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1.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol ; 74(4): 546-556, 2018 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29119204

RESUMEN

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a cationic surfactant commonly used as a disinfectant. Its ubiquitous nature is the result of high usage and frequent discharge into the environment and evidence of interaction with numerous contaminants, such as pharmaceutical active compound residues. Anticancer drugs, among these compounds, are able to exert eco-genotoxic effects at sub ng-µg/L. The purpose of this study was to assess the reproductive toxicity and the genotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (ET), and imatinib mesylate (IM)-binary mixtures combined with BAC in Ceriodaphnia dubia. The effects of the mixtures were assessed under the assumption of independent action in experiments that applied two effect levels. The type of interaction was not the same over the range of effect sizes. The combined action experiment on reproduction showed an antagonistic effect at higher effect levels for all binary combinations, except for BAC/IM, whereas independent action was observed in all mixtures at a low effect level. The results of binary combinations on genotoxicity showed antagonistic effects for BAC + ET and BAC + CDDP, whereas independence was expressed in BAC + IM and BAC + 5-FU. The antagonistic interactions still led to higher effects than those observed after single exposures at the same doses in most cases. The effects of mixtures of drugs should be taken into account for environmental risk assessment.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Compuestos de Benzalconio/toxicidad , Cladóceros/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Toxicidad/métodos , Animales , Cisplatino/toxicidad , Ensayo Cometa , Mezclas Complejas/toxicidad , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Ecotoxicología/métodos , Etopósido/toxicidad , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/toxicidad , Agua Dulce , Mesilato de Imatinib/toxicidad , Masculino , Reproducción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad
2.
Environ Pollut ; 210: 34-9, 2016 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26704268

RESUMEN

The toxicity and genotoxicity of the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) were studied using Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia as model systems. Acute and chronic toxicity testing were performed according to the international standard guidelines and the genotoxicity was detected through the comet assay on cells from whole organisms in vivo exposed. Acute effects occurred at concentrations in the order of tens of µg/L in D. magna and hundreds of µg/L in C. dubia. Chronic effects were found at one order of magnitude less than short-term effects maintaining the same difference in sensitivity between D. magna and C. dubia. BAC induced relevant DNA damage, in both cladocerans; the lowest adverse effect levels were 0.4 and 4 ng/L for D. magna and C. dubia, respectively. As these effective concentrations are far lower than BAC occurrence in surface waters (units of µg/L) a concerning environmental risk cannot be excluded. The findings of this study showed that D. magna and C. dubia, could be used as model organisms to detect acute and chronic toxicity as well as genotoxicity at the whole organism level.


Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Benzalconio/toxicidad , Animales , Cladóceros , Ensayo Cometa , Daño del ADN , Daphnia , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad/métodos , Pruebas de Toxicidad Crónica/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad
3.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 23(15): 14771-9, 2016 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26139396

RESUMEN

The combined genotoxic effects of four anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil [5-FU], cisplatin [CDDP], etoposide [ET], and imatinib mesylate [IM]) were studied testing their binary mixtures in two crustaceans that are part of the freshwater food chain, namely Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Genotoxicity was assessed using the in vivo comet assay. Assessment was based on two distinct effect sizes determined from dose-response experiments. Doses for single and combined exposures expected to result in these effect sizes were computed based on Bliss independence as reference model. Statistical comparison by analysis of variance of single and combined toxicities allowed accepting or rejecting the independency hypothesis. The results obtained for D. magna showed independent action for all mixtures except for IM+5-FU that showed an antagonistic interaction. In C. dubia, most mixtures had antagonist interactions except IM+5-FU and IM+CDDP that showed Bliss independence. Despite the antagonistic interactions, our results demonstrated that combinations of anticancer drugs could be of environmental concern because effects occur at very low concentrations that are in the range of concentrations encountered in aquatic systems.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Cladóceros/efectos de los fármacos , Daño del ADN , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Ensayo Cometa , Daphnia/efectos de los fármacos , Combinación de Medicamentos
4.
J Hazard Mater ; 286: 573-80, 2015 Apr 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25638790

