[Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular risk factor : literature review]. / Polyarthrite rhumatoïde et facteur de risque cardiovasculaire. Revue de littérature.

The rheumatoid arthritis remains a common condition and constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, especially in the elderly. Rheumatoid arthritis is known to be associated with increased mortality, including coronary and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. A literature review is conducted on the role of rheumatoid arthritis as a cardiovascular risk factor.

La polyarthrite rhumatoïde demeure une affection courante et constitue un défi diagnostique et thérapeutique, notamment chez le sujet âgé. Il est établi que la polyarthrite rhumatoïde est associée à une augmentation de la mortalité, notamment par athérosclérose coronaire et cérébrovasculaire. Une revue de littérature est réalisée sur le rôle de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde comme facteur de risque cardiovasculaire.

[Lupus erythematosus treatment with belimumab in daily practice: Retrospective study of 15 patients]. / Traitement du lupus érythémateux par le bélimumab en pratique courante : étude rétrospective de 15 malades.

BACKGROUND: Belimumab (an anti-BLyS monoclonal antibody) was recently approved for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of the study was to describe efficacy and safety of the drug as well as its impact on serologic parameters and the role of long-term systemic sparing of treatment in clinical practice in LE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study at Reims University Hospital between 2012 and 2016 including consecutive patients with LE treated with belimumab. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of clinical progression, and normalisation of laboratory factors (anti-DNA antibody and C3 serum levels) and sparing of associated long-term systemic therapies for LE. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients included, a therapeutic response was obtained in 9 patients (60%), with partial remission in 8 of 9 cases. The median titre of anti-DNA antibody was 50IU/mL (range: 4-50) and the median C3 level was 0.82g/L (range: 0.36-1.23) before initiation of belimumab, vs. 25.5IU/mL (range: 2-50) and 0.89g/L (range: 0.34-1.22) at the last evaluation, respectively, without significant modification (P=0.12 and P=0.45). The median dose of prednisone at the time of the first belimumab infusion was reduced from 9.5mg/day (range: 0-18) to 6mg/day (range: 0-20) at the last clinical evaluation. Eight patients (53%) experienced adverse events, and these were very slight or moderate in all cases. CONCLUSION: Belimumab appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderately severe systemic LE, allowing sparing of maintenance corticosteroid therapy in order to decrease its frequent adverse events.

[Prevention of infections in adults and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus: Guidelines for the clinical practice based on the literature and expert opinion]. / Prévention des infections au cours du lupus systémique chez l'adulte et l'adolescent : élaboration de recommandations pour la pratique clinique, à partir d'une analyse de la littérature et de l'avis d'experts.

PURPOSE: To develop French recommendations about the management of vaccinations, the screening of cervical cancer and the prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Thirty-seven experts qualified in internal medicine, rheumatology, dermatology, nephrology and pediatrics have selected recommendations from a list of proposition based on available data from the literature. For each recommendation, the level of evidence and the level of agreement among the experts were specified. RESULTS: Inactivated vaccines do not cause significant harm in SLE patients. Experts recommend that lupus patient should receive vaccinations accordingly to the recommendations and the schedules for the general public. Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for all SLE patients. Influenza vaccination is recommended for immunosuppressed SLE patients. Live attenuated vaccines should be avoided in immunosuppressed patients. Yet, recent works suggest that they can be considered in mildly immunosuppressed patients. Experts have recommended a cervical cytology every year for immunosuppressed patients. No consensus was obtained for the prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia. CONCLUSION: These recommendations can be expected to improve clinical practice uniformity and, in the longer term, to optimize the management of SLE patients.

Achilles tendinitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: search for an associated inflammatory disease.

OBJECTIVES: Except for traumatic and iatrogenic causes, Achilles tendinitis (AT) is mostly encountered in the context of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This study aimed to describe AT in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 158 SLE patients who fulfilled the SLE criteria of the ACR classification followed between 1980 and 2013, we selected those who experienced at least one episode of AT not caused by traumatic or toxicity factors. RESULTS: Eight patients (one male, seven females), median age 52 years (range: 35-68), presented with 11 episodes of AT within an average of 10.5 (0-21) years after SLE diagnosis. Clinical presentation of SLE was mainly cutaneous (eight of eight), and articular (seven of eight). Axial symptoms were reported in six patients, two of whom had HLA-B27-positive status, and fulfilled the Amor and European Spondylarthropathy Study Group criteria. Resolution of AT was good with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory topical or systemic drug therapies, which kept SLE quiescent and avoided any increase of specific treatment. CONCLUSION: Although the association is rare, when AT occurs in SLE patients, physicians should look for associated spondylarthritis.

[Screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: Recommendations for clinical practice based on the literature and expert opinion]. / Dépistage et prise en charge du risque cardiovasculaire au cours du lupus systémique : élaboration de recommandations pour la pratique clinique, à partir d'une analyse de la littérature et de l'avis d'experts.

PURPOSE: To develop French recommendations about screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Thirty-nine experts qualified in internal medicine, rheumatology and nephrology have selected recommendations from a list developed based on evidence from the literature. For each recommendation, the level of evidence and the level of agreement among the experts were specified. RESULTS: Experts recommended an annual screening of cardiovascular risk factors in SLE. Statins should be prescribed for primary prevention in SLE patients based on the level of LDL-cholesterol and the number of cardiovascular risk factors, considering SLE as an additional risk factor. For secondary prevention, experts have agreed on an LDL-cholesterol target of <0.7 g/L. Hypertension should be managed according to the 2013 European guidelines, using renin-angiotensin system blockers as first line agents in case of renal involvement. Aspirin can be prescribed in patients with high cardiovascular risk or with antiphospholipid antibodies. CONCLUSION: These recommendations about the screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors in SLE can be expected to improve clinical practice uniformity and, in the longer term, to optimize the management of SLE patients.

[In vitro fertilization and systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome: An update]. / Fécondation in vitro au cours du lupus érythémateux systémique ou du syndrome des antiphospholipides : mise au point.

Fertility is not impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome, but, similarly to the general population, these patients may undergo in vitro fertilization. This type of treatment increases the risk of lupus flare, thrombosis, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. This review will focus on in vitro fertilization in systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Literature data are relatively scant with only 3 reported studies. The first one included 17 patients and 63 cycles of induction ovulation/in vitro fertilization leading to 25 % of lupus flare, no thrombosis, and 3 % of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The second study included 10 patients and 40 cycles of in vitro fertilization showing 31 % of lupus flare, no thrombosis and no ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The last one included 34 patients and 83 procedures of in vitro fertilization leading to 8 % of flares, 5 % of thrombosis and no ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Interestingly, in this last study, half of the complications were explained by poor adherence to treatment. These data are reassuring but it is important to remember that in vitro fertilization should be scheduled and carefully supervised in the same way as the high-risk pregnancies occurring in these patients.

[Cost of systemic lupus erythematosus for adult patients with active and treated disease in France (LUCIE study)]. / Coût du lupus systémique en France des patients adultes avec une maladie active et traitée (étude LUCIE).

PURPOSE: To evaluate in France the annual direct medical cost of adult patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on medication and estimate the cost of a flare. METHODS: A two-year, observational, retrospective, multicenter study, carried out between December 2010 and February 2011. Patients' characteristics, SLE disease activity and severity, rate of flares, healthcare consumption (medications, hospitalisations, etc.) were evaluated. Medical costs were assessed from the national Health Insurance perspective. Cost predictors were estimated using multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Eight centres specialized in SLE management included 93 eligible patients (including 50.5% severe). The mean age was 39.9 (11.9) years and 93.5% were women. At baseline, the mean SLE duration was 9.8 (6.6) years. The mean scores of the SELENA-SLEDAI instrument and the SLICC/ACR index were higher in severe patients (9.8 vs 5.6, and 1.2 vs 0.4 respectively; P<0.001). Over the study period, 51% of patients received the combination containing at least corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. The mean annual direct medical cost of severe patients was €4660 versus €3560 for non-severe patients (non-significant difference). The cost of medications (61.8% of the annual cost) was higher in severe patients (€3214 vs €1856; P<0.05). Immunosuppressants and biologics represented 26.5% and 4.6% of the annual total cost respectively. Patients experienced on average 1.10 (0.59) flares/year, of which 0.50 were severe flare. The occurrence of a new severe flare incremented the annual cost of €1330 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Medications represented the major component of the annual direct medical cost. Severe flares increase significantly the cost of SLE care management.

