Multivalent pyrrolidines acting as pharmacological chaperones against Gaucher disease.

A concise asymmetric synthesis of clickable enantiomeric pyrrolidines was achieved using Crabbé-Ma allenation. The synthesized iminosugars were grafted by copper-free strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition onto phosphorus dendrimers. The hexavalent and dodecavalent pyrrolidines were evaluated as ß-glucocerebrosidase inhibitors. The level of inhibition suggests that monofluorocyclooctatriazole group may contribute to the affinity for the protein leading to potent multivalent inhibitors. Docking studies were carried out to rationalize these results. Then, the iminosugars clusters were evaluated as pharmacological chaperones in Gaucher patients' fibroblasts. An increase in ß-glucocerebrosidase activity was observed with hexavalent and dodecavalent pyrrolidines at concentrations as low as 1 µM and 0.1 µM, respectively. These iminosugar clusters constitute the first example of multivalent pyrrolidines acting as pharmacological chaperones against Gaucher disease.

Phosphorus Dendrimers for Metal-Free Ligation: Design of Multivalent Pharmacological Chaperones against Gaucher Disease.

The first phosphorus dendrimers built on a cyclotriphosphazene core and decorated with six or twelve monofluorocyclooctyne units were prepared. A simple stirring allowed the grafting of N-hexyl deoxynojirimycin inhitopes onto their surface by copper-free strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition click reaction. The synthesized iminosugars clusters were tested as multivalent inhibitors of the biologically relevant enzymes ß-glucocerebrosidase and acid α-glucosidase, involved in Gaucher and Pompe lysosomal storage diseases, respectively. For both enzymes, all the multivalent compounds were more potent than the reference N-hexyl deoxynojirimycin. Remarkably, the final dodecavalent compound proved to be one of the best ß-glucocerebrosidase inhibitors described to date. These cyclotriphosphazene-based deoxynojirimycin dendrimers were then evaluated as pharmacological chaperones against Gaucher disease. Not only did these multivalent constructs cross the cell membranes but they were also able to increase ß-glucocerebrosidase activity in Gaucher cells. Notably, dodecavalent compound allowed a 1.4-fold enzyme activity enhancement at a concentration as low as 100 nM. These new monofluorocyclooctyne-presenting dendrimers may further find numerous applications in the synthesis of multivalent objects for biological and pharmacological purposes.

AB5 Derivatives of Cyclotriphosphazene for the Synthesis of Dendrons and Their Applications.

AB5 compounds issued from the reactivity of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene are relatively easy to obtain using two ways: either first the reaction of one chloride with one reagent, followed by the reaction of the five remaining Cl with another reagent, or first the reaction of five chlorides with one reagent, followed by the reaction of the single remaining Cl with another reagent. This particular property led to the use of such compounds as core for the synthesis of dendrons (dendritic wedges), using the five functions for growing the dendritic branches. The single function can be used for the synthesis of diverse types of dendrimers (onion peel, dumbbell-shape, Janus), for covalent or non-covalent grafting to solid surfaces, providing nanomaterials, for grafting a fluorophore, especially for studying biological mechanisms, or for self-associations to get micelles. All these properties are reviewed in this paper.

An Anti-Inflammatory Poly(PhosphorHydrazone) Dendrimer Capped with AzaBisPhosphonate Groups to Treat Psoriasis.

Dendrimers are nanosized, arborescent macromolecules synthesized in a stepwise fashion with attractive degrees of functionality and structure definition. This is one of the reasons why they are widely used for biomedical applications. Previously, we have shown that a poly(phosphorhydrazone) (PPH) dendrimer capped with anionic azabisphosphonate groups (so-called ABP dendrimer) has immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties towards human immune cells in vitro. Thereafter, we have shown that the ABP dendrimer has a promising therapeutic efficacy to treat models of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders in animal models. In these models, the active pharmaceutical ingredient was administered systematically (intravenous and oral administrations), but also loco-regionally in the vitreous tissue. Herein, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the ABP dendrimer in the preclinical mouse model of psoriasis induced by imiquimod. The ABP dendrimer was administered in phosphate-buffered saline solution via either systemic injection or topical application. We show that the topical application enabled the control of both the clinical and histopathological scores, and the control of the infiltration of macrophages in the skin of treated mice.

Biodistribution and Biosafety of a Poly(Phosphorhydrazone) Dendrimer, an Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Candidate.

Dendrimers are nanosized, arborescent polymers of which size and structure are perfectly controlled. This is one reason why they are widely used for biomedical purposes. Previously, we showed that a phosphorus-based dendrimer capped with anionic azabisphosphonate groups (so-called ABP dendrimer) has immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties towards human immune cells in vitro. Thereafter, we have shown that the ABP dendrimer has a promising therapeutic efficacy to treat models of chronic inflammatory disorders. On the way to clinical translation, the biodistribution and the safety of this drug-candidate has to be thoroughly assessed. In this article, we present preliminary non-clinical data regarding biodistribution, hematological safety, genotoxicity, maximal tolerated doses, and early cardiac safety of the ABP dendrimer. One of the genotoxicity assays reveals a potential mutagen effect of the item at a concentration above 200 µM, i.e., up to 100 times the active dose in vitro on human immune cells. However, as the results obtained for all the other assays show that the ABP dendrimer has promising biodistribution and safety profiles, there is no red flag raised to hamper the regulatory pre-clinical development of the ABP dendrimer.

