Short exposure to glyphosate induces locomotor, craniofacial, and bone disorders in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the active ingredient in widely used broad-spectrum herbicides. Even though the toxicity mechanism of this herbicide in vertebrates is poorly understood, evidence suggests that glyphosate is an endocrine disruptor capable of producing morphological anomalies as well as cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. We used the zebrafish model to assess the effects of early life glyphosate exposure on the development of cartilage and bone tissues and organismal responses. We found functional alterations, including a reduction in the cardiac rate, significant changes in the spontaneous tail movement pattern, and defects in craniofacial development. These effects were concomitant with alterations in the level of the estrogen receptor alpha osteopontin and bone sialoprotein. We also found that embryos exposed to glyphosate presented spine deformities as adults. These developmental alterations are likely induced by changes in protein levels related to bone and cartilage formation.

Cultura de la salud en los familiares de niños sobre la vacunación. Policlínico "5 de Septiembre", enero-junio 2015 / Culture of health in family members of children about vaccination. Polyclinic "5 de Septiembre", January-June 2015

Objetivo: conocer desde la perspectiva social, los conocimientos y creencias de la población a partir del significado que las personas le atribuyen a las vacunas preventivas y al proceso de vacunación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con familiares de niños de 0 a 24 meses pertenecientes al Policlínico 5 de Septiembre, municipio Playa, La Habana, que abarcó de enero a junio de 2015. Se utilizó un diseño mixto convergente o por triangulación de datos. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista-cuestionario, entrevista a expertos y entrevista a informantes claves. Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel, la que se exportó al programa SPSS versión 19.0. En un primer momento, se realizó un análisis descriptivo, en el que se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables de estudio. Para establecer las relaciones entre el nivel de conocimiento y algunas variables sociodemográficas, para el análisis de los datos cualitativos, se realizaron lecturas reiteradas de las transcripciones de las entrevistas a expertos e informantes claves y de las respuestas a las preguntas abiertas del cuestionario para la familiarización con el contenido de estos. Resultados: Se puso de manifiesto la vía institucional en la cultura de la salud que poseen los familiares con relación a las vacunas y el proceso de vacunación. Los familiares presentaban en su mayoría conocimientos insuficientes acerca de las vacunas y las enfermedades que protegen estas. No presentaban conocimientos sobre los eventos adversos graves o severos. El proceso de vacunación mostró gran significado para los familiares, asociados a experiencias positivas con este. Conclusiones: Se inicia un acercamiento a la cultura de la salud, poseída por un grupo de familiares, relativos a las vacunas preventivas y el proceso de vacunación en Cuba. Las madres refuerzan la responsabilidad de vacunar al niño/a como parte del cuidado de la salud de este. La cultura de la salud en los familiares de niños/as no incluye información distorsionada sobre las vacunas preventivas y su efectividad. Se nutre exclusivamente de la cultura científica, aunque no la reproduce en su totalidad. El proceso de vacunación es altamente valorado por los familiares, dada la importancia que le atribuyen, la confianza que tienen en el Programa Nacional de Inmunización, la satisfacción que muestran con la organización del servicio y la atención del personal de salud(AU)

Objective: to know, from the social perspective, the population´s knowledge and beliefs based on the meaning that people attribute to preventive vaccines and the vaccination process. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out with relatives of children from 0 to 24 months from "5 de Septiembre" community clinic in Playa municipality, Havana, from January to June 2015. A mixed convergent or triangulation design was used. Data collection was completed by questionnaire interview, expert interview and interview to key informants. A database was created in Excel, which was exported to the SPSS program version 19.0. Initially, a descriptive analysis was performed, in which absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the study variables. Repeated readings were made of the transcripts of the interviews with experts and key informants and for the answers to the open questions of the questionnaire, to establish the analysis of the qualitative data, and for familiarization with their content. Results: It was shown the institutional pathway in health culture that family members have in relation to vaccines and the vaccination process. Most family members had poor knowledge about vaccines and the diseases they prevent. They did not show knowledge about serious or severe adverse events. The vaccination process showed great significance for family members, associated with positive experiences with it. Conclusions: This study initiates an approach to the health culture a group of family members had related to preventive vaccines and the vaccination process in Cuba. Mothers reinforce the responsibility of vaccinating the child as part of their child's health care. The health culture in family members of children does not include distorted information about preventive vaccines and their effectiveness. Their knowledge is fed exclusively by scientific culture, although it is entirety not reproduce. The vaccination process is highly valued by family members, given the importance they attach to it, the confidence they have in the National Immunization Program, the satisfaction they show with the organization of the service and the care of health personnel(AU)