RESUMEN

The eco-genotoxicity of six anti-neoplastic drugs, 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and imatinib, belonging to five classes of anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC), was studied applying the in vivo comet assay on cells from whole organisms of Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. For the first time, this test was performed in C. dubia. In addition, to have a wider genotoxic/mutagenic profile of the anticancer drugs selected, SOS chromotest and Salmonella mutagenicity assay were performed. The comet results showed that all drugs induced DNA damage, in both Cladocerans, with environmental concern; indeed Doxorubicin induced DNA damage in the order of tens of ng L(-1) in both crustaceans, as well as 5-flurouracil in C. dubia and cisplatin in D. magna. In the SOS Chromotest all drugs, except imatinib, were able to activate the repair system in Escherichia coli PQ37 while in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, doxorubicin was the only drug able to cause direct and indirect frameshift and base-pair substitution mutations. Comet assay was the most sensitive tool of genotoxic exposure assessment, able to detect in vivo the adverse effects at concentration lower than those evaluated in vitro by bacterial assays.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Cladóceros/efectos de los fármacos , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Animales , Cladóceros/genética , Ensayo Cometa , Daño del ADN , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética
5.
Aquat Toxicol ; 157: 41-6, 2014 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25456218

RESUMEN

Anticancer drugs, interfering with DNA in every living organism, may pose a threat to aquatic environment, even more when they occur as complex mixtures. We investigated the combined long term toxic potential of four anti-neoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil [5-FU], cisplatin [CDDP], etoposide [ET] and imatinib mesylate [IM]) testing their binary mixtures on two primary consumers of the freshwater aquatic chain with close phylogenetic relationship: Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. The combined toxicities were assessed using two distinct effect sizes that should be observed if Bliss independence holds. Direct statistical comparison by analysis of variance of single and combined toxicities under the assumption of Bliss independence allowed to accept or reject the independency hypothesis. Independency was confirmed for all mixtures both in D. magna and in C. dubia, except for IM+ ET and IM+CDDP in D. magna and for ET+CDDP and ET+5-FU in C. dubia which at the highest concentrations showed an antagonistic interaction. A synergic tendency was found testing IM+CDDP on C. dubia at the lowest concentration selected. Thus, the chronic ecotoxicological data evaluated in this study show not only a potential environmental risk of anticancer drugs, especially considering their potential synergistic effects, but also the necessity to integrate statistical models with experimental data to establish the real environmental impact of such compounds.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Cladóceros/efectos de los fármacos , Daphnia/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Sinergismo Farmacológico
6.
Sci Total Environ ; 485-486: 216-222, 2014 Jul 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24727039

RESUMEN

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro estrogenic and the cytotoxic activity of six cytostatics (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and imatinib) belonging to the five classes of Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) detected in wastewater systems. The estrogenic activity was assessed by YES-assay on Saccharomyces cerevisiae-RMY326 and E-screen on MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic activity was assessed by MTT Cell Proliferation Assay on the MCF-7 and the MDA-MB-231 cells. The results of estrogenic activity, detected by E-screen and expressed as EC50, showed a high potential of imatinib (10(-7) µM) followed by cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Capecitabine was poorly estrogenic while etoposide and doxorubicin EC50 values were not possible to determine. Cytotoxicity was found at concentrations far from those detected in effluents. The potential endocrine activity of the most active drugs could be associated with human and wildlife risk when considering their occurrence in the environment.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Bioensayo , Células MCF-7
7.
Chemosphere ; 115: 59-66, 2014 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24512989

RESUMEN

The growing use of cytostatic drugs is gaining relevance as an environmental concern. Environmental and distribution studies are increasing due to the development of accurate analytical methods, whereas ecotoxicological studies are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of six cytostatics (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and imatinib) belonging to five classes of Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) on primary consumers of the aquatic chain (Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Thamnocephalus platyurus). Acute ecotoxicological effects occurred at concentrations in the order of mgL(-)(1), higher than those predicted in the environment, and the most acutely toxic drugs among those tested were cisplatin and doxorubicin for most aquatic organisms. For chronic toxicity, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil showed the highest toxic potential in all test organisms, inducing 50% reproduction inhibition in crustaceans at concentrations on the order of µgL(-)(1). Rotifers were less susceptible to these pharmaceuticals. On the basis of chronic results, the low effective concentrations suggest a potential environmental risk of cytostatics. Thus, this study could be an important starting point for establishing the real environmental impact of these substances.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Crustáceos/efectos de los fármacos , Rotíferos/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Crustáceos/fisiología , Rotíferos/fisiología , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda
8.
Environ Sci Process Impacts ; 16(4): 823-31, 2014 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24166079