(1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-10,10-Di-bromo-2,2-di-chloro-3,7,7,11-tetra-methyl-tetra-cyclo-[6.5.0.0(1,3).0(9,11)]trideca-ne.

The title compound, C17H24Br2Cl2, was synthesized from ß-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetra-methyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-1H-benzo-cyclo-heptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). The asymmetric unit contains two independent mol-ecules. Each mol-ecule is built up from fused six-, seven- and two three-membered rings. In both mol-ecules, the six-membered ring has a half-chair conformation, whereas the seven-membered ring displays a boat conformation. No specific inter-molecular inter-actions are noted in the crystal packing.

(1S,3R,8R)-2,2-Di-chloro-3,7,7,10-tetra-methyl-tri-cyclo-[6.4.0.0(1,3)]dodec-9-en-11-one.

The title compound, C16H22Cl2O, was synthesized from ß-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetra-methyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-1H-benzo-cyclo-heptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). The mol-ecule is built up from fused six- and seven-membered rings and an additional three-membered ring arising from the reaction of himachalene with di-chloro-carbene. The six-membered ring has an envelope conformation, with the C atom belonging to the three-membered ring forming the flap, whereas the seven-membered ring displays a screw-boat conformation; the dihedral angle between the rings (all atoms) is 59.65 (14)°.

(1S,3R,8R,9R,10S)-2,2-Dibromo-3,7,7,10-tetra-methyl-9ß,10ß-ep-oxy-3,7,7,10-tetra-methyl-tricyclo-[6.4.0.0(1,3)]dodeca-ne.

The title compound, C16H24Br2O, was synthesized from ß-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetra-methyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-1H-benzocyclo-heptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica). The mol-ecule contains fused six- and seven-membered rings, each linked to a three-membered ring. The six-membered ring has a half-chair conformation, while the seven-membered ring displays a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean planes through the six- and seven-membered rings is 39.55 (12)°. The two three-membered rings, linked to the six- and seven-membered rings, are nearly perpendicular to the six-membered ring, making dihedral angles of 78.6 (2) and 80.5 (2)°, respectively. The absolute structure was established unambiguously from anomalous dispersion effects. In the crystal, each mol-ecule is linked to its symmetry-equivalent partner by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains parallel to [100].

2,2-Dichloro-3,7,7,11-tetra-methyl-10-aza-tetra-cyclo-[6.5.0.0(1,3).0(9,11)]trideca-ne.

The title compound, C16H25Cl2N, was synthesized from ß-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetra-methyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-1H-benzocyclo-heptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). The mol-ecule is built up from fused six- and seven-membered rings linked to two three-membered rings. The six-membered ring shows a half-chair conformation, whereas the seven-membered ring displays a boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean planes through the six- and seven-membered rings is 59.8 (2)°. The two three-membered rings lie to one side and each is nearly perpendicular to the six-membered ring, forming dihedral angles of 83.2 (2) and 86.0 (2)°. The absolute structure was established unambiguously from anomalous dispersion effects. No specific inter-molecular inter-actions are noted in the crystal structure.

(1S,3R,8R)-2,2-Dibromo-3,7,7,10-tetra-methyltricyclo-[6.4.0.0(1,3)]dodec-9-en-11-one.

The title compound, C16H22Br2O, was synthesized from ß-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetra-methyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-1H-benzocyclo-heptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). The mol-ecule is built up from fused six- and seven-membered rings and an additional three-membered ring from the reaction of himachalene with dibromo-carbene. The six-membered ring has an envelope conformation, with the C atom belonging to the three-membered ring forming the flap, whereas the seven-membered ring displays a screw-boat conformation; the dihedral angle between the rings (all atoms) is 60.92 (16)°.

(1S,3R,8R)-2,2-Dibromo-10-bromo-methyl-3,7,7-trimethyl-tricyclo-[6.4.0.0(1,3)]dodec-9-ene.

The title compound, C16H23Br3, was synthesized from ß-himachalene (3,5,5,9-tetra-methyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-1H-benzocyclo-heptene), which was isolated from the essential oil of the Atlas cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). The mol-ecule is built up from fused six- and seven-membered rings and an additional three-membered ring from the reaction of himachalene with dibromo-carbene. The six-membered ring has an envelope conformation (the flap atom being the C atom shared with the three-membered ring, whereas the seven-membered ring displays a screw boat conformation; the dihedral angle between the rings (defined by the near coplanar atoms) is 56.5 (2)°.