Identification of CRF89_BF, a new member of an HIV-1 circulating BF intersubtype recombinant form family widely spread in South America.

Circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) contribute substantially to the HIV-1 pandemic. Among 105 CRFs described in the literature, 16 are BF intersubtype recombinants, most of South American origin, of which CRF12_BF is the most widely spread. A BF recombinant cluster identified in Bolivia was suggested to represent a new CRF_BF. Here we find that it belongs to a larger cluster incorporating 39 viruses collected in 7 countries from 3 continents, 22 of them in Spain, most from Bolivian or Peruvian individuals, and 12 in South America (Bolivia, Argentina, and Peru). This BF cluster comprises three major subclusters, two associated with Bolivian and one with Peruvian individuals. Near full-length genome sequence analyses of nine viruses, collected in Spain, Bolivia, and Peru, revealed coincident BF mosaic structures, with 13 breakpoints, 6 and 7 of which coincided with CRF12_BF and CRF17_BF, respectively. In a phylogenetic tree, they grouped in a clade closely related to these CRFs, and more distantly to CRF38_BF and CRF44_BF, all circulating in South America. These results allowed to identify a new HIV-1 CRF, designated CRF89_BF. Through phylodynamic analyses, CRF89_BF emergence was estimated in Bolivia around 1986. CRF89_BF is the fifth CRF member of the HIV-1 recombinant family related to CRF12_BF.

Identification of a new HIV type 1 BF intersubtype circulating recombinant form (CRF44_BF) in Chile.

HIV-1 BF intersubtype recombinants are frequent in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, where among a high diversity of BF unique recombinant forms (URFs), eight circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been characterized. Here, we describe a new one, designated CRF44_BF, identified in HIV-1 samples from Chile. In a previous report, where partial pol sequences of 136 HIV-1 infections of Chilean subjects were analyzed, a phylogenetic cluster of HIV-1 recombinant BF viruses from 10 individuals, with coincident intersubtype recombination points, was detected. One virus of this cluster had been characterized along its near full-length genome. A second one, from an epidemiologically unlinked HIV-1-infected subject, is described here. Both genomes share identical mosaic structures, consisting of a predominantly subtype F1 genome with three fragments of subtype B. Coincident breakpoints and phylogenetic clustering of the newly identified CRF44_BF with CRF12_BF, CRF17_BF, and CRF38_BF support a common origin of different CRF_BFs identified in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.

Antiretroviral drug resistance and phylogenetic diversity of HIV-1 in Chile.

This study reports the analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) coding sequences from 136 HIV-1-infected subjects from Chile, 66 (49%) of them under antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The prevalence of mutations conferring high or intermediate resistance levels to ARVs was 77% among treated patients and 2.5% among drug-naïve subjects. The distribution of resistance prevalence in treated patients by drug class was 61% to nucleoside RT inhibitors, 84% to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and 46% to PR inhibitors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 115 (85%) subjects were infected with subtype B viruses, 1 with a subtype F1 virus, and 20 (15%) carried BF intersubtype recombinants. Most BF recombinants grouped into two clusters, one related to CRF12_BF, while the other could represent a new circulating recombinant form (CRF). In conclusion, this is the first report analysing the prevalence of ARV resistance which includes patients under HAART from Chile. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the PR-RT coding sequences reveals the presence of BF intersubtype recombinants.

