Renal artery pseudoaneurysm post-COVID-19 infection: An unusual delayed complication.

This case report discusses a rare and severe complication of COVID-19 recovery - renal mucormycosis leading to right renal artery pseudoaneurysm. A 59-year-old patient, previously treated for COVID-19, presented with dry cough, flank pain, and hematuria. He was diagnosed with renal artery pseudoaneurysm with renal mucormycosis. Successful management included urgent angioembolization, systemic liposomal amphotericin B, and subsequent radical nephrectomy post-stabilization. The case underscores the importance of vigilant post-COVID-19 follow-up, particularly in patients treated with steroids, and highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach for timely diagnosis and effective management of mucormycosis related complications.

Sleep quality and obstructive sleep apnea among male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A prospective observational study.

Introduction: Apart from nocturia, few reports have been published on the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sleep disturbances in patients visiting urology outpatient clinics. This study assessed the association between our population's LUTS and sleep disturbances. Methods: This was a prospective observational study. A total of 123 male patients with a history of LUTS aged more than 40 years were recruited from urology outpatient clinic. International Prostate Symptom Score was utilized to assess LUTS. To determine the quality of sleep, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used. Berlin questionnaire (BQ) was used for screening obstructive sleep apnea. Results: A total of 123 participants were enrolled in this study. The mean age of the participants was 61 ± 11.1 years. Nocturia >3 episodes were significantly more in patients with PSQI >5 (P < 0.05). There was a greater prevalence of severe LUTS in patients with PSQI >5 (P < 0.05). The association between LUTS and BQ score showed an increased prevalence of severe symptoms in patients with high BQ. Patients with PSQI >5 had more severe LUTS (53% of patients) compared to patients with PSQI ≤5 (5% of patients) (P = 0.000). Patients with PSQI >5 had overall poorer quality of life (QOL) scores, with QOL being 5 and 6 in 18% and 4.8% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions: There is a significant association between the prevalence of nocturia, moderate-to-severe LUTS, and the existence of sleep disorders. Therefore, screening for sleep disturbances may be performed on male patients who present with LUTS.

Metabolic evaluation of first-time uncomplicated renal stone formers: A prospective study.

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a global health problem. The recurrence rate after the first stone clearance is approximately 50% at 5 years. Metabolic abnormalities are an important factor responsible for stone recurrence. Our prevalidated study aimed to evaluate metabolic abnormalities associated with first-time uncomplicated renal stone formers (FTURSF). Materials and methods: In this prospective, exploratory, time-bound, descriptive study, 30 first-time renal stone formers were evaluated for metabolic abnormalities. High-risk stone formers were excluded from the study. Data were collected in a predefined proforma, transferred to an Excel sheet, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20 and Epi Info 7. Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, paired t test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical analyses. Results: The mean age of the participants was 35.57 ± 11.07 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.72. The most common abnormality was a 24-hour urine volume of <2.5 L in 73.33% of the participants. One or more metabolic abnormalities were detected in 76.67% of the participants. Other common metabolic abnormalities detected were hypocitraturia (60%), hypercalciuria (16.67%), hyperoxaluria (13.33%), and hyperuricosuria (3.33%). Parathyroid adenoma was detected in one participant (3.33%). Conclusions: Our study documented significant metabolic abnormalities in FTURSF. Therefore, a simplified metabolic evaluation protocol should be adopted while evaluating FTURSF. Detection of an underlying metabolic abnormality would enable the early institution of preventive measures to reduce stone recurrence and related complications.

Urodynamics in the evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in young adult men: A systematic review.