RESUMEN

In this study, a comparison of two carbamic pesticides, chlorpropham and phenisopham, was carried out in terms of both photodegradability and ecotoxicity. The photochemical behaviour of the two pesticides was investigated under environmental-like conditions (aqueous media, UVB or solar irradiation). The photochemical kinetic parameters were calculated by irradiating 5 × 10(-5) M solutions (H2O-CH3CN, 9 : 1 v/v) using UVB lamps. For chlorpropham and phenisopham similar half-life times (39.0 and 55.0 min) were determined. Irradiation by sunlight leads to longer degradation half-life times (about 3 months), while it is possible to observe the formation of the same photoproducts. The well-known dechlorination reaction to a hydroxyphenylcarbamate was observed for chlorpropham. Phenisopham undergoes photo-Fries reaction to give rearranged products (hydroxybenzamides) and fragmentation products (hydroxyphenylcarbamate and N-ethylaniline). Acute and chronic toxicity tests of pesticides and their photoproducts were performed on organisms from two levels of the freshwater aquatic chain, the anostraca crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The acute results showed that chlorpropham had median lethal concentrations for the crustacean T. platyurus and the rotifer B. calyciflorus of 10.16 and 35.19 mg L(-1), respectively, and phenisopham did not show any acute toxicity as the derivatives up to 10 mg L(-1). The only exception was N-ethylaniline which exhibited an acute LC50 value of 0.46 mg L(-1). Phenisopham was the most toxic in the long term exposure while its five derivatives showed lower chronic potential for rotifers and algae. The same trend was observed for chlorpropham except for rotifers.


Asunto(s)
Carbamatos/toxicidad , Clorprofam/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Carbamatos/química , Carbamatos/efectos de la radiación , Clorprofam/química , Clorprofam/efectos de la radiación , Ecotoxicología , Fotólisis , Medición de Riesgo , Pruebas de Toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/efectos de la radiación
9.
Sci Total Environ ; 470-471: 453-8, 2014 Feb 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24148320

RESUMEN

Caffeine is ubiquitous in surface and ground waters and it has been proposed as a marker of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Sewage treatment plants based on active sludges seem to be not very efficient in its complete removal from effluents while additional disinfection treatments by chlorination are able to do it. In a simulation of the chlorination step herein we report that caffeine is transformed in six by-products: 8-chlorocaffeine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-azabarbituric acid, N,N'-dimethylparabanic acid, N,N'-dimethyloxalamide, N-methylurea and N,N'-dimethylurea. The ecotoxicity of caffeine and identified compounds was evaluated on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames Test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. Moreover, we assessed the possible antigenotoxic effect of the selected compounds using SOS Chromotest after co-incubation with the standard genotoxin, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the rotifer while the algae seemed to be unaffected. Results indicated that caffeine (1), N,N'-dimethyloxamide (4) and N,N'-dimethylparabanic acid (5) reduced ß-galactosidase activity in comparison with positive control, both at 1 and 5mg/L of 4-NQNO with a good dose-response.


Asunto(s)
Cafeína/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Chlorophyta , Ecotoxicología , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Medición de Riesgo , Rotíferos , Pruebas de Toxicidad
10.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol ; 65(3): 407-20, 2013 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23797980

RESUMEN

We investigated mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and estrogenic activity in the porewaters of two river basins in southern Italy that had different features. Three samples from each site were collected in different seasons from 7 sites for a total of 21 samples. Mutagenicity was measured with the Ames test with and without metabolic activation (S9) using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. Genotoxicity was measured with two tests: one involved a chromophore that detected DNA damage in Escherichia coli PQ37 (SOS chromotest), and the other measured micronuclei formation in the root cells of Vicia faba. Estrogenic activity was measured with a yeast-based estrogen receptor assay and an MCF-7 cell-based, estrogen-sensitive proliferation assay. We also applied chemical analyses to detect alkylphenols, pesticides, natural and synthetic hormones, and heavy metals. The porewaters of both river sediments showed mutagenic/genotoxic activity on V. faba test and Ames test, the latter both with and without S9 liver fraction. The SOS chromotest without metabolic activation was not sufficiently sensitive to detect genotoxicity of the porewaters, but the SOS DNA repair system in E. coli PQ37 was activated in the presence of S9 mix. Good correlations were found between mutagenicity/genotoxicity and the concentration of cadmium and between estrogenic activity and the presence of copper. This study assessed the chemical concentrations of some bioavailable pollutants in porewater and detected the overall effects of multiple pollutants that contributed to mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and estrogenic activity of these two basin porewaters, thus increasing our understanding of the environmental consequences of polluted aquatic ecosystems.


Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Biotransformación/efectos de los fármacos , Daño del ADN , Reparación del ADN , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Femenino , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Italia , Células MCF-7 , Espectrometría de Masas , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Ríos/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/metabolismo , Estaciones del Año
11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20197112

RESUMEN

The estrogenic potential of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 4-octylphenol (4-OP), p-t-octylphenol (p-t-OP) and three trace elements, lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd(NO(3))(2) and CdCl(2)), were compared in two different tests, a proliferation assay with estrogen receptor-positive human MCF-7 breast cancer cells (E-screen) and the induction of vitellogenin (Vtg) in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The results showed differences in the bioassays' sensitivity and potency with the following order: E-screen>Vtg. Among alkylphenols, both in vitro and in vivo, 4-NP and 4-OP showed the highest estrogen-like activity while p-t-OP was inferior. For trace elements, Pb and Cu showed estrogenic activity in vitro and they were also active in vivo. A range of estrogenicity was observed for different species of cadmium (Cd(NO(3))(2) and CdCl(2)) which showed the highest relative proliferative effect (RPE %) in vitro, when compared with the 17beta-estradiol (E(2); RPE=100%) but, Cd(NO(3))(2) was not estrogenic in vivo. The results suggest that an integrated approach using in vitro and in vivo assays is necessary for a correct risk assessment of the endocrine disrupting activity induced by environmental contaminants.


Asunto(s)
Fenoles/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/metabolismo , Vitelogeninas/sangre , Animales , Bioensayo/métodos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Línea Celular Tumoral , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Carpa Dorada/sangre , Humanos , Fenoles/toxicidad , Oligoelementos/toxicidad
12.
Environ Int ; 35(5): 821-5, 2009 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19135254

RESUMEN

This study was designed to assess the overall ecotoxicity of ranitidine, a histamine H(2)-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. Hence, in addition to ranitidine, its main two photoderivatives, obtained by solar simulator irradiation in water, were investigated. The photoproducts were identified by their physical features. Bioassays were performed on rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. The results showed that ranitidine did not show any acute toxicity at the highest concentration tested (100 mg/L) for all the organisms utilized in the bioassays. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on rotifers and crustaceans. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were especially found for one photoproduct suggesting that transformation products, as frequently demonstrated, may show effects higher than the respective parental compound.


Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de los Receptores H2 de la Histamina/toxicidad , Ranitidina/análogos & derivados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Ambiente , Antagonistas de los Receptores H2 de la Histamina/química , Fotólisis , Ranitidina/química , Ranitidina/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química
13.
Environ Int ; 35(5): 826-9, 2009 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19135255

RESUMEN

In the last years pharmaceuticals have aroused great interest as environmental pollutants for their toxic effects towards non target organisms. This study wants to draw attention to a further adverse effect of drugs, the endocrine interference. The most representative drugs of the widespread classes in environment were investigated. The YES-test and the E-screen assay were performed to detect the capability of these substances to bind the human estrogenic receptor alpha (hER alpha) in comparison with 17beta-estradiol. Out of 14 tested pharmaceuticals, 9 were positive to YES-assay and 11 were positive to E-screen assay; in particular, Furosemide and the fibrates (Bezafibrate, Fenofibrate and Gemfibrozil) gave the maximal estrogenic response. Tamoxifen showed its dual activity as agonist and antagonist of hER alpha.


Asunto(s)
Estrógenos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Ambiente , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos
14.
Environ Toxicol Chem ; 26(8): 1686-94, 2007 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17702343

RESUMEN

Toxicity and endocrine interference of influent and effluent waters from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants were determined. In addition, chemical analyses were performed to detect the presence of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol, nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol, and p-t-octylphenol as well as lead, copper, and cadmium in these matrices. The results showed that despite low acute toxic potential, most of the samples tested showed both genotoxicity and endocrine interference. Furthermore, to establish whether the observed effects were caused by the alkylphenols and the heavy metals detected, toxic, genotoxic, and endocrine interference tests also were performed on pure chemicals. The acute toxicity was measured on the crustacean Daphnia magna. The estrogenic activity was determined by using the yeast estrogen screen with Saccharomyces cerevisiae RMY326, whereas the SOS Chromotest and Ames test detected the genotoxicity on Escherichia coli PQ37 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. The results showed that the toxicity found in the matrices did not match the values found for pure chemicals, but a clear correlation was found between alkylphenols and genotoxicity. Both heavy metals and alkylphenols took part in the endocrine interference activity.


