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BACKGROUND Lung transplantation (LTx) is a life-extending therapy for specific patients with terminal lung diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the associations and causes of 1-year mortality after lung transplantation at Strasbourg University Hospital, France, between 2012 and 2021. MATERIAL AND METHODS We carried out a retrospective analysis on 425 patients who underwent LTx at Strasbourg University Hospital between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021. Pre-transplant, perioperative, and postoperative data were collected from the electronic medical records. RESULTS Among all patients, 94.6% had a LTx, 4.0% a heart-lung transplantation, and 1.4% underwent pancreatic islet-lung transplantation. The median age at transplantation was 57 years, with 55.3% male patients. The main native lung disease leading to LTx was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 51.1% of patients; 16.2% needed super-urgent LTx. The 1-year mortality rate was 11.5%. Most deaths were either caused by multi-organ failure or septic shock. In our multivariate analysis, we identified 3 risk factors significantly related to 1-year mortality after LTx: body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 kg/m² vs BMI between 18.5 and 25 kg/m² (P=0.032), postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (P=0.034), and intensive care unit length of stay after transplantation (P<0.001). Two other factors were associated with a significantly lower 1-year mortality risk: longer hospital stay after LTx (P=0.024) and tacrolimus prescription (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Our study reported a 1-year mortality rate of 11.5% after LTx. Although LTx candidates are carefully selected, additional data are required to improve understanding of the risk factors for post-LTx mortality.
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Trasplante de Pulmón , Humanos , Trasplante de Pulmón/mortalidad , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Francia/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto , Factores de Riesgo , Anciano , Enfermedades Pulmonares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Pulmonares/cirugía , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/mortalidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aging population in France and Western Europe is on the rise, particularly among individuals aged 65 years and older. Although older adults are susceptible to traumatic injuries, they constitute a minority of trauma center admissions especially those aged 85 and above. The aim of our study was to investigate the prognostic factors for mortality among the older old population (aged 85 years and above) managed in ICU of Traumabase group trauma centers. METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study, conducted from 2013 to 2022, analyzed all severely injured older patients (aged ≥ 85 years) managed in 14 ICU trauma centers enrolled in the Traumabase registry. The study examined sociodemographic, clinical, and outcome variables. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale. RESULTS: Among the 365 older trauma patients, 190 (52.1%) were classified as non-frail (CFS 1-3), 80 (21.9%) as pre-frail (CFS 4,5), and 95 (26%) as frail (CFS 6-9). Falls were the most common mechanism of injury. High mortality rates were observed, with 43.5% ICU mortality and 45.5% mortality at day 30. Factors most associated with ICU mortality included traumatic brain injury (CGS < 13), pre-hospital micromethod hemoglobin < 13 and severity of injury (ISS > 16). CONCLUSION: Factors such as traumatic brain injury and severe hemorrhage (micromethod hemoglobin < 13) and ISS > 16 are associated with ICU mortality in in patients older than 85 years trauma patient. Early geriatric intervention is crucial for optimizing outcomes in this vulnerable population.
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BACKGROUND: T cells drive acute cellular rejection (ACR) and its progression to chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) following lung transplantation. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade A1 ACR without associated allograft dysfunction is often untreated, yet some patients develop progressive graft dysfunction. T-cell composition of A1 ACR lesions may have prognostic value; therefore, protein-level and epigenetic techniques were applied to transbronchial biopsy tissue to determine whether differential T-cell infiltration in recipients experiencing a first episode of stable grade A1 ACR (StA1R) is associated with early CLAD. METHODS: Sixty-two patients experiencing a first episode of StA1R were divided into those experiencing CLAD within 2 years (n = 13) and those remaining CLAD-free for 5 or more years (n = 49). Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) was used to profile the spectrum and distribution of intragraft T cell phenotypes on a subcohort (n = 16; 8 early-CLAD and 8 no early-CLAD). Immunofluorescence was used to quantify CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ cells. Separately, CD3+ cells were fluorescently labeled, micro-dissected, and the degree of Treg-specific demethylated region methylation was determined. RESULTS: PhenoGraph unsupervised clustering on IMC revealed 50 unique immune cell subpopulations. Methylation and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated no significant differences in Tregs between early-CLAD and no early-CLAD groups. Immunofluorescence revealed that patients who developed CLAD within 2 years of lung transplantation showed greater CD8+ T cell infiltration compared to those who remained CLAD-free for 5 or more years. CONCLUSIONS: In asymptomatic patients with a first episode of A1 rejection, greater CD8+ T cell content may be indicative of worse long-term outlook.