Introduction: This review aims to systematically evaluate the available evidence on the different urodynamic diagnoses of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in young adult men aged 18-50 years and to summarize the various urodynamic parameters based on these diagnoses. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis statement and the search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library from inception till September 2021. A total of 295 records were identified using a combination of keywords such as LUTS, urodynamics (UDS), and young males. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021214045). Results: All the ten studies, which were included in this analysis, categorised the patients into either of the four primary diagnoses after the UDS - primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO), dysfunctional voiding, detrusor underactivity (DU), or detrusor overactivity. Five of these studies used the conventional UDS, and in the other five a video UDS was performed. The most common abnormality on the conventional UDS was DU with a pooled estimate of 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.104-0.463, I2-95.35, (τ2-1.07). The most common abnormality on the video UDS was PBNO with a pooled estimate of 0.49 (95% CI - 0.413-0.580, I2-66.59, 2-0.09). The point estimates of various UDS parameters were also recorded. Conclusion: A urodynamic diagnosis was possible in 79% and 98% of the young men who underwent a conventional UDS or a video UDS, respectively. However, the men subjected to the conventional UDS and the video UDS had significant differences in their primary urodynamic diagnostic label. These results will help to plan future trials for the evaluation and management of LUTS in young men.

Interruption of BCG Therapy for NMIBC During COVID-19 Crisis, Dilemma in Its Continuation: a Review of Available Evidence and Suggested Management Strategies.

The COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been one of the worst pandemics ever to hit the human mankind. Undoubtedly the start of the second wave of COVID-19 has literally ripped apart the hearts of millions of people. Cancer patients have been left of the beaten track to their fate, with no access to treatments. Intravesical BCG instillation is the standard of care for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Several patients were in the middle of their treatment regimen when this pandemic struck. As slowly the word is recuperating from concussion effect of this pandemic and routine health services are being restored, uro-oncologist will face a unique scenario with respect to intravesical BCG therapy i.e., whether to restart the course of BCG therapy or to continue course from where it was interrupted. There are no studies in literature to directly answer this peculiar question and to resolve this dilemma. So, we in this review article propose to explore the literature for the most appropriate therapeutic regimen for these patients with interruption of intravesical BCG therapy. We plan to divide the patients with interruption to BCG therapy into the following three groups:Group 1: Patients who had interruption during the induction period.Group 2: Patients who completed the induction course but maintenance course could not be started.Group 3: Patients who had interruption during maintenance phase of BCG therapy. We will compile the recent recommendations by NCCN, AUA, and EAU for the administration of intravesical BCG in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We herein want to review the literature to propose the most appropriate strategy, its safety profile for these subsets of patients. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13193-023-01742-8.

Inner ear barotrauma: A case report of rare post-operative complication following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

To highlight a rare case of inner ear barotrauma as a post-operative complication following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). A 65-year-old man diagnosed with localised prostate carcinoma underwent elective RARP in a steep Trendelenburg position. Postoperatively, the patient complained of bothersome dizziness and spinning of surroundings associated with nausea. The patient was diagnosed to have vestibular symptoms secondary to inner ear barotrauma. He was started on prochlorperazine 12.5 mg and antibiotics, following which the patient improved. Vestibular rehabilitation exercises were taught to the patient. After 3 days of treatment, the patient did well with no episodes of dizziness. The patient was discharged on tablet cinnarizine 25 mg thrice daily for a week. On follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic. Inner ear barotrauma can be a rare complication of a combination of prolonged steep Trendelenburg during robotic surgery and pneumoperitoneum. Only further reporting of such incidents can help determine predisposing factors and precautions for preventing such incidents.

When to Avoid a Restaging Procedure for Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer? Inferences from a Tertiary Care Center.

