Ocular Trauma Characterization in a Reference Emergency Eye Centre in Colombia (FOSCAL).

BACKGROUND: Ocular trauma is one of the most important causes of ocular morbidity and inadequate visual acuity in developed and developing countries. In some countries, eye trauma is the leading cause of monocular blindness. Studies conducted in developing countries like Colombia suggest that there is a lack of awareness of preventive measures. In Colombia, there is no countrywide ocular trauma registry. The purpose of the present study is to describe and analyse characteristics of ocular trauma at a tertiary ophthalmology emergency department in Colombia. PATIENTS/METHODS AND MATERIAL: Patients who consulted or were referred to the ophthalmologic emergency department of FOSCAL due to eye injuries between March 1, 2022, and January 10, 2023, were included in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Of 1 957 patients, 2 088 eyes were included. Men comprised 78.5% of the patients, the median age was 36 years, and 75.0% lived in urban areas. The median latency between trauma and ophthalmology consultation was 21.8 hours. Of the eyes, 1 805 (88.4%) had suffered mechanical or mixed (mechanical plus burn) trauma. Of the injuries, 87.5% were unilateral. In terms of the circumstances, 45.9% of injuries occurred during working or educational activities (in 85.6% of these cases, without eye protection), 28.2% in home accidents, and 14.0% in transportation situations. According to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETT), 1 735 eyes (91.1%) were closed globe injuries, and 49 eyes (2.7%) were open globe injuries. Fifty eyes (2.8%) could not be categorised according to BETT at the initial consultation and were classified as "still to be determined". In the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS), 85.8% were category 5. Of the ocular burn cases, 93.0% were categorised as grade I according to the Roper Hall classification. CONCLUSIONS: In line with global literature, a much higher proportion of men than women sought consultation for ocular trauma. The findings suggest a need for improvement in the referral process from institutions with the lowest level of care. Lack of awareness about eye protection is an issue. Surgical exploration or additional tests may be necessary for precise injury classification. We therefore propose adding a "still to be determined" category to the BETT initial classification. These cases may be reclassified later, thus improving the accuracy of OTS calculation.

Mid-term results of patterned laser trabeculoplasty for uncontrolled ocular hypertension and primary open angle glaucoma.

AIM: To describe the safety and efficacy of patterned laser trabeculoplasty (PLT) as an adjunctive treatment in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) after 18-month follow-up in Hispanic population. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study was conducted. All patients with OHT or POAG undergoing PLT from June 2016 to August 2016 were included in the study. Investigated parameters were intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of IOP-lowering medications, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), laser parameters and postoperative adverse events. Primary efficacy outcome measures were the proportion of eyes achieving an IOP reduction ≥20% at 18mo versus baseline medicated IOP or a reduction in the number of medications while maintaining IOP values. RESULTS: From 40 PLT-treated eyes (mean baseline IOP 20.3±1.7 mm Hg), 24 patients were analyzed (age 63.4±7.3y). The mean IOP reductions from baseline across visits (months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18) ranged from 14.1% to 20.8%. Success rate after 18-month follow-up was 61.7% with a mean IOP of 16±3.2 mm Hg (P<0.001). The number of glaucoma IOP-lowering medications per eye (preoperative 2.1±1.1 and postoperative 2.3±1.1, P=0.86) and the mean BCVA (preoperative 0.10±0.22 and postoperative 0.11±0.22 logMAR, P=0.42) remained stable. Adverse events comprised transitory IOP spikes in 4 eyes (10%) and peripheral anterior synechiae in 7 eyes (17.5%). CONCLUSION: Mid-term results of PLT show that this procedure may be an efficacious and safe technique to approach medically uncontrolled OHT or POAG patients.

