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PURPOSE: To assess the role of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics (LA) in enhancing the duration and quality of peribulbar blocks for ophthalmic surgeries. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adult patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery under peribulbar block, comparing LA alone versus LAâ¯+â¯dexmedetomidine. Risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using a random effects model. Sensitivity and trial-sequential analyses (TSA) were performed to assess inconsistencies, weight type II and II errors, and estimate the required information size of the samples for all endpoints. RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs (1,220 patients) were included. Compared with LA alone, dexmedetomidine was associated with prolonged (1) motor block duration (MD 65.01 minutes, p<0.001) and (2) sensory block duration (MD 81.94 minutes, p<0.001); (3) reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) (MD -2.6 mmHg, p<0.001), and (4) decreased need for supplemental injections (RR 0.44, p=0.007). Additionally, dexmedetomidine showed (5) longer time to analgesic request (MD 97.15 minutes, p<0.001) and (6) increased surgeon satisfaction (RR 1.52, p=0.01). Sensitivity analyses and TSA were consistent across all endpoints, and the required information size was achieved for most endpoints, indicating that pooled analyses were reliable and sample sizes were sufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with LA alone, dexmedetomidine significantly prolonged sensory and motor block duration and the time to the first analgesic request; decreased IOP and the need for supplemental injections, while increasing surgeon satisfaction.
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BACKGROUND: Elderly patients comprise an increasing proportion of patients undergoing surgery, and they require special attention due to age-related physiological changes. Propofol is the traditional agent for anaesthesia, and recently, remimazolam, a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine, has emerged as an alternative to propofol in general anaesthesia. OBJECTIVES: We aim to compare remimazolam vs . propofol for general anaesthesia in elderly patients regarding hypotension, induction characteristics, haemodynamics and recovery outcomes. DESIGN: Meta-analysis with sensitivity and trial sequential analyses (TSA) to assess inconsistencies. Risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed using a random effects model. Subgroups and meta-regression according to anaesthesia methods were also performed. DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) up to January 1, 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Patients at least 60âyears old, comparing remimazolam vs . propofol for general anaesthesia. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs (947 patients) were included. Compared with propofol, remimazolam was associated with lower postinduction and intra-operative hypotension (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.62, P â<â0.001) and incidence of bradycardia (risk ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.98, P â=â0.04), with a higher heart rate ( P â=â0.01). The incidence of injection pain was lower ( P â<â0.001), but remimazolam was associated with a longer time to loss of consciousness ( P â<â0.001) and a higher bispectral index at loss of consciousness ( P â=â0.04). No differences were found for mean arterial pressure, emergence time, extubation time and incidence of emergence agitation. The TSA was consistent and achieved the required information size for hypotension. CONCLUSIONS: Remimazolam significantly reduced the risk of hypotension, bradycardia and injection pain, despite an increase in the time to loss of consciousness. Remimazolam appears to be an effective and well tolerated alternative to propofol in elderly patients undergoing general anaesthesia.
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BACKGROUND: Midazolam is routinely used as preanesthetic medication in pediatric patients. Recently, dexmedetomidine has emerged as an alternative as a premedicant. We aimed to add more evidence about the efficacy and safety of two common routes of administration for pediatric premedication: oral midazolam versus intranasal dexmedetomidine. METHODS: We systematically searched Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) involving patients ≤ 18 years old undergoing preanesthetic medication and comparing intranasal dexmedetomidine with oral midazolam. Risk Ratio (RR) and Mean Difference (MD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were computed using a random effects model. Trial-sequential analyses were performed to assess inconsistency. RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs (1,239 patients) were included. Mean age was 5.5 years old, and most procedures were elective. There was no difference in satisfactory induction or mask acceptance (RR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.97-1.37; p = 0.11). There was a higher incidence of satisfactory separation from parents in the dexmedetomidine group (RR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.13-1.74; p = 0.002). Dexmedetomidine was also associated with a reduction in the incidence of emergence agitation (RR = 0.35; 95% CI 0.14-0.88; p = 0.02). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were marginally lower in the dexmedetomidine group but without clinical repercussions. CONCLUSION: Compared with oral midazolam, intranasal dexmedetomidine demonstrated better separation from parents and lower incidence of emergence agitation in pediatric premedication, without a difference in satisfactory induction. Intranasal dexmedetomidine may be a safe and effective alternative to oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric patients.