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INTRODUCTION: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, France underwent several lockdown periods during 2020. Our aim was to evaluate its clinical and social impact on lung transplant (LT) patients treated at Strasbourg University Hospital, by comparing three periods: first lockdown (T1: March-May 2020), end of the first lockdown (T2: May-October 2020), and second lockdown (T3: November-December 2020) and the incidence of COVID-19 infections. A cohort of patients with rare lung disease (RLD) was also studied during T2. METHODS: We used clinical and paraclinical data collected during routine follow-up. A questionnaire was submitted to each patient at each period to assess their lifestyle, adherence to protective measures against COVID-19, contacts with their family and friends, and contagion risk. The incidence of new COVID-19 cases was also assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 283 LT and 57 RLD patients were included. We observed only eight COVID-19 cases over the three periods (n = 4 during T1, n = 0 during T2, and n = 4 during T3) in LT patients, with 37.5 % of patients hospitalized, no ICU transfers, and 100 % favorable outcomes. No case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in the RLD cohort. When comparing the three periods in the LT group, fewer patients limited their out-of-home activities during T2 (p < 0.0001). The frequency of these activities increased after the first lockdown, for the purchase of basic necessities (p < 0.0001), and professional activity continued (p = 0.008). We observed a significant increase in unscheduled medical consultations and in the prescription of anti-infective treatments during the end of the lockdown (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.005, respectively). Adherence to lockdown and to protective measures was high in both groups of patients. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 incidence remained low in both groups and there were significant lifestyle evolutions in LT patients and in those with RLD between first and second lockdown.
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COVID-19 , Enfermedades Pulmonares , Trasplante de Pulmón , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Francia/epidemiología , Adulto , Incidencia , Enfermedades Pulmonares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Raras/epidemiología , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , PandemiasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Long-term survival after lung transplantation (LTx) remains limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), which includes 2 main phenotypes: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS), with possible overlap. We aimed to detail and quantify pathological features of these CLAD sub-types. METHODS: Peripheral and central paraffin-embedded explanted lung samples were obtained from 20 consecutive patients undergoing a second LTx for CLAD, from 3 lobes. Thirteen lung samples, collected from non-transplant lobectomies or donor lungs, were used as controls. Blinded semi-quantitative grading was performed to assess airway fibrotic changes, parenchymal and pleural fibrosis, and epithelial and vascular abnormalities. RESULTS: CLAD lung samples had higher scores for all airway- and lung-related parameters compared to controls. There was a notable overlap in histologic scores between BOS and RAS, with a wide range of scores in both conditions. Parenchymal and vascular fibrosis scores were significantly higher in RAS compared to BOS (p = 0.003 for both). We observed a significant positive correlation between the degree of inflammation around each airway, the severity of epithelial changes, and airway fibrosis. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a trend toward a lower frequency of club cells in CLAD and a higher frequency of apoptotic club cells in BOS samples (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CLAD is a spectrum of airway, parenchymal, and pleural fibrosis, as well as epithelial, vascular, and inflammatory pathologic changes, where BOS and RAS overlap significantly. Our semi-quantitative grading score showed a generally high inter-reader reliability and may be useful for future CLAD histologic assessments.