A Case of Bilateral Delayed-onset Hyphema Following Pupil Dilation after Gonioscopy-assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To present a case of bilateral delayed-onset hyphema following the administration of a 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine fixed combination ophthalmic agent, in the late follow-up period of a gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) combined with cataract extraction. BACKGROUND: Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy consists on a 360° trabeculotomy through an ab interno approach that may also be combined with cataract surgery. Delayed-onset hyphema has been reported with trabecular minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures. Some proposed mechanisms are ocular compression and decompression during sleeping on the surgical side and episcleral venous pressure rise after physical activity. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe the case of a 68-year-old female patient with ocular hypertension (OHT) and bilateral cataracts who underwent uncomplicated combined GATT and cataract extraction surgery. Postoperatively, 8 months after the left eye (OS) surgery and 3 months after the right eye (OD) surgery, patient came for routine evaluation. After induced mydriasis, slit-lamp evaluation revealed the presence of 3+ OD and 4+ OS erythrocytes in the anterior chamber (AC). Prednisolone acetate was prescribed q.i.d. and remission of hyphema was achieved after 2 weeks. Subsequently, 4 months later, the pupil dilation was again induced showing 4+ erythrocytes in both eyes (OU), layered hyphema in the inferior quadrant OS, and intraocular pressure (IOP) spike OU. The intraocular pressure was controlled after oral acetazolamide was prescribed. Topic prednisolone was initiated, and after 1 week, the hyphema was resolved in OU. CONCLUSION: Delayed-onset microhyphema may occur following induced mydriasis even months after the uncomplicated GATT procedure. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possibility of microhyphema after induced mydriasis and the risks that this might represent with noteworthy and repeated IOP spikes which may eventually require treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Delayed-onset hyphema and IOP spikes may occur following the pupil dilation with fixed combination of phenylephrine and tropicamide ophthalmic agent after the uncomplicated GATT procedure. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Espinoza G, Rodriguez-Una I, Pedraza-Concha A. A Case of Bilateral Delayed-onset Hyphema Following Pupil Dilation after Gonioscopy-assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2020;14(2):72-75.

Clinical features, management and visual outcomes on patients with traumatic hyphema in a reference ophthalmological clinic in Colombia.

Aim. To analyze clinical features, treatment, and results of patients with non-penetrating traumatic hyphema in an ophthalmological center in Colombia. Methods. A retrospective cohort study in which medical records of patients with traumatic hyphema were analyzed between 2013 and 2018. Results. 38 eyes of 37 patients (34 men, 3 women) were included. Average age was 30.6 ± 16.6 years. Sports-related (42.1%) and occupational accidents (34.2%) were the main causes. 67.5% of the eyes had grade I hyphema. 95% received topical corticosteroids, 92.1% topical mydriatics and 52.63% ocular hypotensive eyedrops. Two eyes with hyphema grade I did not receive steroids and resolved uneventfully. None of the eyes rebleeded, even without antifibrinolytics. One patient with grade IV hyphema required surgery. Mean hyphema's clearance time was 8.4 ± 3.2 days. The last mean corrected distance visual acuity was LogMAR 0.25. There were no complications directly related to the hyphema. Conclusions. Working related activities were the second cause of traumatic hyphema in our cohort, which might be attributable to poor awareness of the importance or ocular protection, or limited access to recommended protective devices. Outpatient management enabled adequate outcomes. Corticosteroids and mydriatics were the treatment cornerstone, though seemed not to be imperative when hyphema was grade I. We were not able to support the contributive role from antifibrinolytics, because none of our patients rebleeded in spite of the absence of them. Abbreviations: IOP = intraocular pressure, AC = anterior chamber, CDVA = corrected distance visual acuity.

Spontaneous microscopic hyphema secondary to iris vascular tufts: Case report with video documentation.

A 71-year-old woman presented with spontaneous microhyphema in her left eye, causing blurry vision. Bleeding stopped spontaneously shortly after several cycles of digital compression on the upper eyelid, (which were documented in video), and therefore, did not require laser photocoagulation, a possible approach previously explained to the patient. A microhemangioma at the edge of the iris was identified to be the cause of the condition. The hemorrhage did not recur during the follow-up period (9 months).

Bilateral Anterior and Intermediate Uveitis with Occlusive Vasculitis as Sole Manifestation of Relapse in Multiple Sclerosis.