Asunto(s)
Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Fenoles/toxicidad , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Escherichia coli/genética , Residuos Industriales , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos
15.
Environ Int ; 33(5): 635-41, 2007 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17320957

RESUMEN

Lipid regulators have been detected in effluents from sewage treatment plants and surface waters from humans via excretion. This study was designed to assess the ecotoxicity of fibrates, lipid regulating agents. The following compounds were investigated: Bezafibrate, Fenofibrate and Gemfibrozil and their derivatives obtained by solar simulator irradiation. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. The photoproducts were identified by their physical features and for the first risk evaluation, the environmental impact of parental compounds was calculated by Measured Environmental Concentrations (MEC) using the available data from the literature regarding drug occurrence in the aquatic environment and the Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) based on our toxicity data. The results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of dozens of mg/L for all the trophic levels utilized in bioassays (bacteria, rotifers, crustaceans). Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on rotifers and crustaceans while the algae seemed to be slightly affected by this class of pharmaceuticals. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were especially found for the Gemfibrozil photoproduct suggesting that also byproducts have to be considered in the environmental risk of drugs.


Asunto(s)
Bezafibrato/toxicidad , Fenofibrato/toxicidad , Gemfibrozilo/toxicidad , Hipolipemiantes/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Aliivibrio fischeri/efectos de los fármacos , Aliivibrio fischeri/metabolismo , Animales , Bezafibrato/efectos de la radiación , Chlorophyta/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorophyta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Crustáceos/efectos de los fármacos , Crustáceos/fisiología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Fenofibrato/efectos de la radiación , Gemfibrozilo/efectos de la radiación , Hipolipemiantes/efectos de la radiación , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Nivel sin Efectos Adversos Observados , Rotíferos/efectos de los fármacos , Rotíferos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Pruebas de Toxicidad Crónica , Rayos Ultravioleta , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/efectos de la radiación
16.
Chemosphere ; 64(1): 135-43, 2006 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16343595

RESUMEN

In the last few years many concerns have been raised regarding the environmental safety of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants (APnEOs). They are widely used in detergents, paints, herbicides and many other formulated products. It has been estimated that 60% of APnEOs end up in the aquatic environment; they are biodegradable and transformed into alkylphenols, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol that are hydrophobic and tend to accumulate. In the present study, acute and chronic aquatic toxicity and the estrogenic activity of the following eight alkylphenols were assessed: 4-nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol-10-ethoxylate, 4-tert-octylphenol, POE (1 to 2)-nonylphenol, POE (6)-nonylphenol, POE (3)-tert-octylphenol and POE (9 to 10)-tert-octylphenol. The toxic potential was measured on the crustaceans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, while the estrogenic activity was determined by using the YES-test with the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae RMY326. The results showed that the exposure of crustaceans to the eight xenoestrogens investigated caused both acute and chronic effects. The EC50 values found for C. dubia at 48 h were compared to D. magna at 24h and, gave a first indication about the toxic activity of the compounds investigated, that is better expressed in the long-term. In fact, chronic data showed a strong increase in toxicity with EC50 values one or two orders of magnitude lower than the acute values. The results of the YES-test showed that nonylphenol, octylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were the most estrogenic and the bioassay was able to detect their estrogenicity at very low concentrations (ng-microg/l).


Asunto(s)
Cladóceros/efectos de los fármacos , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Estrógenos no Esteroides/toxicidad , Fenoles/toxicidad , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Cladóceros/fisiología , Femenino , Movimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad
17.
Chemosphere ; 63(5): 785-93, 2006 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16213548

RESUMEN

Pharmaceutical products for humans and animals, as well as their related metabolites end up in the aquatic environment after use. Recent investigations show that concentrations of pharmaceuticals are detectable in the order of ng/l-mug/l in municipal wastewater, groundwater and also drinking water. Little is known about the effects, and the hazard of long-term exposure to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals for non-target aquatic organisms. This study was designed to assess the ecotoxicity of furosemide, a potent diuretic agent, and its photoproduct in the aquatic environment. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while the SOS Chromotest and the Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. A first approach to risk characterization was to calculate the environmental impact of furosemide by measured environmental concentration and predicted no effect concentration ratio (MEC/PNEC). To do so we used occurrence data reported in the literature and our toxicity results. The results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of mg/l for the crustaceans and absent for bacteria and rotifers. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the consumers, while the algae did not seem to be affected. A mutagenic potential was found for the photoproduct compared to the parental compound suggesting that byproducts ought to be considered in the environmental assessment of drugs. The risk calculated for furosemide suggested its harmlessness on the aquatic compartment.


