC patients who underwent TACE. Patients were classified into either an exercise (n = 102) or control (n = 107) group. In the exercise group, patients were treated with in-hospital exercise (median 2.5 metabolic equivalents/20-40 min/day). The effects of exercise on muscle mass were evaluated by changes in skeletal muscle index (ΔSMI) between before and after TACE. Factors associated with an increase in SMI were analyzed by logistic regression and decision-tree analyses. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in serum albumin and bilirubin levels between the two groups. ΔSMI was significantly higher in the exercise group than in the control group (0.28 cm2 /m2 vs -1.11 cm2 /m2 , P = 0.0029). In the logistic regression analysis, exercise was an independent factor for an increase in SMI (hazard ratio 2.13; 95% confidence interval 1.215-3.846; P = 0.0085). Moreover, the decision-tree analysis showed that exercise was the initial divergence variable for an increase in SMI (the ratio of increased SMI: 53% in the exercise group vs 36% in the control group). CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital exercises increased muscle mass in HCC patients who underwent TACE. In addition, exercise was an independent factor for muscle hypertrophy. Thus, in-hospital exercise may prevent sarcopenia in HCC patients who underwent TACE.