76-year-old female patient, with past medical history of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis manifested by retrobulbar optic neuritis in both eyes with an interval of one year between the first episode in the left eye and the one in the right eye and after three decades of remission, who consulted due to bilateral blurred and foggy vision. Subsequently, several differential diagnoses where ruled out. Diagnosis of bilateral anterior and intermediate uveitis with occlusive vasculitis attributed to a new relapse episode of multiple sclerosis was made, as the association between multiple sclerosis and intermediate uveitis is known, though the causal association is still questioned. This case shows how multiple sclerosis may only manifest with ocular involvement and exemplifies the broad spectrum of manifestations and complications, taking into account that ischemic areas from vasculitis and other comorbidities led to macular edema and unfortunately, prognosis became poorer. The complex course of the case enables emphasizing the responsibility role of the ophthalmologists in such systemic entities that may compromise the eye, in which suspicion of the disease and an adequate timing management approach is essential.

Queratitis herpética atípica multifocal secundaria a corticoides tópicos / Multifocal atypical herpetic keratitis secondary to topical corticosteroids / Ceratite herpética multifocal atípica secundária a corticoides tópicos

Figura A. OI: fotografía en lámpara de hendidura con filtro de azul de cobalto. La tinción con fluoresceína permite apreciar dos úlceras separadas de aspecto dendrítico (flechas blancas) que comprometen la media periferia, tanto superonasal (meridiano de las 9 y 10:30 horas), como superior (meridiano de las 12 y las 2 horas). Adicionalmente, lesión ulcerativa con compromiso estromal de aproximadamente de 3x2 mm con adelgazamiento de más del 50 % del espesor corneal (óvalo blanco). Figura B. OI: tomografía de coherencia óptica de la córnea. Se observa área de adelgazamiento (remanente estromal respetado de 171 µm) con quiste epitelial sobre el área de ulceración estromal. Figura C. OI: fotografía en lámpara de hendidura con filtro de azul de cobalto. La tinción de fluoresceína permite apreciar solo mínima captación del colorante sobre las áreas de las úlceras dendríticas epiteliales, así como cicatrización casi completa de la ulceración estromal. Figura D. OI: tomografía de coherencia óptica de la córnea. Epitelización completa del área adelgazada (que alcanza ahora 276 µm de espesor) con desaparición casi total del quiste epitelial. [Galvis V, Tello A, Rodríguez L, Ardila L, Pedraza-Concha A, Niño C. Queratitis herpética atípica multifocal secundaria a corticoides tópicos. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):12-15. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3637].

Figure A. OS: Slit-lamp biomicroscopy photograph with Cobalt Blue Filter. Fluorescein staining reveals two separate dendritic ulcers (white arrows) compromising the mid-periphery, both superonasal (at 9 and 10:30 o'clock), and superior (at 12 and 2 o'clock). Additionally, an ulcerative lesion with stromal compromise of about 3x2 mm with thinning of more than 50% of the total corneal thickness (white oval). Figure B. OS: optical coherence tomography of the cornea. An area of thinning (respected stromal remnant of 171 µm) with epithelial cyst on the stromal ulceration area. Figure C. OS: Slit-lamp biomicroscopy photograph with Cobalt Blue Filter. Fluorescein stain shows minimal staining on areas of epithelial dendritic ulcers, as well as almost complete healing of the stromal ulceration. Figure D. OS: optical coherence tomography of the cornea. Complete epithelialization of the thinned area (now reached thickness of 276 µm) and almost complete resolution of the epithelial cyst. [Galvis V, Tello A, Rodríguez L, Ardila L, Pedraza-Concha A, Niño C. Ceratite herpética multifocal atípica secundária a corticoides tópicos. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):12-15. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3637]

Figura A. OE: fotografia com lâmpada de fenda com filtro azul cobalto. A coloração com fluoresceína revela duas úlceras dendríticas (setas brancas) que comprometem a periferia média, tanto superonasal (meridiano das 9 e 10:30 horas), quanto superior (meridiano das 12 e das 14 horas). Além disso, lesão ulcerativa com comprometimento do estroma de aproximadamente de 3x2 mm com afilamento de mais de 50% da espessura corneal (oval branco). Figura B. OE: tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) de córnea. Observa-se uma área afinada (restos de estroma respeitados de 171 µm) com cisto epitelial sobre a área de ulceração do estroma. Figura C. OE: fotografía em lâmpada de fenda com filtro azul cobalto. A coloração com fluoresceína permite avaliar apenas a captação mínima do corante nas áreas das úlceras dendríticas epiteliais, bem como cicatrização quase completa da ulceração estromal. Figura D. OE: tomografía de coerência óptica (OCT) de córnea. Epitelização completa da área afinada (que agora atinge 276 µm de espessura) com quase total desaparecimento do cisto epitelial. [Galvis V, Tello A, Rodríguez L, Ardila L, Pedraza-Concha A, Niño C. Ceratite herpética multifocal atípica secundária a corticoides tópicos. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):12-15. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3637]

