Reel syndrome: a rare presentation of a rare cause of cardiac resynchronization malfunction.

Abstract: Reel syndrome is a rare cause of pacemaker lead displacement. This case report shows a rare presentation of Reel syndrome highlighting the importance of an early diagnosis and discussing the underlying mechanism, management and prevention.

Prevention of acute renal failure post-contrast imaging in cardiology: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third most common cause of acute renal failure (ARF) and the worsening in a pre-existing chronic renal failure (CRF), with a foreseeable increase of morbidity, mortality, length of the stay in hospital and, as a consequence, of the health costs. We studied the effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) associated with sodium bicarbonate (Na2HCO3) infusion in order to prevent CIN in patients undergoing coronary angiography with administration of contrast medium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 296 patients with indication to perform coronary angiography were included in a randomized, observational study. All patients were randomly assigned to receive pre- and post-contrast hydration with 1500 ml of 0.9% saline solution infusion (Group A) or NAC (1200 mg × 2 days) + Na2HCO3 (Group B). The primary end-point was to examine CIN appearance, defined as a raise in serum values of Cr (Creatinine) ≥ 0.5 mg/dl or ≥ 25% within 24-72 hours after the exposure to the contrast medium. RESULTS: It has been observed a frequency of CIN of 9.4% in Gr. A compared to 7.2% in Gr. B. Nevertheless, when we put these results through a more accurate screening according to gender, degree of raise in creatinine levels and the extent of change in GFR (glomerular filtration rate), we observed a very different behaviour. In patients with normal Cr and CrCl (Clearance of Creatinine) the frequency of CIN was similar in both group A and B (approximately 5%). In patients with normal Cr but reduced ClCr the use of NAC was more effective than hydration in preventing CIN (0% vs 18% in prevalence respectively in B and A group). In patients with moderately reduced Cr and CrCl, hydration with saline solution was more effective than NAC + Na2HCO3 (8.6% vs 17.6%) while in patients with severe CRF the combined use of NAC + Na2HCO3 showed off to be very successful in preventing CIN compared to the merely hydration (0% vs 50%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients affected by severe CRF who are undergoing investigations with contrast medium administration, such as coronary angiography, the combined use of NAC + Na2HCO3 infusion significantly reduces the risk of developing CIN. In other circumstances the final result is related to the degree of previous GFR or creatinine values alteration or to gender. In such situations the combined use of both substances is more questionable and sometimes ineffective.

Functional changes cardiovascular: normobaric activity and microgravity in young healthy human subjects.

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular system works to maintain homeostasis through a series of adaptive responses to physiological requirements. Different self-regulatory mechanism prevent the effects induced by hydrostatic pressure changes on oncotic pressure caused by postural changes. Gravity exerts a strong influence on the postural changes with implications on the cardiovascular system. In orbit, gravity (+Gz) is responsible of mass redistribution of circulating blood flow. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the adaptive responses of cardiovascular system to postural changes with and without the use of the Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP). We considered that pressure changes that occur in human body in orbit can be simulated experimentally with use of Tilt-Test (Clino/ortho; Clino/head-down; head-down/ortho). This investigation could be useful for studying the influence on astronauts of long flights. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied in 12 months, 30 young healthy volunteers (20 males, 10 female) during postural change tests. In the first evaluation they were submitted to tilt-test for 40 minutes, remaining in head-up +60 degrees (this state corresponds to a kind of gravitational stress +Gz) and in head-down to -30 degrees (-Gz) for 20 minutes. During the second assessment (after 5 +/- 1 days) all volunteers wear a device that simulate a state of LBNP at -20 mmHg. Afterwards, they were processed to 20 minutes in Head Down -8 degrees and after 2 hours of rest to 20 minutes at -15 degrees. Volunteers were monitored measuring blood pressure, heart rate and by Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE). RESULTS: Collected data were elaborated by a statistical analysis. We observed during orthostatic position for 40 min (+60 degrees) without LBNP, lower diameters and volumes of left and right ventricular (p < 0.05) and an increase in heart rate in comparison with the baseline conditions in clinostatism. Despite the reduction of preload volume, the mean value of cardiac output does not vary significantly. In Trendelemburg (-15 degrees) data show a non-significant variation (p > 0.05) of left and right ventricular diameters and volumes, while cardiac output and systolic blood pressure varies significantly (p < 0.05) compared to clinostatic and orthostatic position. With LBNP in head down to -8 degrees and -15 degrees, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, ventricular volumes and cardiac output were unchanged if compared to values obtained in clinostatism with and without LBNP. If compared to -30 degrees in Trendelemburg without LBNP, data reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The cardiovascular system and the autonomic nervous system, respond to postural changes and to volemia alterations, maintaining the physiological cardiac output, in order to preserve the metabolic requirements of body.

Catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia after interatrial defect repair with patch apposition.

A 54-year-old woman with history of septal atrial mixoma surgically treated and drug-refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmia underwent catheter ablation of macro-reentry areas near the pericardial patch placed to repair an interatrial defect. The use of ablative therapy has been successful to cure this arrhythmia.

Myocardial ischemia in cocaine-user with anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery.

The prevalence of anomalous coronary artery is approximately 0.6-1.7% in patients who undergo coronary angiography. These anomalies may cause angina, acute myocardial infarction, syncope and sudden death. Cocaine abuse is now a major health hazard: more than 5 million of Americans are current users. Cocaine abuse can result in coronary artery vasocostriction and the association between cocaine abuse, myocardial ischemia and infarction in the absence of coronary artery disease has been reported. We report the case of a patient with a story of nasally inhaled cocaine abuse presented with exertional chest pain and a perfusion defect of the anterior and inferior-lateral walls of the left ventricle during myocardial perfusion SPECT. The anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the righ sinus of Valsalva was detected during coronary angiography and confirmed by the multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Although the coronary angiography is the gold standard of cardiac imaging technique for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease the identification of anomalous coronary arteries is frequently difficult with conventional coronary angiography because of the lack of 3-dimensional (3D) information related to the course of the coronary arteries to the great vessels. The MSCT provides a high spatial resolution, which allows a successful identification of the congenital coronary artery anomalies. This case report provides further a supportive evidence for the role of MSCT in the detection of the coronary artery anomalies.

Elasticity/distensibility of the ascending aorta: basal conditions and simulated conditions from space flights.

INTRODUCTION: The hysto-morfological composition of the ascending aorta wall gives to the vessel its characteristic elasticity/distensibility, which is deteriorated due to both physiological (age) and pathological events (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia). This contributes to reduce the wall elasticity and to occurrence of cardiovascular events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty young healthy subjects (20 males, 10 females, age <30 yr), were subjected to different postural conditions with and without Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) with conventional procedures, to simulate the microgravity conditions in space flight. During this procedure the cardiovascular parameters and the aorta elasticity were assessed with ecocardiography. RESULTS: The observation of results and statistical comparison showed that despite different hemodynamic conditions and with significant variation of blood pressure related to posture, elasticity/distensibility did not change significantly. DISCUSSION: The elasticity/distensibility of arterial vessels is the result of two interdependent variables such as blood pressure and systolic and diastolic diameters. While blood pressure and heart rate vary physiologically in relation to posture, the compensation of the vessel diameters modifications maintains the aortic compliance invariate. Therefore, in young healthy people, despite the significant postural and the sudden pressure changes (equivalent to parietal stress) aortic compliance does not alter. This behavior might be related to the low rate of cardiovascular events that are present in healthy people aged under 30 yrs.

Heart imaging: the accuracy of the 64-MSCT in the detection of coronary artery disease.

At present, coronary angiography represents the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Our aim is to compare the conventional coronary angiography to the coronary 64-multislice spiral computed tomography (64-MSCT), a new and non-invasive cardiac imaging technique. The last generation of MSCT scanners show a better imaging quality, due to a greater spatial and temporal resolution. Four expert observers (two cardiologists and two radiologists) have compared the angiographic data with the accuracy of the 64-MSCT in the detection and evaluation of coronary vessels stenoses. From the data obtained, the sensibility, the specificity and the accuracy of the coronary 64-MSCT have been defined. We have enrolled 75 patients (57 male, 18 female, mean age 61.83 +/- 10.38; range 30-80 years) with known or suspected coronary artery disease. The above population has been divided into 3 groups: Group A (Gr. A) with 40 patients (mean age 60.7 +/- 12.5) affected by both non-significant and significant coronary artery disease; Group B (Gr. B) with 25 patients (mean age 60.3 +/- 14.6) who underwent to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); Group C (Gr. C) with 10 patients (mean age 54.20 +/- 13.7) without any coronary angiographic stenoses. All the patients underwent non-invasive exams, conventional coronary angiography and coronary 64-MSCT. The comparison of the data obtained has been carried out according to a per group analysis, per patient analysis and per segment analysis. Moreover, the accuracy of the 64-MSCT has been defined for the detection of >75%, 50-75% and <50% coronary stenoses. Coronary angiography has identified significant coronary artery disease in 75% of the patients in the Gr. A and in 73% of the patients in the Gr. B. No coronary stenoses have been detected in Gr. C. According to a per segment analysis, in Gr. A, 36% of the segments analysed have shown a coronary stenosis (37% stenoses >75%, 32% stenoses 50-75% and 31% stenoses <50%). In Gr. B, 32% of the segments have shown a coronary stenosis (33% stenoses >75%, 29% stenoses 50-75% and 38% stenoses <50%). In-stent disease has been shown in only 4 of the 29 coronary stents identified. In Gr. A, coronary 64-MSCT has confirmed the angiographic results in the 93% of cases (sensibility 93%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 83%) while, in Gr. B, this confirm has been obtained only in 64% of cases (sensibility 64%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 50%). In Gr. C, we have observed a complete agreement between angiographic and CT data (sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value 100%). According to a per segment analysis, the angiographic results have been confirmed in 98% of cases in Gr. A (sensibility 98%, specificity 94%, positive predictive value 90% and negative predictive value 94%) but only in 55% of cases in Gr. B (sensibility 55%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 71% and negative predictive value 81%). Moreover, only 1 of the 4 in-stent restenoses has been detected (sensibility 25%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 77%). Coronary angiography has detected a greater number of coronary stenoses than the 64-MSCT. 64-MSCT has demonstrated better accuracy in the study of coronary vessels wider than 2 mm, while its accuracy is lower for smaller vessels (diameter < 2.5 mm) and for the identification of in-stent restenosis, because there is a reduced image quality for these vessels and therefore a lower accuracy in the coronary stenosis detection. Nevertheless, 64-MSCT shows high accuracy and it can be considered a comparative but not a substitutive exam of the coronary angiography. Several technical limitations of the 64-MSCT are responsible of its lower accuracy versus the conventional coronary angiography, but solving these technical problems could give us a new non-invasive imaging technique for the study of coronary stents.