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BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) is commonly associated with declining lung function and nutritional status. We aimed to evaluate the pulmonary impact of early glucose abnormalities by using 2-h standard oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). METHODS: PwCF aged ≥10 years old without known CFRD were included in a five-year prospective multicentre study. Annual evaluation of nutritional status, lung function, OGTT and CGM was set up. Associations between annual rate changes (Δ) in lung function, ΔFEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) percentage predicted (pp) and ΔFVC (forced vital capacity) pp., and annual rate changes in OGTT or CGM variables were estimated with a mixed model with a random effect for subject. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2016, 112 PwCF (age: 21 ± 11 years, BMI (body mass index) z-score: -0.55 ± 1.09, FEV1pp: 77 ± 24 %, 2-h OGTT glucose: 122 ± 44 mg/dL, AUC (area under curve) >140 mg/dL: 1 mg/dL/day (0.2, 3.0) were included. A total of 428 OGTTs and 480 CGMs were collected. The participants presented annual decline of FVCpp and FEV1pp at -1.0 % per year (-1.6, -0.4), p < 0.001 and - 1.9 % per year (-2.5, -1.3), p < 0.001 respectively without change in BMI z-score during the study. Variation of two-hour OGTT glucose was not associated with declining lung function, as measured by ΔFEV1pp (p = 0.94) and ΔFVCpp (p = 0.90). Among CGM variables, only increase in AUC >140 mg/dL between two annual visits was associated with a decrease in ΔFVCpp (p < 0.05) and ΔFEV1pp (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study supports the fact that early glucose abnormalities revealed by CGM predict pulmonary function decline in PwCF, while 2-h standard OGTT glucose is not associated with pulmonary impairment.
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Fibrosis Quística , Diabetes Mellitus , Intolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Fibrosis Quística/complicaciones , Fibrosis Quística/diagnóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Glucemia , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/complicaciones , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/diagnóstico , Glucosa , Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea , Monitoreo Continuo de Glucosa , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , PulmónRESUMEN
Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia/DNAemia has been associated with reduced survival after lung transplantation, its association with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and its phenotypes is unclear. We hypothesized that, in a modern era of CMV prophylaxis, CMV DNAemia would still remain associated with death, but also represent a risk factor for CLAD and specifically restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS)/mixed phenotype. This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of all consecutive adult, first, bilateral-/single-lung transplants done between 2010-2016, consisting of 668 patients. Risks for death/retransplantation, CLAD, or RAS/mixed, were assessed by adjusted cause-specific Cox proportional-hazards models. CMV viral load (VL) was primarily modeled as a categorical variable: undetectable, detectable to 999, 1000 to 9999, and ≥10 000 IU/mL. In multivariable models, CMV VL was significantly associated with death/retransplantation (≥10 000 IU/mL: HR = 2.65 [1.78-3.94]; P < .01), but was not associated with CLAD, whereas CMV serostatus mismatch was (D+R-: HR = 2.04 [1.30-3.21]; P < .01). CMV VL was not associated with RAS/mixed in univariable analysis. Secondary analyses with a 7-level categorical or 4-level ordinal CMV VL confirmed similar results. In conclusion, CMV DNAemia is a significant risk factor for death/retransplantation, but not for CLAD or RAS/mixed. CMV serostatus mismatch may have an impact on CLAD through a pathway independent of DNAemia.
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Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Citomegalovirus , Rechazo de Injerto , Supervivencia de Injerto , Trasplante de Pulmón , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Viremia , Humanos , Trasplante de Pulmón/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Viremia/virología , Viremia/epidemiología , Citomegalovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Rechazo de Injerto/etiología , Rechazo de Injerto/virología , Pronóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/virología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Adulto , Carga Viral , Tasa de Supervivencia , Receptores de Trasplantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Long-term outcomes of lung transplantation (LTx) remain hampered by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a secretory endopeptidase identified as a key mediator in fibrosis processes associated with CLAD. The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma MMP9 levels may be prognostic of CLAD development. METHODS: Participants were selected from the Cohort in Lung Transplantation (COLT) for which a biocollection was associated. We considered two time points, year 1 (Y1) and year 2 (Y2) post-transplantation, for plasma MMP-9 measurements. We analysed stable recipients at those time points, comparing those who would develop a CLAD within the 2 years following the measurement to those who would remain stable 2 years after. RESULTS: MMP-9 levels at Y1 were not significantly different between the CLAD and stable groups (230 ng/ml vs. 160 ng/ml, p = 0.4). For the Y2 analysis, 129 recipients were included, of whom 50 developed CLAD within 2 years and 79 remained stable within 2 years. MMP-9 plasma median concentrations were higher in recipients who then developed CLAD than in the stable group (230 ng/ml vs. 118 ng/ml, p = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, the Y2 MMP-9 level was independently associated with CLAD, with an average increase of 150 ng/ml (95% CI [0-253], p = 0.05) compared to that in the stable group. The Y2 ROC curve revealed a discriminating capacity of blood MMP-9 with an area under the curve of 66%. CONCLUSION: Plasmatic MMP-9 levels measured 2 years after lung transplantation have prognostic value for CLAD.