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Up to 25% of pediatric cataract cases are inherited. There is sparse information in the literature regarding the cost of whole-exome sequencing (WES) for suspected hereditary pediatric cataracts. Molecular diagnosis of suspected hereditary pediatric cataracts is important for comprehensive genetic counseling. We performed a partial economic evaluation with a mixed costing analysis, using reimbursement data and microcosting approach with a bottom-up technique to estimate the cost of using WES for genetic diagnosis of suspected hereditary pediatric cataracts from the perspective of the Brazilian governmental health care system. One hundred and ten participants from twenty-nine families in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) were included. Costs of consumables, staff and equipment were calculated. Two scenarios were created: (1) The reference scenario included patients from RJ with suspected hereditary pediatric cataracts plus two family members. (2) The alternative scenario considered other genetic diseases, resulting in 5,280 exams per month. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. In the reference scenario, the total cost per exam was 700.09 United States dollars (USD), and in the alternative scenario, the total cost was 559.23 USD. The cost of WES alone was 527.85 USD in the reference scenario and 386.98 USD in the alternative scenario. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the largest costs were associated with consumables in both scenarios. Economic evaluations can help inform policy decisions, especially in middle-income countries such as Brazil.
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Considering the current climate change scenario, the development of heat-tolerant rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) is paramount for cultivation in waterlogged systems affected by iron (Fe) excess. The objective of this work was to investigate the physiological basis of tolerance to excess Fe in rice cultivars that would maintain photosynthetic efficiency at higher temperatures. In an experimental approach, two rice cultivars (IRGA424 - tolerant and IRGA417- susceptible to Fe toxicity) were exposed to two concentrations of FeSO4-EDTA, control (0.019â¯mM) and excess Fe (7â¯mM) and subsequent exposition to heatwaves at different temperatures (25 °C - control, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 °C). The increase in temperatures resulted in a higher Fe concentration in shoots accompanied by a lower Rubisco carboxylation rate in both cultivars, but with lower damage in the tolerant one. Stomatal limitation only occurred as a late response to Fe toxicity, especially in the sensitive cultivar. The activation of photorespiration as electron sink under Fe excess with increasing temperature during heatwaves appear as a major mechanism to alleviate oxidative stress in cultivars tolerant to excess Fe. The tolerance to iron toxicity and heat stress is associated with increased photoprotective mechanisms driving non-photochemical dissipation.
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Hierro , Oryza , Oryza/fisiología , Fotosíntesis/fisiología , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the usefulness of T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences in predicting the consistency of macroadenomas. In addition, to determine their values ââas prognostic factors of surgical outcomes. METHODS: Patients with pituitary macroadenoma and surgical indication were included. All patients underwent pre-surgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that included the sequences T1WI before and after contrast administration and DWI with the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. Post-surgical MRI was performed at least 3 months after surgery. The consistency of the macroadenomas was evaluated at surgery, and they were grouped into soft and intermediate/hard adenomas. Mean ADC values, signal on T1WI and the ratio of tumor ADC values ââto pons (ADCR) were compared with tumor consistency and grade of surgical resection. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients were included. A softened consistency was found at surgery in 53 patients and hardened in 27 patients. The median ADC in the soft consistency group was 0.532 × 10-3 mm2/sec (0.306 - 1.096 × 10-3 mm2/sec), and in the intermediate/hard consistency group was 0.509 × 10-3 mm2/sec (0.308 - 0.818 × 10-3 mm2/sec). There was no significant difference between the median values ââof ADC, ADCR and signal on T1W between the soft and hard tumor groups, or between patients with and without tumor residue. CONCLUSION: Our results did not show usefulness of the DWI and T1WI for assessing the consistency of pituitary macroadenomas, nor as a predictor of the degree of surgical resection.
