Auger electron spectroscopy is an omnipresent experimental tool in many fields of fundamental research and applied science. The determination of the kinetic energies of the Auger electrons yields information about the element emitting the electron and its chemical environment at the time of emission. Here, we present an experimental approach to determine Auger spectra for emitter sites in the vicinity of a positive elementary charge based on electron-electron-electron and electron-electron-photon coincidence spectroscopy. We observe a characteristic redshift of the Auger spectrum caused by the Coulomb interaction with the charged environment. Our results are relevant for the interpretation of Auger spectra of extended systems like large molecules, clusters, liquids, and solids, in particular in high-intensity radiation fields which are nowadays routinely available, e.g., at x-ray free-electron laser facilities. The effect has been widely ignored in the literature so far, and some interpretations of Auger spectra from clusters might need to be revisited.
Using density functional theory (DFT), we treat the reaction of coupling of CO2 with aziridine in gas phase, in the presence of water and of a green catalyst (NaBr). Computations show that, in gas phase, this ring-opening conversions to oxazolidinones initiates by coordinating a CO2 molecule to the nitrogen atom of the aziridine. Then, a nucleophilic interaction between one oxygen atom of the coordinated CO2 and the carbon atom of the aziridine occurs. For methyl substituted aziridine, two pathways are proposed leading either to 4-oxazolidinone or to 5-oxazolidinone. Besides, we show that the activation energy of this reaction reduces in aqueous solution, in the presence of a water molecule explicitly or NaBr catalyst. In addition, the corresponding reaction mechanisms and regioselectivity associated with this ring-opening conversions to oxazolidinones, in the presence of carbon dioxide are found to be influenced by solvent and catalyst. The present findings should allow better designing regioisomer oxazolidinones relevant for organic chemistry, medicinal and pharmacological applications.
The dissociation of OCS2+ ions formed by photoionization of the neutral molecule at 40.81 eV is examined using threefold and fourfold electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy combined with high level quantum chemical calculations on isomeric structures and their potential energy surfaces. The dominant dissociation channel of [OCS]2+ is charge separation forming CO+ + S+ ion pairs, found here to be formed with low intensity at a lower-energy onset and with a correspondingly smaller kinetic energy release than in the more intense higher energy channel previously reported. We explain the formation of CO+ + S+ ion pairs at low as well as higher ionization energies by the existence of two predissociation channels, one involving a newly identified COS2+ metastable state. We conclude that the dominant CO+ + S+ channel with 5.2 eV kinetic energy release is reached upon OCS2+ â COS2+ isomerization, whereas the smaller kinetic energy release (of â¼4 eV) results from the direct fragmentation of OCS2+ (X3Σ-) ions. Dissociation of the COS2+ isomer also explains the existence of the minor C+ + SO+ ion pair channel. We suggest that isomerization prior to dissociation may be a widespread mechanism in dications and more generally in multiply charged ion dissociations.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a liquid jet is used to investigate the electronic structure of a solvated protein, yielding insight into charge transfer mechanisms in biological systems in their natural environment. No structural damage was observed in BSA following X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in a liquid jet sample environment. Carbon and nitrogen atoms in different chemical environments were resolved in the X-ray photoelectron spectra of both solid and solvated BSA. The calculations of charge distributions demonstrate the difficulty of assigning chemical contributions in complex systems in an aqueous environment. The high-resolution X-ray core electron spectra recorded are unchanged upon solvation. A comparison of the valence bands of BSA in both phases is also presented. These bands display a higher sensitivity to solvation effects. The ionization energy of the solvated BSA is determined at 5.7 ± 0.3 eV. Experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations to distinguish the contributions of various molecular components to the electronic structure. This comparison points towards the role of water in hole delocalization in proteins.
Serum Albumin , Water , Electronics , Photoelectron Spectroscopy , Serum Albumin, Bovine , Water/chemistry
We recently developed [A. Ferté, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2020, 11, 4359] a method to compute single site double core hole (ssDCH or K-2) spectra. We refer to that method as NOTA+CIPSI. In the present paper this method is applied to the O K-2 spectrum of the CO2 molecule, and we use this as an example to discuss in detail its convergence properties. Using this approach, theoretical spectra in excellent agreement with the experimental one are obtained. Thanks to a thorough interpretation of the shake-up states responsible for the main satellite peaks and through comparison with the O K-2 spectrum of CO, we can highlight the clear signature of the two non-equivalent carbon oxygen bonds in the oxygen ssDCH CO2 dication.
We have built an x-ray spectrometer in a von Hamos configuration based on a highly annealed pyrolytic graphite crystal. The spectrometer is designed to measure x-ray emission in the range of 2-5 keV. A spectral resolution E/ΔE of 4000 was achieved by recording the elastic peak of photons issued from the GALAXIES beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility.