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Trasplante de Pulmón , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz , Humanos , Pronóstico , Aloinjertos , Trasplante de Pulmón/efectos adversos , Pulmón , Biomarcadores , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by hepatic encephalopathy (HE) often due to intracranial hypertension (ICH). The risk/benefit-balance of intraparenchymal pressure catheter monitoring is controversial during ALF. AIMS: Perform an evaluation of transcranial Doppler (TCD) use in patients with ALF listed for emergency liver transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Single center retrospective cohort study including all patients registered on high emergency LT list between 2012 and 2018. All TCD measurements performed during ICU stay after listing and after LT (when performed) were recorded. TCD was considered abnormal when pulsatility index (PI) was >1.2. RESULTS: Among 106 patients with ALF, forty-seven (44%) had a TCD while on list. They had more severe liver and extrahepatic organ failure. When performed, TCD was abnormal in 51% of patients. These patients more frequently developed ICH events (45% vs. 13%, p = .02) and more frequently required increase in sedative drugs and vasopressors. While 22% of patients with normal TCD spontaneously survived, all of those with abnormal TCD died or were transplanted (p = .02). All transplanted patients who had abnormal exams normalized their TCD within 2 (1-2) days after LT. CONCLUSION: TCD may be a useful non-invasive tool for ICH detection and management, then guide sedation withdrawal.
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Hipertensión Intracraneal , Fallo Hepático Agudo , Trasplante de Hígado , Humanos , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Hipertensión Intracraneal/diagnóstico , Fallo Hepático Agudo/etiología , Fallo Hepático Agudo/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Airway epithelial injury is thought to be a key event in the pathogenesis of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). We investigated whether markers of epithelial activity and injury in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) correlate with CLAD diagnosis and major CLAD phenotypes: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) vs restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS)-related phenotypes (including RAS, mixed phenotype, and all other patients with RAS-like opacities). METHODS: CLAD status and phenotypes were retrospectively determined in a cohort of all consecutive adult, first, bilateral lung transplants performed 2010-2015, with available BAL samples. All patients with RAS-related phenotypes were included and 1:1 matched with BOS patients based on the time from transplant to CLAD-onset. Subjects who were CLAD-free for a minimum of 3 years post-transplant were 1:1 matched to CLAD patients and included as controls. Proteins that maintain the barrier function of the airway epithelial mucosa (club cell secretory protein, surfactant protein-D and epithelial mucins: MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC16), as well as epithelial cell death markers (M30&M65 representing epithelial cell apoptosis and overall death, respectively), were measured in BAL obtained within 6-months post CLAD onset using a double-sandwich ELISA or a multiplex bead assay. Protein levels were compared using Mann-Whitney-U-test. Association between protein levels and graft survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for CMV serology mismatch status and CLAD phenotype. RESULTS: Fifty-four CLAD (27 BOS, 11 RAS, 7 mixed, 9 others with RAS-like opacities) patients and 23 CLAD-free controls were included. Median BAL levels were significantly higher in patients with CLAD compared to CLAD-free controls for M30 (124.5 vs 88.7 U/L), MUC1 (6.8 vs 3.2 pg/mL), and MUC16 (121.0 vs 30.1 pg/mL). When comparing CLAD phenotypes, M30 was significantly higher in patients with RAS-related phenotypes than BOS (160.9 vs 114.6 U/L). In multivariable models, higher M30 and MUC5B levels were associated with decreased allograft survival after CLAD onset independent of phenotype (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Airway epithelial mucins and cell death markers are enhanced in the BAL of patients with CLAD and can assist in differentiating between CLAD phenotypes and post-CLAD outcomes. Abnormal airway mucin expression and epithelial cell death may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLAD, and therefore their detection may aid in future selection of targeted therapies.