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Adenoma , Neoplasias Hipofisarias , Humanos , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/cirugía , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/patología , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Adenoma/cirugía , Adenoma/patología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Environments originating from banded iron formations, such as the canga , are important reference ecosystems for the recovery of degraded areas by mining. The objective of this work was to evaluate if the relationship between morphofunctional and photosynthetic attributes of native canga species from different functional group results in distinct responses when grown in iron mining tailings substrate. The experiment was carried out with species belonging to different functional groups: a widespread semi-deciduous tree-shrub, Myrcia splendens ; an endemic deciduous shrub, Jacaranda caroba ; and a nitrogen-fixing herbaceous species, Periandra mediterranea . The species were grown in two conditions, reference soil and iron ore tailing. Despite belonging to different functional groups when grown in tailings, the morphofunctional attributes presented similar responses between species. M. splendens was the species most affected by the conditions imposed by the iron ore mining tailings, with decreased light-use efficiency and electron transport. P. mediterranea had satisfactory growth and maintenance of photosynthetic attributes. J. caroba growing in the tailings increased the effective quantum yield of PSII. The photochemical and growth assessments were able to better explain the adaptive strategies developed by the species, guaranteeing a greater chance of success during the rehabilitation of mining substrates.
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Ecosistema , Hierro , Plantas/metabolismo , Árboles/metabolismo , MineríaRESUMEN
The properties of adhesive mortars can change due to heating, compromising the durability of the coating systems. The aim of this article was to evaluate the influence of cement and polymer contents on the tensile bond strength of adhesive mortars after thermal storage. Ceramic tiling system specimens were prepared with seventeen formulations of adhesive mortars. These specimens were stored under dry (reference) at temperature of 23 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% of relative humidity and thermal (temperature of 70 ± 2 °C) conditions. The results showed that the cement content was the major factor concerning tensile bond strength. The vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) polymer improved the tensile bond strength of mortars under thermal storage. However, the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) content contributed to the tensile bond strength only when higher cement contents were used. Besides, microstructure analysis showed that ettringite was degraded during thermal storage.
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Adhesivos , Polietilenos , Cementos de Resina/química , Resistencia a la Tracción , Polímeros , Metilcelulosa , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
The presence of antibiotics in aquatic systems in recent years has become a global environmental and public health concern due to the appearance of strains resistant to these antibiotics. Oxytetracycline (OXT) is a high-impact antibiotic used for both human and veterinary consumption, and it is the second most used antibiotic in aquaculture in Chile. Based on the above, this problem is addressed using a linear polymer whose structure is composed of aromatic rings and quaternary ammonium groups, which will help enhance the removal capacity of this antibiotic. To obtain the polycation, a radical polymerization synthesis was carried out using (4-vinylbenzyl)-trimethylammonium chloride as the monomer. The polycation was characterized via Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The removal studies were conducted under different experimental conditions such as pH levels (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 11.0), ionic strength (0.0-0.50 mg L-1 of NaCl), polymer dose (0.25-25.5 mg), variation of the antibiotic concentration (1-100 mg L-1), and evaluation of the maximum retention capacity, as well as load and discharge studies. The antibiotic retention removal was higher than 80.0%. The antibiotic removal performance is greatly affected by the effect of pH, ionic strength, molar ratio, and/or OXT concentration, as these parameters directly affect the electrostatic interactions between the polymer and the antibiotics. The diafiltration technique was shown to be highly efficient for the removal of OXT, with maximum removal capacities of 1273, 966, and 778 mg OXT g-1 polycation. In conclusion, it can be said that coupling water-soluble polymers to the diafiltration technique is an excellent low-cost way to address the problem of antibiotics in aquatic systems.
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An opportunistic rescue of a stranded 6 m giant manta ray off Ilha Comprida, in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, revealed a new technique for returning large bodied mobulid rays to the water once beached. The technique, adapted from protocols to move stranded cetaceans, was modified to suit the dorso-ventrally compressed shape of mobulid rays and reduce damage to the animal while being pulled back into deeper water. The method and suggestions for its improvement have been described with the intention of assisting in the rescue of other stranded large mobulids.