The analysis of near full-length genome sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Chile, Venezuela and Spain reveals their relationship to diverse lineages of recombinant viruses related to CRF12_BF.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) BF intersubtype recombinant viruses are common in Argentina and Uruguay, where CRF12_BF and related recombinants are frequently found, and, in a lower proportion, in Brazil. Full-length genome sequences have been characterized in several of these recombinant viruses. Here, we analyze six newly derived near full-length genome sequences of BF recombinant viruses, three from Chile, one from Venezuela and two from Spain. Five of them had known epidemiological links to Argentina. Genomes were amplified by PCR from plasma RNA or from peripheral blood mononuclear cells' DNA. Mosaic structures and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by bootscanning, neighbour-joining phylogenetic trees and by examination of subtype signature nucleotides. One virus from Spain had a mosaic structure fully coincident with CRF12_BF. The others had unique mosaic structures, except the viruses from two Chilean sisters infected vertically from the same mother, who showed identical recombination patterns. Each of the unique recombinants had one to six breakpoints coincident with CRF12_BF and three also had two or three breakpoints coincident with a previously characterized unique recombinant from Argentina (A025) related to CRF12_BF. A phylogenetic tree of concatenated subtype F segments supported the relationship of five recombinants with CRF12_BF. In trees of partial subtype F and B segments, four recombinants clustered with A025. The examination of CRF12_BF signature amino acids and nucleotides supported the common ancestry of all the analyzed viruses. Based on these results, a model of generation of HIV-1 BF recombinants of Argentinean ancestry by successive rounds of recombination along diverse lineages deriving from a common BF recombinant ancestor related to CRF12_BF is proposed.

High HIV-1 genetic diversity in Cuba.

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 subtype B is largely predominant in the Caribbean, although other subtypes have been recently identified in Cuba. OBJECTIVES: To examine HIV-1 genetic diversity in Cuba. METHODS: The study enrolled 105 HIV-1-infected individuals, 93 of whom had acquired the infection in Cuba. DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of pol (protease-reverse transcriptase) and env (V3 region) segments. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Intersubtype recombination was analysed by bootscanning. RESULTS: Of the samples, 50 (48%) were of subtype B and 55 (52%) of diverse non-B subtypes and recombinant forms. Among non-B viruses, 12 were non-recombinant, belonging to six subtypes (C, D, F1, G, H and J), the most frequent of which was subtype G (n = 5). The remaining 43 (78%) non-B viruses were recombinant, with 14 different forms, the two most common of which were Dpol/Aenv (n = 21) and U(unknown)pol/Henv (n = 7), which grouped in respective monophyletic clusters. Twelve recombinant viruses were mosaics of different genetic forms circulating in Cuba. Overall, 21 genetic forms were identified, with all known HIV-1 group M subtypes present in Cuba, either as non-recombinant viruses or as segments of recombinant forms. Non-B subtype viruses were predominant among heterosexuals (72%) and B subtype viruses among homo- or bisexuals (63%). CONCLUSION: An extraordinarily high diversity of HIV-1 genetic forms, unparalleled in the Americas and comparable to that found in Central Africa, is present in Cuba.

Diversity of mosaic structures and common ancestry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Argentina revealed by analysis of near full-length genome sequences.

The findings that BF intersubtype recombinant human immunodeficiency type 1 viruses (HIV-1) with coincident breakpoints in pol are circulating widely in Argentina and that non-recombinant F subtype viruses have failed to be detected in this country were reported recently. To analyse the mosaic structures of these viruses and to determine their phylogenetic relationship, near full-length proviral genomes of eight of these recombinant viruses were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Intersubtype breakpoints were analysed by bootscanning and examining the signature nucleotides. Phylogenetic relationships were determined with neighbour-joining trees. Five viruses, each with predominantly subtype F genomes, exhibited mosaic structures that were highly similar. Two intersubtype breakpoints were shared by all viruses and seven by the majority. Of the consensus breakpoints, all nine were present in two viruses, which exhibited identical recombinant structures, and four to eight breakpoints were present in the remaining viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences supported both a common ancestry, at least in part of their genomes, for all recombinant viruses and the phylogenetic relationship of F subtype segments with F subtype viruses from Brazil. A common ancestry of the recombinants was supported also by the presence of shared signature amino acids and nucleotides, either unreported or highly unusual in F and B subtype viruses. These results indicate that HIV-1 BF recombinant viruses with diverse mosaic structures, including a circulating recombinant form (which are widespread in Argentina) derive from a common recombinant ancestor and that F subtype segments of these recombinants are related phylogenetically to the F subtype viruses from Brazil.