[Whipple disease revealed by anti-TNFα therapy]. / Maladie de Whipple révélée par les traitements anti-TNFα

INTRODUCTION: Whipple disease is a rare infectious disease with protean clinical manifestations. This infection may mimic chronic inflammatory rheumatisms such as rheumatoid arthritis or spondylarthritis. In this context, introduction of a biotherapy after a diagnostic hesitation does not always lead to early complications. Sometimes, the clinical degradation follows an initial improvement, encouraging continuation of the immunosuppressive treatment and leading consequently to a greater diagnostic delay. CASE REPORTS: We report two cases of Whipple disease diagnosed in the context of an inflammatory disease with anti-TNFα failure. The first patient was a 53-year-old man who presented with an axial and peripheral spondylarthritis who was treated with etanercept and adalimumab. The second was a 42-year-old man who received adalimumab and then etanercept for a peripheral spondylarthritis. CONCLUSION: Whipple disease should be suspected in all patients who present with a chronic inflammatory rheumatism that is partially or not controlled with anti-TNFα therapy and who had persisting elevated acute phase reactants.

[Functional manifestations associated to corticosteroid therapy among the elderly]. / Manifestations fonctionnelles associées à la prise de corticoïdes chez les sujets âgés.

PURPOSE: Corticosteroid therapy is frequently prescribed in the elderly with potentially significant consequences in this frail population. The objective of this study was to describe the functional manifestations associated and the preventive measures prescribed with corticosteroid therapy among patients over 75 years old. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an exposed/non-exposed, prospective, multi-centre, observational study. Each exposed patient was sex and age (± 2 years) matched to two unexposed subjects. The sample included patients aged over 75 years treated with long-term corticosteroid therapy and hospitalized in an acute geriatric unit between June 2006 and November 2009. Sociodemographic and geriatric characteristics, history of corticosteroid therapy, clinical manifestations and preventive measures prescribed were collected. RESULTS: Fifty exposed and 100 unexposed patients were included. Mean age was 85±6 years. Prevalence of falls, osteoarticular complications, amyotrophy, vertebral fractures, lipodystrophy, purpura, hematomas and cataracts, and the number of medications were higher among patients taking corticosteroid therapy than in controls. Preventive measures were more often prescribed to patients under taking corticosteroid therapy (calcium and vitamin supplementation, potassium supplementation, anti-osteoporosis medication and gastroprotective agents). CONCLUSION: Functional manifestations associated with corticosteroid therapy are frequent among the elderly and may have serious consequences in this frail population. Attention should be paid to the prescription of preventive measures through comprehensive care.

No quantitative relationship between CR1 and Lutheran expression on erythrocytes: In(Lu) gene product is not a common regulator of CR1 expression on erythrocytes.

The density of CR1, the C3b/C4b receptor (CD35), on erythrocytes (E) (CR1/E) is genetically determined. However, the broad distribution of CR1/E within a given genotype suggests that other genetic elements might contribute to the regulation of CR1/E. In some pathological conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIDS and hemolytic anemia, CR1 deficiency parallels the severity of the disease. When compared to healthy individuals, an accelerated decrease in CR1/E in these patients has been demonstrated, but other mechanisms interfering with CR1 density regulation during erythropoiesis might also contribute. In exceptional circumstances, CR1/E can be dramatically decreased in healthy individuals by the effect of a regulatory gene, In(Lu), that switches off various surface molecules on E, the structure genes of which are located on four different chromosomes, suggesting a transcription regulatory role for In(Lu) gene products. The hypothesis that products of this gene could physiologically regulate the surface density of all these molecules has been tested by determining Lub density on E (Lub/E) using quantitative flow cytometry. Lub antigenic sites were then compared to CR1/E among healthy individuals of the different CR1 density phenotypes, SLE patients with and without CR1 deficiency, and an exceptional SLE patient totally lacking CR1/E and reticulocytes. No quantitative relationship was found between CR1 and Lub expression in either normal or pathological conditions. These data establish that In(Lu) products are not involved in normal or pathological CR1 density regulation.