Atrial fibrillation in pure rheumatic mitral valvular disease is expression of an atrial histological change.

BACKGROUND: Some of theories try to explain the insurgence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with acute articular rheumatism (AAR). These theories remind the close relation between AF and left atrium, or with valvular vitium degree, or monophasic action potential and histological cardiac structure. In 15 years of work in the academic Department of Heart and Big Vessels in Rome, the Authors studied 243 patients with mitral valvular disease post AAR before and after surgical manoeuvres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were divided in order to monitor atrium and ventricle morphological and functional modifications of the valve according to cardiac rhythm. Patients classification was based on surgical therapy adopted, kind of mitral disease and cardiac rhythm. An histological examination was performed, only in patients treated with valvular replacement. During the operation an histological examination in an atrial tissue fragment was performed. 243 patients with mitral valvular disease post AAR with indication in valvular adjustment were studied. The whole population was treated with mitral transcutaneous valvuloplasty (Group B--130 patients) or with mitral valve replacement surgery (Group A--113 patients). These two groups were divided: in Gr.A in Gr.A1 and Gr.A2, and Gr.B in Gr.B1 and Gr.B2, according to cardiac rhythm (sinus rhythm iSR, AF). These subgroups were also divided in Gr.A1SR, Gr.A1AF; Gr.A2SR, Gr.A2AF; Gr.A3SR, Gr.A3AF, according to mitralic disease's kind (stenosis, stenosis/regurgitation, regurgitation). A complex screening were exerted to all patients using echocardio-doppler technology. Morphological parameters of atrium and ventricle, and functional parameters of mitral valve, aorta and tricuspid were evaluated. In Gr.A group patients during the operation were execute a bioptic sampling from left atrium and a consecutive histological valuation. RESULTS: In Gr.A1 mitral valve area (MtVA) arises smaller (p<0.01) in the group with AF, than those in SR. On the contrary, in subgroups of population of Gr.B there isn't statistic disagreement (p>0.05). Left atrium volume arises elder in patients in AF than in patients in SR (p<0.01), either in patients of subgroups Gr.A1, Gr.A2 or in patients of the whole Gr.B before and after valvuloplasty. In the whole population Gr.B, either Gr.BRS or Gr.BFA, left and right atrial volumes decrease eloquently (p<0.01) after valvoplasty. There's no linear relationship (Pearson r<0.5) between the different subgroups of Gr.A (Gr.A1, Gr.A2, Gr.A3) and those of Gr.B according to mitral valve area (MtVA), volume and left atrial area. Left atrial biopsy shows in patients of SR a normal atrial tissue in the 48% of cases and lightly altered in remaining 52%. On the contrary in patients of AF there are strong anomalies in the 100% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: According to histological view, atrial volumes variations and valvular area variations before and after surgical treatment, and according also to their comparisons in different groups, authors could assume that insurgence of AF and its chronicization could be an expression of a strong atrial myocardial histological alteration. Furthermore while starting moment of AF genesis is characterized by histological alterations of atrial myocardium (expression of rheumatic chronic disease), its chronicization hands to anatomic-volumetric progressive deterioration of the atrial dysfunction.