The increasing incidence of urinary bladder carcinoma is alarming. Approximately seventy percent of these patients are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Restage transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the current recommendation for any T1 and or high-grade non muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) to accurately stage the malignancy. The question whether a second surgery is always required as a restage procedure is still unanswered. The patient's concern about completeness, morbidity, and financial considerations of a major surgery cannot be overlooked. Moreover, it also puts a strain on the already overburdened healthcare system. To answer this question, whether it is oncologically sound to omit a second resection, the current study evaluated the outcomes of patients undergoing restage TURBT, and analyzed the preoperative factors predicting a change in the staging of this malignancy. The study design was a prospective observational including NMIBC patients from September 2018 to February 2020. A total of 72 patients underwent restage TURBT. Their demographic data, imaging and cystoscopic findings, and histopathological data were recorded. The objective was to study the clinico-pathological correlations and factors predicting recurrence and upstaging of tumor in NMIBC patients undergoing restage TURBT. A total of 101 patients were found eligible for restage TURBT. Eventually, 72 underwent restage TURBT. Twelve (16.7%) patient had recurrence at restage while 3(4.16%) were upstaged to T2. Presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was independently associated with the risk of recurrence of same stage compared to no recurrence (p-0.025, OR-8.793, 95% CI-1.316-98.773). Chemical exposure (p-0.042) was also significantly associated with the same. Presence of lymphadenopathy on CT was independently associated with the risk of upstaging compared to no recurrence (p-0.032, OR-18.25, 95% CI-1.292-257.85). The study concluded that in the presence of a well-performed and adequate initial TURBT, restage TURBT could be skipped for further management. However, in small subgroup of patients with lymphadenopathy on preoperative imaging having a higher risk of tumor recurrence and upstaging, and patients with a history of chemical exposure and previous lower urinary tract symptoms having a high risk of recurrence alone, restage TURBT should still be performed to accurately stage the disease. Further studies with large patient cohort are needed to confirm and reinforce the facts proposed. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13193-022-01516-8.

Small contracted bladders posing bigger problems: Etiology, presentation, and management and a short review of literature.

The purpose of this study was to assess various etiologies, diagnosis and management. This rare entity is a neglected condition which should always be under clinical suspicion by broad speciality of practitioners for early treatment. Retrospective data collected from 2018 to 2021 in the All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh was used. All patients diagnosed with the small contracted bladder in the given period were included. The primary outcome of the study was to find out the common causes, early tests used for diagnosis and management done in the patients of small contracted bladder attending this tertiary care centre. Between 2018 and 2021, a total of 12 patients were diagnosed to have small capacity bladder (SCB). The most common symptom was frequency (75%). On cystoscopy, 33.33% (n = 4) had less than 50 ml and 66.66% (n = 8) had 50-100 ml bladder capacity respectively. 37.5% (n = 3) were diagnosed by urine AFB culture, 62.5% (n = 5) were diagnosed by urine for PCR, 62.5% (n = 5) were diagnosed by radiological investigations. Eight patients (66.66%) underwent surgical treatment in cases diagnosed as tuberculosis like augmentation cystoplasty and supra-trigonal cystectomy. Other rare causes found were eosinophilic cystitis, radiation induced contracture and BCG induced contracture. Small capacity bladder is an unusual condition, with still dilemma on the definition of small capacity and only few literature mentioning the causes, diagnosis and treatment. Even though tuberculosis is a common cause of SCB, still rare causes should always be kept in mind for relieving patient symptoms at the earliest.

Incidental encounter of intraperitoneal tuberculosis during renal surgeries: A surgeon's dilemma.

Tuberculosis is a major healthcare burden in India, which accounts for the maximum number of cases worldwide. Due to its non-specific features, peritoneal tuberculosis has been dubbed as the great mimicker of various other abdominal pathologies. This case series highlights the importance of incidental intra operative detection of peritoneal tuberculosis in cases being operated for renal pathologies. Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma is bound to occur when surgeon is faced with such an unexpected finding. Incidental peritoneal tuberculosis was defined as peritoneal tubercular lesions (ascites or tubercles) detected intraoperatively in patients being operated for non-tuberculosis related indications and no prior preoperative suspicion of abdominal tuberculosis. We here review 3 cases with different renal pathologies and no prior history or exposure to tuberculosis in which intraperitoneal tuberculosis was encountered incidentally at the time of surgery. Case 1 was a suspected case of right renal cell carcinoma and underwent right robotic nephron sparing surgery. Case 2 underwent robotic assisted lap simple nephrectomy for a right nonfunctioning kidney due to obstructive ureteric calculus. Case 3 was a suspected case of left upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent robotic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. In all 3 cases, on encountering the peritoneal lesions, an intraoperative decision to continue with the proposed surgery was made after frozen section biopsies from the multiple peritoneal and omental deposits revealed no malignant cells. Histopathology of these lesions in all 3 cases revealed caseating granulomas consistent with a diagnosis of disseminated peritoneal tuberculosis. None of the resected specimen had features suggestive of tuberculosis. ATT was started and on follow up the patients are doing well. Peritoneal tuberculosis although uncommon is not a rare presentation of active tuberculosis. Surgeons on encountering such lesions during non-related surgeries should always have a high suspicion of tuberculosis. Despite the existing literature favoring abandoning the procedure in such situations, we successfully completed the proposed surgeries.