[Renal manifestations of Kimura disease. Apropos of a case]. / Manifestations rénales de la maladie de Kimura. A propos d'un cas.

A nephrotic syndrome with focal sclerosis associated with Kimura's disease is reported in a young asiatic man. The nephrotic syndrome started three years prior to the usual skin tumors and lymph nodes involvement. Epidemiological, clinical and nosological characteristics of Kimura's disease are discussed. Renal manifestations are the only visceral localisations of the disease. Thirteen Kimura's disease associated with documented nephrotic syndromes have been reported in german-english literature. They display a wide variety of histologic patterns. Their clinical course do not differ from the primary form of nephrotic syndrome with identical histology.

Effect of chlorambucil on bone mineral density in the course of chronic lymphoid leukemia.

The purpose of this work was to study the effects of chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) and its treatments on bone mineral density (BMD). Lumbar and femoral BMD was measured by X-ray absorptiometry in 50 (32 M, 18 F, median age 65, range age: 47-87 yr) CLL patients. In order to gauge the respective effects of CLL and corticoids on bone mass, 31 CLL patients under treatment were compared with 31 controls on cortisone. Nineteen untreated patients with CLL were compared with controls devoid of osteopenia risk factor. There was no significant difference regarding lumbar and femoral BMD between the untreated patients with CLL and the healthy controls. An increase in lumbar and femoral BMD was noted in the treated CLL group compared with the controls on cortisone (lum BMD: 1.018 vs. 0.861 g/cm2, p=6.10(-4); fem BMD: 0.773 vs. 0.699 g/cm2, p=0.037). This increase was observed only in patients who had received chlorambucil (lum BMD: 1.066 vs. 0.861 g/cm2, p=0.10(-4); fem BMD: 0.806 vs. 0.699 g/cm2, p=4.10(-3)), whereas there was no difference between the CLL patients treated without chlorambucil and the controls on cortisone. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed the marked effect of chlorambucil (r=0.3715, p<10(-3)) on BMD increase in the course of CLL.

Rheumatic manifestations of scurvy. A report of two cases.

Bleeding into the muscles and joints can be the presenting manifestation of scurvy, as illustrated by two case-reports. One patient presented with hemarthrosis of the tibiotalar joint due to an insufficiency fracture and was suspected to have scurvy based on the presence of purpura and hypertrophy of the gums with loss of teeth. In the other patient, multiple hematomas in the lower limbs were found at presentation and the presence of coiled hairs suggested the diagnosis. Both patients had completely eliminated fruit and vegetables from their diet. Low levels of ascorbic acid were found in serum and urine. A full recovery was achieved in both cases under ascorbic acid supplementation.

[Influence of seasons on risk of flare-up of systemic lupus: retrospective study of 66 patients]. / Influence de la saison sur le risque de poussée systémique du lupus: étude rétrospective de 66 patients.

PURPOSE: To establish the possible connection between visceral, arthro-cutaneous and biological spreading of systemic lupus (SL) and hours of sunlight. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 66 SL patients, consisting of 52 visceral and 14 arthro-cutaneous cases taking into account the chronological pattern of each new aggravation, based on 480 clinical records. RESULTS: Increased frequency in visceral aggravation was observed in the post-summer period (August-January) (n = 57), as compared with the pre-summer period (February-July) (n = 25) (RR = 1.75, P = 0.006). This post-summer visceral aggravation was correlated with cutaneous affection (RR = 4.18) and absence of previous corticotherapy (RR = 3.97). Visceral and arthro-cutaneous aggravations taken together revealed a more disturbed immune balance pattern in the post-summer period (anti-dsDNA: 30 versus 25.1 IU/L [P = 0.07]; C3: 0.83 vs 0.921 IU/L [P = 0.05]; C4: 0.146 vs 0.183 [P = 0.05]), providing evidence of greater severity. Moderate thrombopenia (50-120 10(9)/L) accompanying visceral SL with antiphospholipids (n = 33) was more frequent during the post-summer period, even in the absence of aggravation (P = 0.03). The quarterly distribution of visceral aggravations was correlated with average hours of sunlight in the preceding quarter (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: There is a post-summer increase in the frequency and severity of visceral SL spreading correlated to cutaneous exacerbation and sunlight.