Secuelas oftalmológicas secundarias a Síndrome de Stevens - Johnson / Ophthalmic sequelae due to Stevens - Johnson syndrome / Sequelas oftalmológicas secundárias à Síndrome de Stevens - Johnson

Figura A. Simblefaron, es decir adherencia de los bordes de los dos párpados (flecha blanca) y queratinización del limbo esclero-corneal (flecha amarilla) en el ojo derecho. Figura B. Ojo derecho: irregularidad del borde del párpado inferior con obstrucción completa y queratinización de los puntos de drenaje de las Glándulas de Meibomio, como consecuencia de la inflamación crónica secundaria al Síndrome de Stevens - Johnson. Figura C. Ojo derecho: conjuntivalización completa por falla del limbo y pérdida del epitelio corneal en el ojo derecho de la paciente, llevando a una córnea totalmente opaca como secuela del ojo seco severo crónico secundario al síndrome de Stevens - Johnson. Figura D. Ojo izquierdo: queratoprótesis de Boston Tipo I in situ. Se aprecia el cilindro central que permite el paso de la luz al interior del ojo. Los agujeros que translucen a través del tejido se encuentran en la placa de titanio que sostiene fijo el cilindro óptico al tejido corneal de un donante, que se suturó a la córnea periférica de la paciente. Ese tejido corneal donante se encuentra completamente conjuntivalizado y opaco, pero el extremo del cilindro óptico, al ser de material sintético, mantiene la transparencia. Se evidencia queratinización de la superficie con acúmulo de queratina en la interfase entre el material sintético del cilindro y el tejido corneal.

Figure A. Symblepharon, i.e., adhesion from the edges of the two eyelids (white arrow) and keratinization of the sclerocorneal limbus (yellow arrow) in the right eye. Figure B. Right eye: irregularity from the edge of the lower eyelid with complete obstruction and keratinization of the excretory ducts of the Meibomian glands, due to chronicity of the inflammation in consequence to Stevens - Johnson syndrome. Figure C. Right eye: showing complete conjunctivalization due to limbus failure and loss of the corneal epithelium in the patient's right eye, leading to corneal haze as a sequel to chronic severe dry eye secondary to Stevens - Johnson syndrome. Figure D. Left eye: Boston type I keratoprosthesis in situ. As showed, the central cylinder allows light to enter through the eye. The holes seen through the tissue are on the titanium plate that holds the optical cylinder in place on the corneal tissue of a donor, sutured to the patient's peripheral cornea. This donor corneal tissue is completely conjunctivalized and hazy, but since the end of the optical cylinder is made of synthetic material, it remains transparent. Keratinization of the surface is evident, with an accumulation of keratin in the interface between the synthetic material of the cylinder and the corneal tissue.

Figura A. Simbléfaro, ou seja, aderência das bordas das pálpebras (seta branca) e queratinização do limbo esclerocorneano (seta amarela) no olho direito. Figura B. Olho direito: irregularidade da borda da pálpebra inferior com obstrução completa e queratinização dos pontos de drenagem das glândulas meibomianas, como consequência da inflamação crônica secundária à síndrome de Stevens - Johnson. Figura C. Olho direito: conjuntivalização completa devido a falha do limbo e perda do epitélio corneano no olho direto da paciente, ocasionando uma córnea completamente opaca como sequela do olho seco crônico grave secundário à síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. Figura D. Olho esquerdo: ceratoprótese de Boston Tipo I in situ. O cilindro central que permite a passagem da luz para o olho é apreciado. Os orifícios translúcidos através do tecido estão na placa de titânio que segura o cilindro óptico ao tecido corneano de um doador, o qual foi suturado à córnea periférica da paciente. Esse tecido corneano doado está completamente conjuntivalizado e opaco, mas o extremo do cilindro óptico, por ser feito de material sintético, mantém a transparência. É evidente a queratinização da superfície com acúmulo de queratina na interface entre o material sintético do cilindro e o tecido corneano.