Synchrotron radiation can induce sample damage, whether intended or not. In the case of sensitive samples, such as biological ones, modifications can be significant. To understand and predict the effects due to exposure, it is necessary to know the ionizing radiation dose deposited in the sample. In the case of aqueous samples, deleterious effects are mostly induced by the production of reactive oxygen species via water radiolysis. These species are therefore good indicators of the dose. Here the application of a microfluidic cell specifically optimized for low penetrating soft X-ray radiation is reported. Sodium benzoate was used as a fluorescent dosimeter thanks to its specific detection of hydroxyl radicals, a radiolytic product of water. Measurements at 1.28â keV led to the determination of a hydroxyl production yield, G(HO.), of 0.025â ±â 0.004â µmolâ J-1. This result is in agreement with the literature and confirms the high linear energy transfer behavior of soft X-rays. An analysis of the important parameters of the microfluidic dosimetry cell, as well as their influences over dosimetry, is also reported.
Microfluidics , Synchrotrons , Radiation Dosimeters , Radiometry , X-Rays
Double core hole spectroscopy is an ideal framework for investigating photoionization shake-up satellites. Their important intensity in a single site double core hole (ssDCH) spectrum allows the exploration of the subtle mix of relaxation and correlation effects associated with the inherent multielectronic character of the shake-up process. We present a high-accuracy computation method for single photon double core-shell photoelectron spectra that combines a selected configuration interaction procedure with the use of non-orthogonal molecular orbitals to obtain unbiased binding energy and intensity. This strategy leads to the oxygen ssDCH spectrum of the CO molecule that is in excellent agreement with the experimental result. Through a combined wave function and density analysis, we highlight that the most intense shake-up satellites are characterized by an electronic reorganization that opposes the core hole-induced relaxation.
The photodissociation dynamics of CH3I and CH2ClI at 272 nm were investigated by time-resolved Coulomb explosion imaging, with an intense non-resonant 815 nm probe pulse. Fragment ion momenta over a wide m/z range were recorded simultaneously by coupling a velocity map imaging spectrometer with a pixel imaging mass spectrometry camera. For both molecules, delay-dependent pump-probe features were assigned to ultraviolet-induced carbon-iodine bond cleavage followed by Coulomb explosion. Multi-mass imaging also allowed the sequential cleavage of both carbon-halogen bonds in CH2ClI to be investigated. Furthermore, delay-dependent relative fragment momenta of a pair of ions were directly determined using recoil-frame covariance analysis. These results are complementary to conventional velocity map imaging experiments and demonstrate the application of time-resolved Coulomb explosion imaging to photoinduced real-time molecular motion.
The detection efficiency η of any particle detector is important, concerning acquisition time, but becomes even more critical when two particles are detected in coincidence, with a total efficiency η1η2, in order to allow a deeper understanding of complex processes induced by light or particle interaction with matter. Efficiency and resolution of a time and position sensitive x-ray detector are reported here. This system consists of a multilayer transmission photocathode and two micro-channel plates (MCPs) equipped with a delay line anode (DLA). The efficiency is found to be about 20% for Al Kα photons, while the spatial resolution is comparable to that of a standard DLA detector (about 100 µm). The fast response time of the detector combined with its efficiency should allow coincidence experiments between x-ray photons and other particles (electron, ions, etc.).
X-ray absorption and Auger electron spectroscopies are demonstrated to be powerful tools to unravel the electronic structure of solvated ions. In this work for the first time, we use a combination of these methods in the tender X-ray regime. This allowed us to address electronic transitions from deep core levels, to probe environmental effects, specifically in the bulk of the solution since the created energetic Auger electrons possess large mean free paths, and moreover, to obtain dynamical information about the ultrafast delocalization of the core-excited electron. In the considered exemplary aqueous KCl solution, the solvated isoelectronic K+ and Cl- ions exhibit notably different Auger electron spectra as a function of the photon energy. Differences appear due to dipole-forbidden transitions in aqueous K+ whose occurrence, according to the performed ab initio calculations, becomes possible only in the presence of solvent water molecules.
Auger decay of the C(2)H(2) double core-hole (DCH) states, including the single-site DCH (C1s(-2)), two-site DCH (C1s(-1)C1s(-1)), and satellite (C1s(-2)π(-1)π∗(+1)) states, has been investigated experimentally using synchrotron radiation combined with multi-electron coincidence method, and theoretically with the assumption of the two-step sequential model for Auger decay of the DCH states. The theoretical calculations can reproduce the experimental two-dimensional Auger spectra of the C(2)H(2) single-site DCH and satellite decays, and allow to assign the peaks appearing in the spectra in terms of sequential two-electron vacancy creations in the occupied valence orbitals. In case of the one-dimensional Auger spectrum of the C(2)H(2) two-site DCH decay, the experimental and calculated results agree well, but assignment of peaks is difficult because the first and second Auger components overlap each other. The theoretical calculations on the Auger decay of the N(2) single-site DCH state, approximately considering the effect of nuclear motion, suggest that the nuclear motion, together with the highly repulsive potential energy curves of the final states, makes an important effect on the energy distribution of the Auger electrons emitted in the second Auger decay.
Auger decay of an inner shell hole is an efficient way to create multiply charged ions in the gas phase. We illustrate this with the example of the argon 2s decay, and show that multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy between the 2s photoelectron and all released Auger electrons leads to a complete reconstruction of the Ar 2s decay cascade. Spectra of the intermediate and final Ar(n+) states are obtained and are compared with a theoretical model.