Genotypic resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs in HIV-1 B and non-B subtypes from Cuba / Mutaciones de resistencia genotípica a los fármacos antirretrovíricos en los subtipos B y no B del VIH-1 en Cuba

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia a los fármacos y analizar la presencia de mutaciones de resistencia genotípica en los subtipos B y no B del VIH-1 en Cuba. Métodos. Entre un total de 1 950 personas que se estima que están infectadas por el VIH-1 en Cuba, se estudió una muestra de 103 pacientes, de los cuales 76 habían recibido antirretrovíricos y 27 no. Se determinó la carga de ARN vírico en el plasma y se utilizó la secuenciación automatizada para detectar mutaciones de resistencia a los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa (ITI) y de la proteasa (IP). También se procedió a la subtipificación de la región V3 con prueba de movilidad de heteroduplex (HMA). Para confirmar los resultados de esta prueba se secuenció el gen env (C2-V3- C3) en un tercio de las muestras de cada uno de los subtipos detectados por HMA. Resultados. De las 103 muestras, 81 (78,6%) fueron clasificadas como pertenecientes al subtipo B, 19 (18,5%) al A y 3 (2,9%) al C. La prevalencia de mutaciones de resistencia fue del 26,2% para los ITI y 3,9% para los ITI más IP. Para los ITI nucleosídicos fue del 27,6% en los pacientes tratados y del 7,4% en los no tratados; para los ITI no nucleosídisos, las cifras correspondientes fueron del 5,3% y 0%, respectivamente. En los pacientes tratados se detectó una baja frecuencia (2,6%) de resistencia a la zidovudina más lamivudina y abacavir, y no se encontró multirresistencia a los ITI nucleosídicos. Para las combinaciones de IP e ITI, la prevalencia de la resistencia fue del 5,3% en los pacientes tratados y del 0% en los no tratados. Conclusiones. Aunque generalmente se considera que en Cuba predomina el subtipo B, en este estudio se detectó una alta proporción de virus del subtipo no B. La baja prevalencia de mutaciones de resistencia a los IP e ITI refleja la introducción más tardía de estos fármacos en el país. Como no se observó multirresistencia a los ITI, el empleo de estos fármacos sigue siendo una opción válida para los pacientes cubanos

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia a los fármacos y analizar la presencia de mutaciones de resistencia genotípica en los subtipos B y no B del VIH-1 en Cuba. Métodos. Entre un total de 1 950 personas que se estima que están infectadas por el VIH-1 en Cuba, se estudió una muestra de 103 pacientes, de los cuales 76 habían recibido antirretrovíricos y 27 no. Se determinó la carga de ARN vírico en el plasma y se utilizó la secuenciación automatizada para detectar mutaciones de resistencia a los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa (ITI) y de la proteasa (IP). También se procedió a la subtipificación de la región V3 con prueba de movilidad de heteroduplex (HMA). Para confirmar los resultados de esta prueba se secuenció el gen env (C2-V3- C3) en un tercio de las muestras de cada uno de los subtipos detectados por HMA. Resultados. De las 103 muestras, 81 (78,6%) fueron clasificadas como pertenecientes al subtipo B, 19 (18,5%) al A y 3 (2,9%) al C. La prevalencia de mutaciones de resistencia fue del 26,2% para los ITI y 3,9% para los ITI más IP. Para los ITI nucleosídicos fue del 27,6% en los pacientes tratados y del 7,4% en los no tratados; para los ITI no nucleosídisos, las cifras correspondientes fueron del 5,3% y 0%, respectivamente. En los pacientes tratados se detectó una baja frecuencia (2,6%) de resistencia a la zidovudina más lamivudina y abacavir, y no se encontró multirresistencia a los ITI nucleosídicos. Para las combinaciones de IP e ITI, la prevalencia de la resistencia fue del 5,3% en los pacientes tratados y del 0% en los no tratados. Conclusiones. Aunque generalmente se considera que en Cuba predomina el subtipo B, en este estudio se detectó una alta proporción de virus del subtipo no B. La baja prevalencia de mutaciones de resistencia a los IP e ITI refleja la introducción más tardía de estos fármacos en el país. Como no se observó multirresistencia a los ITI, el empleo de estos fármacos sigue siendo una opción válida para los pacientes cubanos