RESUMEN
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the largest pandemic in modern history with very high infection rates and considerable mortality. The disease, which emerged in China's Wuhan province, had its first reported case on December 29, 2019, and spread rapidly worldwide. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic and global health emergency. Since the outbreak, efforts to develop COVID-19 vaccines, engineer new drugs, and evaluate existing ones for drug repurposing have been intensively undertaken to find ways to control this pandemic. COVID-19 therapeutic strategies aim to impair molecular pathways involved in the virus entrance and replication or interfere in the patients' overreaction and immunopathology. Moreover, nanotechnology could be an approach to boost the activity of new drugs. Several COVID-19 vaccine candidates have received emergency-use or full authorization in one or more countries, and others are being developed and tested. This review assesses the different strategies currently proposed to control COVID-19 and the issues or limitations imposed on some approaches by the human and viral genetic variability.
RESUMEN
To evaluate the daily calcium intake of adolescents in schools from Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, to check if calcium intake is in accordance with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and to investigate variables associated with daily calcium intake. METHODS: Cross-sectional study approved by the Institutional Review Board and developed in 2010. Students of the 8th grade completed questionnaires with personal data and questions about the calcium-rich foods intake frequency. In order to compare students with adequate (1300mg) or inadequate intake of calcium/day (<1300mg), parametric and nonparametric tests were used. RESULTS: A total of 214 students with a mean age of 14.3±1.0 years were enrolled. The median daily calcium intake was 540mg (interquartile range - IQ: 312-829mg) and only 25 students (11.7%) had calcium intake within the recommendations of the DRI for age. Soft drink consumption ≥3 times/week was associated with a lower intake of calcium. CONCLUSIONS: Few students ingested adequate levels of calcium for the age group. It is necessary to develop a program to encourage a greater intake of calcium-rich foods in adolescence...
Evaluar la ingestión diaria de calcio de los adolescentes de escuelas del municipio de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, verificar si esa ingestión de calcio está en conformidad con las Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) e investigar los factores que pueden interferir en la ingestión diaria de calcio. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación, desarrollado en 2010. Alumnos del octavo año contestaron a cuestionarios con datos personales y preguntas sobre la frecuencia de la ingestión de alimentos ricos en calcio. Se presentaron características de la población en promedio y desviación estándar o mediana (mínimo y máximo). Para comparar escolares con ingestión adecuada (1300mg) o inadecuada de calcio/día (<1300mg), se utilizaron pruebas paramétrica y no paramétrica. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 214 alumnos con promedio de edad de 14,3±1,0 años. La mediana de consumo diario de calcio fue de 540mg (intervalo intercuartil - IQ: 312-829mg) y solamente 25 alumnos (11,7%) presentaron ingestión de calcio dentro de las recomendaciones de las DRI para la edad. El consumo de refrescos ≥3 veces/semana se mostró asociado a menor consumo de calcio. CONCLUSIONES: Pocos alumnos ingirieron calcio en niveles adecuados para la franja de edad, lo que hace necesario desarrollar un programa de incentivo a la mayor ingestión de alimentos ricos en calcio...
Avaliar a ingestão diária de cálcio dos adolescentes de escolas do município de Chapecó, SC, verificar se essa ingestão de cálcio está de acordo com as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) e investigar os fatores que podem interferir na ingestão diária de cálcio. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa e desenvolvido em 2010. Alunos de oitava série responderam questionários com dados pessoais e perguntas sobre a frequência da ingestão de alimentos ricos em cálcio. Para comparar escolares com ingestão adequada (1300mg) ou inadequada de cálcio/dia (<1300mg), utilizaram-se testes paramétrico e não paramétrico. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 214 alunos com média de idade de 14,3±1,0 anos. A mediana de consumo diário de cálcio foi de 540mg (intervalo interquartil - IQ: 312-829mg) e somente 25 alunos (11,7%) apresentaram ingestão de cálcio dentro das recomendações das DRI para a idade. O consumo de refrigerante ≥3 vezes/semana mostrou-se associado a menor consumo de cálcio. CONCLUSÕES: Poucos alunos ingeriam cálcio em níveis adequados para a faixa etária, o que torna necessário desenvolver um programa de incentivo à maior ingestão de alimentos ricos em cálcio...