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Síndrome de Bronquiolitis Obliterante , Bronquiolitis Obliterante , Trasplante de Pulmón , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Bronquiolitis Obliterante/etiología , Pulmón , Trasplante de Pulmón/efectos adversos , Fenotipo , AloinjertosRESUMEN
Background: Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the leading cause of poor long-term survival after lung transplantation (LT). Systems prediction of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (SysCLAD) aimed to predict CLAD. Methods: To predict CLAD, we investigated the clinicome of patients with LT; the exposome through assessment of airway microbiota in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and air pollution studies; the immunome with works on activation of dendritic cells, the role of T cells to promote the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9, and subpopulations of T and B cells; genome polymorphisms; blood transcriptome; plasma proteome studies and assessment of MSK1 expression. Results: Clinicome: the best multivariate logistic regression analysis model for early-onset CLAD in 422 LT eligible patients generated a ROC curve with an area under the curve of 0.77. Exposome: chronic exposure to air pollutants appears deleterious on lung function levels in LT recipients (LTRs), might be modified by macrolides, and increases mortality. Our findings established a link between the lung microbial ecosystem, human lung function, and clinical stability post-transplant. Immunome: a decreased expression of CLEC1A in human lung transplants is predictive of the development of chronic rejection and associated with a higher level of interleukin 17A; Immune cells support airway remodeling through the production of plasma MMP-9 levels, a potential predictive biomarker of CLAD. Blood CD9-expressing B cells appear to favor the maintenance of long-term stable graft function and are a potential new predictive biomarker of BOS-free survival. An early increase of blood CD4 + CD57 + ILT2+ T cells after LT may be associated with CLAD onset. Genome: Donor Club cell secretory protein G38A polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of severe primary graft dysfunction after LT. Transcriptome: blood POU class 2 associating factor 1, T-cell leukemia/lymphoma domain, and B cell lymphocytes, were validated as predictive biomarkers of CLAD phenotypes more than 6 months before diagnosis. Proteome: blood A2MG is an independent predictor of CLAD, and MSK1 kinase overexpression is either a marker or a potential therapeutic target in CLAD. Conclusion: Systems prediction of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction generated multiple fingerprints that enabled the development of predictors of CLAD. These results open the way to the integration of these fingerprints into a predictive handprint.
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Lung transplantation (LTx) is a steadily expanding field. The considerable developments have been driven over the years by indefatigable work conducted at LTx centers to improve donor and recipient selection, combined with multifaceted efforts to overcome challenges raised by the surgical procedure, perioperative care, and long-term medical complications. One consequence has been a pruning away of contraindications over time, which has, in some ways, complicated the patient selection process. The Francophone Pulmonology Society (Société de Pneumology de Langue Française, SPLF) set up a task force to produce up-to-date working guidelines designed to assist pulmonologists in managing end-stage respiratory insufficiency, determining which patients may be eligible for LTx, and appropriately timing LTx-center referral. The task force examined the most recent literature and evaluated the risk factors that limit patient survival after LTx. Ideally, the objectives of LTx are to prolong life while also improving quality of life. The guidelines developed by the task force apply to a limited resource and are consistent with the ethical principles described below.