Acquired scrotal lymphangiectasia, a long-term sequela of penile carcinoma: diagnosis an enigma.

Acquired lymphangiectasia is an unique entity encountered by an urologist which is marked by occlusion of lymphatics associated with abnormal permanent dilation of cutaneous lymphatics. There is presence of thin-walled ectatic vessels in the superficial and mid dermis, which develops later in life. Trauma, infection, radiation or surgery are important causes of this rare aetiology. Diagnosis is always demanding, as it closely resembles many benign aetiology. Meticulous decision-making and appropriate treatment should be chosen for the management.

Efficacy and Safety of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Outcomes from a Tertiary Care Center.

Background: The management of renal stone disease in the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a challenging scenario, both in terms of surgical safety and perioperative outcomes. The aim of the present study is to study the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with CKD. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted including adult patients with renal stone disease and a creatinine clearance of <90 mL/min (Stage 2 CKD or more) who underwent PCNL. Pre- and postoperative serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) were compared. Patients were divided into CKD Stages 1 to 5 having creatinine clearance >90 mL/min, 60 to 90 mL/min, 30 to 60 mL/min, 15 to 30 mL/min, and <15 mL/min, respectively. Based on up migration or down migration of CKD stages, patients were classified as improved, deteriorated, or stable. Perioperative complications and outcomes were also compared. Results: A total of 185 patients with CKD Stage ≤2 underwent PCNL. The mean age of the patients was 43.24 ± 14.32 years. The mean preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 62.88 ± 23.42 mL/min/1.73 m2. Preoperative CKD stage distribution was as follows: Stage 2 to 121 (65.4%), Stage 3 to 34 (18.4%), Stage 4 to 24 (13%), and Stage 5 to 6 (3.2%). On last follow-up of patients, the mean creatinine was 1.07 ± 0.65 mg/dL and the mean eGFR was 82.75 ± 31.22 mL/min/1.73 m2. The median change in creatinine and mean change in GFR were 0.23 (0.16-0.27) g/dL and 19.87 ± 19.77 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Improvement in kidney function with a stage down migration was seen in 115 cases (62.2%), slight improvement with no change in stage in 69 cases (37.3%), and deterioration of CKD stage was present in one case (0.5%). Conclusion: PCNL is associated with favorable functional outcomes in CKD patients including severe CKD (Stages 4 and 5). Improvement or stabilization of CKD stage was seen in 99.5% of patients post-PCNL.

A Clinicopathological Correlation of Bladder Cancer in Young and Old Patients: Our Experience and Review of Literature.

To compare the clinical, cystoscopic, and pathological characteristics of bladder cancer in patients younger than 40 years of age and those of patients older than 40 years of age. We conducted a prospective observational study at our department from September 2019 to February 2021 to compare the clinico-pathological characteristics of young and old patients with biopsy proven bladder cancer after a transurethral resection of bladder tumour. The patients were managed according to standard guidelines. Two hundred sixty-eight patients of bladder cancer were included in the analysis. Out of these, 58 patients were < 40 years of age and 210 were > 40 years. The mean age of two groups were 31.43 ± 6.30 vs 59.08 ± 9.87 years. With respect to tumour grade, 36.2% (versus 17.6%) of young patients had low grade tumour, and 58.6% had high-grade tumour (versus 82.4%). In the young population, 63.8% patients had NMIBC (versus 61.9%) and 36.2% had MIBC (versus 38.1%). Even in the NMIBC group, a large majority of young patients had high-risk disease (51.4%). The incidence of bladder cancer is on the rise in the northern belt of India, especially in the younger age group. High exposure to smoke and heavy metals in drinking water/occupation are the major risk factors. Majority of young patients aged < 40 years had a high-grade disease on presentation and a large subset had muscle invasive bladder cancer, contrary to previously reported studies.