Asunto(s)
Diuréticos/toxicidad , Furosemida/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Bacterias , Crustáceos , Diuréticos/metabolismo , Eucariontes , Furosemida/metabolismo , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Nivel sin Efectos Adversos Observados , Rotíferos
18.
J Agric Food Chem ; 53(21): 8414-7, 2005 Oct 19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16218695

RESUMEN

Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) can be a severe problem when disposed of as untreated because of their high organic load, elevated concentration of polyphenols, and moderately low biodegradability. In the present study, the acute toxicity of 15 compounds with low molecular weight (<350 Da), catechol, four benzoic acids, three phenylacetic acids, three phenylethanols, and four cinnamic acids, already isolated from the reverse osmosis in the fractionation of OMW, was assessed on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and on the seeds of two dicotyledonous species Cucumis sativus and Lepidium sativum, and on one monocotyledon Sorghum bicolor. Results of phytotoxicity showed that the most toxic compounds were catechol (EC50s ranging from 0.40 mmol/L for S. bicolor to 1.09 for C. sativus) and hydroxytyrosol, (EC50s ranging from 0.47 mmol/L for S. bicolor to 1.55 for C. sativus) while the toxic potential on bacteria was particularly elevated with EC50 values 1 or 2 orders less than phytotoxicity. These results suggested that the risk of OMW disposal may be more elevated for the water compartment than for the soil.


Asunto(s)
Aliivibrio fischeri/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Residuos Industriales/análisis , Olea/química , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/farmacología , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aliivibrio fischeri/metabolismo , Catecoles/farmacología , Cucumis/efectos de los fármacos , Herbicidas/farmacología , Lepidium sativum/efectos de los fármacos , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Alcohol Feniletílico/farmacología , Polifenoles , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Sorghum/efectos de los fármacos
19.
Sci Total Environ ; 348(1-3): 93-101, 2005 Sep 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16162316

RESUMEN

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern and only few data are available about the adverse effects of such molecules and their derivatives on non-target aquatic organisms. This study was designed to assess the toxic potential of Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, Naproxen Na, its freely water soluble sodium salt and their photoproducts in the aquatic environment. Bioassays were performed on algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity. Furthermore, possible genotoxic effects of photoderivatives were investigated using SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. The results showed that photoproducts were more toxic than the parent compounds both for acute and chronic values, while genotoxic and mutagenic effects were not found. These findings suggested the opportunity to consider derivatives in ecotoxicology assessment of drugs.


Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos de la radiación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/toxicidad , Naproxeno/efectos de la radiación , Naproxeno/toxicidad , Animales , Anostraca/efectos de los fármacos , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Chlorophyta/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorophyta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cladóceros/efectos de los fármacos , Cladóceros/fisiología , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Naproxeno/química , Fotoquímica , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Rotíferos/efectos de los fármacos , Rotíferos/fisiología , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Pruebas de Toxicidad Crónica , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/efectos de la radiación , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad
20.
Sci Total Environ ; 346(1-3): 87-98, 2005 Jun 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15993685

RESUMEN

The ecotoxicity of the following six antibiotics on aquatic organisms was investigated: Erythromycin, Oxytetracyclin, Sulfamethoxazole, Ofloxacin, Lincomycin and Clarithromycin. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers, microcrustaceans and fish to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated drugs. For risk assessment, the environmental impact was calculated by MEC/PNEC ratio using the available data from the literature regarding their occurrence in the aquatic environment and the toxicity data obtained from the bioassays performed. The ecotoxicological results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of mg/L while, for the chronic data the antibiotics were bioactive at concentrations in the order of microg/L, mainly for the algae. Drugs investigated were one or two order of magnitude less active against rotifers and crustaceans. Ofloxacin was the only genotoxic compound and Sulfamethoxazole, Ofloxacin and Lincomycin were mutagenic. As for environmental risk, the macrolides were found to be the most harmful for the aquatic environment.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Cadena Alimentaria , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Bacterias/genética , Bioensayo , Ciudades , Crustáceos/genética , Crustáceos/fisiología , Daño del ADN , Eucariontes/genética , Eucariontes/fisiología , Peces/genética , Peces/fisiología , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Medición de Riesgo , Rotíferos/genética , Rotíferos/fisiología , Abastecimiento de Agua
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