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Trasplante de Pulmón , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Francia/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , ContraindicacionesRESUMEN
QUESTION ADDRESSED BY THE STUDY: Do three coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses induce a serological response in lung transplant recipients? METHODS: We retrospectively included 1071 adults (551 (52%) males) at nine transplant centres in France. Each had received three COVID-19 vaccine doses in 2021, after lung transplantation. An anti-spike protein IgG response, defined as a titre >264â BAU·mL-1 after the third dose (median (interquartile range (IQR)) 3.0 (1.7-4.1)â months), was the primary outcome and adverse events were the secondary outcomes. Median (IQR) age at the first vaccine dose was 54 (40-63)â years and median (IQR) time from transplantation to the first dose was 64 (30-110)â months. RESULTS: Median (IQR) follow-up after the first dose was 8.3 (6.7-9.3)â months. A vaccine response developed in 173 (16%) patients. Factors independently associated with a response were younger age at vaccination, longer time from transplantation to vaccination and absence of corticosteroid or mycophenolate therapy. After vaccination, 51 (5%) patients (47 non-responders (47/898 (5%)) and four (4/173 (2%)) responders) experienced COVID-19, at a median (IQR) of 6.6 (5.1-7.3)â months after the third dose. No responders had severe COVID-19 compared with 15 non-responders, including six who died of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Few lung transplant recipients achieved a serological response to three COVID-19 vaccine doses, indicating a need for other protective measures. Older age and use of mycophenolate or corticosteroids were associated with absence of a response. The low incidence of COVID-19 might reflect vaccine protection via cellular immunity and/or good adherence to shielding measures.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adulto , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Receptores de Trasplantes , COVID-19/prevención & control , Estudios Retrospectivos , PulmónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that lung transplant recipients (LTR) develop a poor response to two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, but data regarding the third dose are lacking. We investigated the antibody response after three doses of mRNA vaccine in LTR and its predictive factors. METHODS: A total of 136 LTR, including 10 LTR previously infected and 126 COVID-19-naive LTR, were followed during and after three doses of mRNA vaccine. We retrospectively measured anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG response and neutralizing antibodies. In a posthoc analysis, we used a multivariate logistic regression model to assess the association between vaccine response and patient characteristics, including viral DNA load (VL) of the ubiquitous Torque teno virus (TTV) (optimal cut-off set by ROC curve analysis), which reflects the overall immunosuppression. RESULTS: After 3 doses, 47/126 (37.3%) COVID-19-naive LTR had positive anti-RBD IgG (responders) and 14/126 (11.1%) had antibody titers above 264 Binding Antibody Units/mL. None neutralized the omicron variant versus 7 of the 10 previously infected LTR. Nonresponse was associated with TTV VL ≥6.2 log10 copies/mL before vaccination (Odds Ratio (OR) = 17.87, 95% confidence interval (CI95) = 3.02-105.72), mycophenolate treatment (OR = 4.73, CI95 = 1.46-15.34) and BNT162b2 (n = 34; vs mRNA-1273, n = 101) vaccine (OR = 6.72, CI95 = 1.75-25.92). In second dose non-responders, TTV VL ≥6.2 or <3.2 log10 copies/mL before the third dose was associated with low (0/19) and high (9/10) rates of seroconversion. CONCLUSION: COVID-19-naive LTR respond poorly to three doses of mRNA vaccine, especially those with high TTV VL. Future studies could further evaluate this biomarker as a guide for vaccine strategies.
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COVID-19 , Torque teno virus , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Formación de Anticuerpos , Vacuna BNT162 , Biomarcadores , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , ADN Viral , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Pulmón , ARN Mensajero , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Torque teno virus/genética , Receptores de Trasplantes , Vacunas Sintéticas , Vacunas de ARNmRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To define benchmark cutoffs for redo liver transplantation (redo-LT). BACKGROUND: In the era of organ shortage, redo-LT is frequently discussed in terms of expected poor outcome and wasteful resources. However, there is a lack of benchmark data to reliably evaluate outcomes after redo-LT. METHODS: We collected data on redo-LT between January 2010 and December 2018 from 22 high-volume transplant centers. Benchmark cases were defined as recipients with model of end stage liver disease (MELD) score ≤25, absence of portal vein thrombosis, no mechanical ventilation at the time of surgery, receiving a graft from a donor after brain death. Also, high-urgent priority and early redo-LT including those for primary nonfunction (PNF) or hepatic artery thrombosis were excluded. Benchmark cutoffs were derived from the 75th percentile of the medians of all benchmark centers. RESULTS: Of 1110 redo-LT, 373 (34%) cases qualified as benchmark cases. Among these cases, the rate of postoperative complications until discharge was 76%, and increased up to 87% at 1-year, respectively. One-year overall survival rate was excellent with 90%. Benchmark cutoffs included Comprehensive Complication Index CCI ® at 1-year of ≤72, and in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates of ≤13% and ≤15%, respectively. In contrast, patients who received a redo-LT for PNF showed worse outcomes with some values dramatically outside the redo-LT benchmarks. CONCLUSION: This study shows that redo-LT achieves good outcome when looking at benchmark scenarios. However, this figure changes in high-risk redo-LT, as for example in PNF. This analysis objectifies for the first-time results and efforts for redo-LT and can serve as a basis for discussion about the use of scarce resources.