Successful management of a high-output urinary fistula following radical cystectomy and ileal conduit: a conservative approach.

Urinary leak following ileal conduit after a radical cystectomy is a rare yet serious complication which presents early in the postoperative period. We herein present a case of a 38-year-old man diagnosed with recurrent high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. He underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Postoperatively, the patient developed a high output urinary fistula (800-1000 mL/day) which was confirmed by fluid creatinine levels and a contrast study. He was managed successfully with a conservative approach. The leak subsided in 6 weeks and on follow-up patient is doing well. Most of the literature favours a surgical approach in such cases, however with optimal nutritional support (enteral/parenteral), adequate diversion of urine, percutaneous drainage of undrained collections, adequate intravenous antibiotics and good nursing care, resurgery with its associated morbidity can be avoided resulting in successful outcomes.

Laser epilation of luminal hair following skin graft urethroplasty for hypospadias: the hair snare.

A 66-year-old man, who underwent urethral reconstruction using skin grafts for hypospadias five decades earlier as a 13-year-old child, presented with burning micturition and recurrent UTI. A retrograde urethrogram along with micturating cystourethrogram revealed a bulbar urethral stricture and broad neck distal penile urethral diverticulum. On a cystourethroscopic examination, a urethral diverticulum was seen just proximal to the hypospadiac external urethral meatus with 12-15 hair follicles inside the diverticulum and a 1 cm long mid-bulbar stricture. Visual internal urethrotomy for the bulbar stricture, a diverticular neck incision, laser epilation and hair follicle photocoagulation was performed using a 30 W Ho:YAG laser. The depilated hair tufts were extracted. The process was repeated again in 6 months due to recurrent symptoms. A patent urethra with a wide open diverticulum without any residual hair follicles was confirmed. No perioperative complications noted and the patient is doing well on 1 month of follow-up.

Iatrogenic Renal Artery Injury Necessitating Nephrectomy Following Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Tubercular Spondylodiscitis.

Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion is a popular minimally invasive technique for fixation and fusion of vertebrae for a variety of indications. It is associated with infrequent but serious well-recognized vascular, visceral and neurological complications. Hereby, we present a case of left main renal artery injury necessitating nephrectomy during lumbar transforaminal interbody fusion of pott's spine.

Catastrophic complications of urolithiasis in pregnancy.

Urolithiasis is the most common non-obstetric complication in pregnancy and has the potential to cause grave consequences resulting in pregnancy loss. We present two such cases. First, a 24-year-old woman, 5 weeks pregnant with a history of urolithiasis presented with right flank pain and fever. She was found to have a right perinephric collection and during the course of her treatment suffered an abortion. The second case was a 25-year-old woman who presented in septic shock. She underwent emergency lower segment caesarean section elsewhere 10 days ago for intrauterine death at 38 weeks of gestation. On evaluation, she was found to have bilateral stone disease with a left subcapsular haematoma. Both the cases were managed conservatively and are planned for definitive management. Thus, women of childbearing age with diagnosed urolithiasis should get themselves evaluated and be free of stone disease before planning a family to prevent increased obstetric complications during pregnancy.