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INTRODUCTION: Although fewer children have been affected by the severe form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be the leading global cause of child hospitalizations and deaths. AIM: This study investigated the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as well its subtypes (RSV A and B), adenovirus (ADV), rhinovirus (HRV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus (NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU1), parainfluenza virus subtypes (PI1, PI2 and PI3), bocavirus and influenza A and B viruses (FluA and FluB) in children diagnosed with CAP during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A total of 200 children with clinically confirmed CAP were initially recruited, of whom 107 had negative qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2 and were included in this study. Viral subtypes were identified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction in the nasopharyngeal swab samples. RESULTS: Viruses were identified in 69.2% of the patients. RSV infections were the most frequently identified (65.4%), with type RSV B being the most prevalent (63.5%). In addition, HCoV 229E and HRV were detected in 6.5% and 3.7% of the patients, respectively. RSV type B was associated with severe acute respiratory infection (ARI) and a younger age (less than 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: New strategies for preventing and treating viral respiratory infections, particularly RSV infections, are necessary.
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COVID-19 , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas , Neumonía , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Humanos , Niño , Lactante , Preescolar , Incidencia , Brasil/epidemiología , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano/genética , Neumonía/epidemiología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We, herein, investigated the in vitro effects of galactose on the activity of pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), complex II and IV (cytochrome c oxidase) of the respiratory chain and Na+K+-ATPase in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of 30-day-old rats. We also determined the influence of the antioxidants, trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione, on the effects elicited by galactose. Galactose was added to the assay at concentrations of 0.1, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM. Control experiments were performed without galactose. Galactose, at 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, decreased pyruvate kinase activity in the cerebral cortex and at 10.0 mM in the hippocampus. Galactose, at 10.0 mM, reduced SDH and complex II activities in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in the hippocampus. Additionally, decreased Na+K+-ATPase activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus; conversely, galactose, at 3.0 and 5.0 mM, increased this enzyme's activity in the cerebellum. Data show that galactose disrupts energy metabolism and trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione addition prevented the majority of alterations in the parameters analyzed, suggesting the use of antioxidants as an adjuvant therapy in Classic galactosemia.
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Antioxidantes , Galactosa , Ratas , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Galactosa/metabolismo , Galactosa/farmacología , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones , Piruvato Quinasa/metabolismo , Piruvato Quinasa/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes serious infections, including pneumonia. The limited range of available vaccines and the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria mean that new treatments are needed. This study looked at the potential of quercetin as an antimicrobial agent against S. pneumoniae in both isolation and in biofilms. The researchers used microdilution tests, checkerboard assays, and death curve assays, as well as in silico and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluations. They found that quercetin at a concentration of 125.0 µg/mL had both inhibitory and bactericidal effects against S. pneumoniae, and these effects were increased when quercetin was combined with ampicillin. Quercetin also reduced the growth of pneumococcal biofilms. In addition, quercetin (absence or in combination with ampicillin) reduced the death time of Tenebrio molitor larvae compared to the infection control. The study also demonstrated that quercetin had low toxicity in both in silico and in vivo assays, suggesting that it could be a promising treatment for infections caused by S. pneumoniae.
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Antiinfecciosos , Infecciones Neumocócicas , Humanos , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Quercetina/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Ampicilina/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones Neumocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Neumocócicas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Surgery for severe equine cavo-varus is complex and must be individualized. The interindividual phenotypic variability demands a personalized planning of each foot to be operated. The study's primary goal was to evaluate the function and satisfaction of a series of patients with severe equinus cavo-varus deformity who underwent a triplanar tarsectomy and transposition of the posterior tibial tendon in a single stage surgery after a patient specific 3D biomodel planning. A series of 12 feet (5 patients bilaterally) operated with this technique was analyzed. The cohort comprised 2 females (28.5 %) and 5 males (71.4 %). The median follow-up time was 38.5 months (interquartile range: 24.75-48.75). The Foot and Ankle Disability Index pre (median 32.85; interquartile range: 20-46) and postsurgery (median 72; interquartile range: 56-75.5) were collected and statistically significant differences were observed (p < 0.002). Furthermore, the main variable evaluated was obtaining a plantigrade stable foot. This was clinically evaluated and was achieved in all patients except 1 patient who presented a residual equinus of 5º. This study shows that triplanar tarsectomy and posterior tibial tendon transfer in a single surgical procedure after patient-specific 3D biomodel planning allows for improved function in patients with severe equinus cavus varus foot deformity.