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Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal , Trasplante de Hígado , Obtención de Tejidos y Órganos , Benchmarking , Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal/cirugía , Supervivencia de Injerto , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic significantly has impacted the medical community. When infected with SARS-CoV-2, most of the patients developed bilateral pneumonia. We have herein presented the atypical case of a patient who developed unilateral SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, affecting only the second lung allograft re-transplanted (re-LTX). CASE PRESENTATION: A SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in a 2-dose vaccinated patient with LTx with a history of second unilateral lung transplantation performed after an end-stage bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. The first symptoms started with a flu-like syndrome, and the patient's clinical condition worsened with nonsevere acute respiratory failure requiring conventional oxygen therapy. Treatment consisted in administrating specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies along with probabilistic antibiotherapy, anticoagulation, and steroids. On day 7, the patient was discharged from hospital. We aimed to assess this atypical unilateral pneumonia based on different explorations. A ventilation scintigraphy showed a severe ventilation decrease owing to end-stage bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome within the left first allograft, which may be associated with asymmetrical virus diffusion between the 2 lungs. We did not identify any other relevant differences with respect to the 2 donors' clinical characteristics. Using specific immunohistochemistry staining against angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor, the main known receptor for SARS-CoV-2 binding on airway epithelial cells, no staining difference was observed between the 2 lung biopsies that were collected at re-LTx from each lung. CONCLUSIONS: With the present case report, we aimed to highlight how this kind of unusual presentation may be caused by the difference of ventilation between the 2 lungs.
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Bronquiolitis Obliterante , COVID-19 , Gripe Humana , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales , Neumonía por Mycoplasma , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Anticoagulantes , Bronquiolitis Obliterante/patología , Humanos , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/patología , Oxígeno , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Lung transplant recipients experience episodes of immune-mediated acute lung allograft dysfunction (ALAD). ALAD episodes are a risk factor for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), the major cause of death after lung transplantation. Our objective was to determine key cellular elements in dysfunctional lung allografts, with a focus on macrophages. METHODS: We have applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to bronchoalveolar lavage cells from stable and ALAD patients and to cells from explanted CLAD lung tissue. RESULTS: We identified 2 alveolar macrophage (AM) subsets uniquely represented in ALAD. Using pathway analysis and differentially expressed genes, we annotated these as pro-inflammatory interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) and metallothionein-mediated inflammatory (MT) AMs. Functional analysis of an independent set of AMs in vitro revealed that ALAD AMs exhibited a higher expression of CXCL10, a marker of ISG AMs, and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to AMs from stable patients. Using publicly available bronchoalveolar lavage scRNAseq datasets, we found that ISG and MT AMs are associated with more severe inflammation in COVID-19 patients. Analysis of cells from 4 explanted CLAD lungs revealed similar macrophage populations. Donor and recipient cells were identified using expressed single nucleotide variations. We demonstrated contributions of donor and recipient cells to all AM subsets early post-transplant, with loss of donor-derived cells over time. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal extensive heterogeneity among lung macrophages after lung transplantation and indicates that specific sub-populations may be associated with allograft dysfunction, raising the possibility that these cells may represent important therapeutic targets.