Feasibility and usefulness of online virtual training of urology residents in times of COVID-19: A single-center experience and an evidence-based strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 disease has resulted in an almost complete shutdown of all services worldwide. Hospitals continued to provide emergency services and treatment for COVID-19 disease. Teaching hospitals like ours had another responsibility at hand; training of our surgical residents. Not allowing this pandemic to take away months of training, we resorted to online virtual training programs, for continuing academic activities. After having conducted thirty such sessions, we took feedback from the participating students and faculty members to evaluate the usefulness of this new initiative and identify the lacunae that needed to be addressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The initial twenty classes were held on the GoTo Meeting ® online platform, whereas the last ten were conducted using the Google Meet application. A 20-item questionnaire covering four broad domains of general perception, feasibility, knowledge gained, and drawbacks was circulated, and 19 responses were registered anonymously. Strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis was done based on the responses received. RESULTS: About 89.5% of the participants believed that online classes were the ideal platform for continuing education and 84.2% of the participants were overall satisfied with the whole exercise. The Achilles' heel was the availability of a good Internet connection, and the major lacunae were the poor quality of video and audio transmission. Seventy-four percent of the participants wanted to continue online training in the future too, whereas 26% wanted to revert to the traditional face-to-face teaching. CONCLUSION: Online virtual training classes are an effective and feasible alternative to traditional teaching in times such as these, which demanded strict social distancing. It naturally lacked the warmth and personal touch of the traditional teaching classes, but it allowed us to continue teaching our residents and also prepare them to face the biggest menace of all times.

Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Approach in a Patient of Zinner Syndrome with Hematuria: A Rare Presentation.

Congenital malformations of the seminal vesicles (SVs) are rare and are often associated with abnormalities of the ipsilateral upper tracts as embryologically both the ureteral buds and SVs arise from the mesonephric ducts. The triad of SV cysts, ipsilateral renal agenesis, and ejaculatory duct obstruction is known as the Zinner syndrome. We herein present the case of Zinner syndrome with hematuria as the mode of presentation. A 52-year-old gentleman presented with complaints of gross and painless hematuria for 3 months. An initial ultrasound revealed absent right kidney with a cystic structure abutting the urinary bladder. Cystoscopic examination revealed a high bladder neck. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed an absent right kidney and a large tubular structure in the region of the right ureter extending up to right SV with blood content and stones within. It was distally seen communicating with one of the cysts of the right SV. The cystic structure was removed with a robot-assisted laparoscopic approach. The console time was 110 min with minimal blood loss. Postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathology of the cyst wall revealed chronic inflammation. The patient is doing well on 6 months follow-up. This case was unique in terms of it presenting with a large intra-abdominal cyst with sharp stones within, probably first of its kind to be ever reported. Surgery is mandated for such symptomatic cysts and the daVinci robot with its minimally invasive approach offers the perfect platform for treating such challenging cases.

Neoadjuvant Therapy for Cisplatin Ineligible Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients: A Review of Available Evidence.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy is the standard of care for muscle invasive non-metastatic bladder cancer patients. While cisplatin based neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been recommended, systemic therapy in a neoadjuvant setting for cisplatin ineligible patients still needs to be addressed. Various strategies like split dosing cisplatin chemotherapy, carboplatin based chemotherapy and taxanes based chemotherapy have been tried as neoadjuvant therapy for cisplatin ineligible patients. Immunotherapy is a promising tool in this regard with a need for the development of predictive and prognostic biomarkers which can bring out the true potential of these immunotherapeutic agents.

Female counterpart of the Zinner syndrome in men: decoding the 'OHVIRA' syndrome.

The obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA) syndrome, a rare Mullerian duct anomaly, is a triad of uterine anomalies with ipsilateral renal agenesis and obstructed hemivagina. The aetiopathogenesis of this developmental anomaly is debatable, with several theories being postulated to explain its occurrence. We report two cases of this rare syndrome which were detected on imaging done for unrelated reasons. Case 1 is a 24-year-old woman who presented with primary infertility. After an incidental detection of the syndrome and ruling out a male factor, she has been planned for excision of the vaginal septum. Case 2 is a 47-year-old woman with OHVIRA detected during the evaluation of urolithiasis and is asymptomatic for the syndrome. The OHVIRA syndrome can be asymptomatic or may present as haematocolpos, pelvic pain and infertility which requires surgical intervention, after which successful pregnancies have been reported.