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Pie Cavo , Transferencia Tendinosa , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Animales , Caballos , Transferencia Tendinosa/métodos , Tendones , Articulación del Tobillo , Extremidad Inferior , Impresión TridimensionalRESUMEN
Microcystins (MCs) are highly toxic peptides produced by cyanobacteria during algal blooms. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is the most toxic and common MC variant with major effects on human and animal health upon exposure. MC-LR detection has become critical to ensure water safety, therefore robust and reliable analytical methods are needed. This work reports the development of a simple and optimized Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticle-Based Assay (MINA) for MC-LR detection in water. Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles (MINs) were prepared by solid-phase polymerization on glass beads conjugated to MC-LR through (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) via amide bonding. APTES-modified glass beads were obtained under optimized conditions to maximize the density of surface amino groups available for MC-LR conjugation. Two quinary mixtures of acrylic monomers differing in charge, polarity, and functionality were selected from molecular docking calculations and used to obtain MINs for MC-LR recognition using N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (BIS) as the crosslinking agent. MINs were immobilized by physical adsorption onto 96-well polystyrene microplate and evaluated as per their rebinding capacity toward the analyte by using a covalent conjugate between MC-LR and the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Experimental conditions for the MINs immobilization protocol, HRP-MC-LR concentration, and composition of the blocking solution were set to maximize the colorimetric response of the MINs compared to non-treated wells. Optimized conditions were then applied to conduct competitive MINAs with the HRP-MC-LR conjugate and the free analyte, which confirmed the preferential binding of MC-LR to the immobilized MINs for analyte concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-5 nmol L-1 to 100 nmol L-1. The best competitive MINA showed a limit of detection of 2.49 × 10-4 nmol L-1 and coefficients of variation less than 10% (n = 6), which are auspicious for the use of MINs as analytical tools for MC-LR detection below the permissible limits issued by WHO for safe water consumption (1.00 nmol L-1). This assay also proved to be selective to the analyte in cross-reactivity studies with two analogous microcystins (MC-RR and MC-YR). Analyses of lagoon and drinking water samples enriched with MC-LR revealed strong matrix effects that reduce the MINA response to the analyte, thus suggesting the need for sample pretreatment methods in future development in this subject.
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Agua Potable , Microcistinas , Agua Potable/análisis , Toxinas Marinas , Microcistinas/análisis , Simulación del Acoplamiento MolecularRESUMEN
The iron ore tailings released into the Rio Doce basin after the Fundão dam collapse (Brazil), suppressed a large extent of local vegetation. The use of native species and appropriate fertilization techniques, with less economic and environmental impact, must be considered in the process for the restoration of affected areas by the tailings. For this purpose, six native tree species, pioneer (Anadenanthera colubrina, Bixa orellana, and Peltophorum dubium) and secondary (Cedrela fissilis, Handroanthus impetiginosus, and Handroanthus serratifolius), were selected. We used different conditions of fertilization: (1) inorganic fertilization, (2) inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, (3) combined treatment (fertilizer + inoculum), to evaluate leaf nutrient concentrations, photosynthetic capacity [chlorophyll index, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and gas exchange variables], and oxidative metabolism (H2O2, MDA, and antioxidant enzymes). Inoculation resulted in higher concentrations of foliar nitrogen, especially in pioneer species. In all treatments, the secondary species exhibited iron values considered phytotoxic, but showed reduced photosynthetic capacity only when inoculated. The highest concentrations of MDA were observed in inoculated plants of both successional groups. The antioxidant system proved to be effective in preventing oxidative damage for most of the species. These results showed that the use of inoculum can be considered an ecological alternative to inorganic additives in the area affected by iron ore tailings. Despite presenting different photosynthetic and antioxidant strategies, the evaluated species demonstrated potential for use in tailings revegetation projects.