Safety, efficacy and acceptability of outpatient mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion through 70 days since last menstrual period in public sector facilities in Mexico City.

Extensive evidence exists regarding the efficacy and acceptability of medical abortion through 63 days since last menstrual period (LMP). In Mexico City's Secretariat of Health (SSDF) outpatient facilities, mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion is the first-line approach for abortion care in this pregnancy range. Recent research demonstrates continued high rates of complete abortion through 70 days LMP. To expand access to legal abortion services in Mexico City (where abortion is legal through 12 weeks LMP), this study sought to assess the efficacy and acceptability of the standard outpatient approach through 70 days in two SSDF points of service. One thousand and one women seeking pregnancy termination were enrolled and given 200 mg mifepristone followed by 800 µg misoprostol 24-48 hours later. Women were asked to return to the clinic one week later for evaluation. The great majority of women (93.3%; 95% CI: 91.6-94.8) had complete abortions. Women with pregnancies ≤ 8 weeks LMP had significantly higher success rates than women in the 9th or 10th weeks (94.9% vs. 90.5%; p = 0.01). The difference in success rates between the 9th and 10th weeks was not significant (90.0% vs. 91.2%; p = 0.71). The majority of women found the side effects (82.9%) and the use of misoprostol (84.4%) to be very acceptable or acceptable. This study provides additional evidence supporting an extended outpatient medical abortion regimen through 10 weeks LMP.

Women's experiences with legal abortion in Mexico City: a qualitative study.

In April 2007, elective first-trimester abortion was legalized in Mexico City. As of June 2011, more than 60,000 women from Mexico City and other Mexican states have obtained legal abortions in the city's public hospitals and health centers, with private facilities providing additional abortion services. This study examines women's experiences of abortion services in one public and two private clinic settings in 2008. Twenty-five in-depth interviews were conducted: 15 with women who obtained abortions in a public health center and 10 who obtained the procedure at either of two private clinics. Participants were highly satisfied with services at both public and private sites, although some had to go to more than one site before receiving services. None expressed doubts about their decision to have an abortion, and they felt unanimously that they were treated with respect. Furthermore, participants were pleased with the counseling they received and most accepted a contraceptive method after the procedure.

Carbonyl-carbonyl, carbonyl-pi and carbonyl-halogen dipolar interactions as the directing motifs of the supramolecular structure of ethyl 6-chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate and ethyl 6-bromo-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate.

The title compounds, C(12)H(9)ClO(4), (I), and C(12)H(9)BrO(4), (II), are isomorphous and crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c. Both compounds present an anti conformation between the 3-carboxy and the lactone carbonyl groups. Both carbonyl groups are out of the plane defined by the remaining chromene atoms, by 8.37 (6) and 17.57 (6) degrees for (I), and by 9.07 (8) and 18.96 (18) degrees for (II), owing to their involvement in intermolecular interactions. In both compounds, layers of centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers are developed in the [-5 -2 22] plane through C-H...O interactions, involving both carbonyl groups as acceptors. Two families of dimers stack through C=O...C=O, C=O...pi and C-X...C=O (X = Cl and Br) dipolar interactions, as well as a C-H...pi interaction, developing the three-dimensional structure along the c axis.