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COVID-19 , Trasplante de Pulmón , Humanos , Interferones , Metalotioneína/genética , Rechazo de Injerto , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar , Trasplante de Pulmón/efectos adversos , Pulmón , Macrófagos Alveolares , AloinjertosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the main limitation to long-term survival following lung transplantation. Several studies generated promising results regarding the efficacy of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) in BOS management. We aimed to compare FEV1 evolution in ECP-treated versus non-ECP treated patients among BOS recipients. METHODS: Overall, 25 BOS patients were included after receiving optimized treatment. Data were collected retrospectively. Twelve patients with moderate and refractory BOS received ECP treatment. RESULTS: Among non-ECP treated control patients (n = 13), six experienced persistent decline without undergoing ECP for various reasons. ECP stabilized pre-ECP lung function during the subsequent 6 to 24 months (repeated measures one-way Anova, p = 0.002), without any significant impact observed by either FEV1 decline speed prior to ECP or time between BOS diagnosis and ECP onset. ECP-treated patients displayed a similar risk of an additional permanent 20% or higher drop in FEV1 after BOS onset compared to controls, but a lower risk compared to control decliners (p = 0.05). ECP quickly stabilized FEV1 decline in refractory BOS patients compared to non-treated decliners. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that this therapeutic option against refractory BOS can be managed in a medium-size LTx center, with a satisfactory efficacy and an acceptable tolerance.
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Bronquiolitis Obliterante , Trasplante de Pulmón , Fotoféresis , Bronquiolitis Obliterante/etiología , Bronquiolitis Obliterante/terapia , Humanos , Trasplante de Pulmón/efectos adversos , Fotoféresis/efectos adversos , Fotoféresis/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , SíndromeRESUMEN
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a common complication of cystic fibrosis (CF), and restoring metabolic control in these patients may improve their management after lung transplantation. In this multicenter, prospective, phase 1-2 trial, we evaluate the feasibility and metabolic efficacy of combined pancreatic islet-lung transplantation from a single donor in patients with CFRD, terminal respiratory failure, and poorly controlled diabetes. Islets were infused via the portal vein under local anesthesia, 1 week after lung transplantation. At 1 year, the primary outcome was transplant success as evaluated by a composite score including four parameters (weight, fasting glycemia, HbA1c, and insulin requirements). Ten participants (age: 24 years [17-31], diabetes duration: 8 years [4-12]) received a combined islet-lung transplant with 2892 IEQ/kg [2293-6185]. Transplant success was achieved in 7 out of 10 participants at 1-year post transplant. Fasting plasma C-peptide increased from 0.91 µg/L [0.56-1.29] to 1.15 µg/L [0.77-2.2], HbA1c decreased from 7.8% [6.5-8.3] (62 mmol/mol [48-67]) to 6.7% [5.5-8.0] (50 mmol/mol [37-64]), with 38% decrease in daily insulin doses. No complications related to the islet injection procedure were reported. In this pilot study, combined pancreatic islet-lung transplantation restored satisfactory metabolic control and pulmonary function in patients with CF, without increasing the morbidity of lung transplantation.
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Fibrosis Quística , Diabetes Mellitus , Trasplante de Islotes Pancreáticos , Islotes Pancreáticos , Trasplante de Pulmón , Adulto , Fibrosis Quística/complicaciones , Fibrosis Quística/cirugía , Estudios de Factibilidad , Hemoglobina Glucada , Humanos , Insulina , Trasplante de Islotes Pancreáticos/métodos , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phenotyping chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in single lung transplant (SLTX) is challenging, due to the native lung contribution to pulmonary function test (PFT). We aimed to assess the applicability and prognostic performance of International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) classification in SLTX. METHODS: In this retrospective study of adult, first, SLTX performed 2009-2017, patients with persistent drop in FEV1≥20% were assessed by 2 independent adjudicators to determine CLAD status and phenotype. Interobserver agreement (IOA) was calculated (Cohen's Kappa) for CLAD, phenotype and presence of RAS (resttrictive allograft syndrome)-like opacities (RLO). Association of CLAD phenotypes with time to death or retransplant (ReTx), adjusted for age at SLTX, sex, CMV mismatch and native lung condition, were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Of 172 SLTX recipients, 92 experienced a persistent drop in FEV1>20%. Following adjudication, 67 were diagnosed with CLAD. We noted a moderate IOA for CLAD diagnosis (Kappa 0.69) and poor IOA for phenotype adjudication (Kappa 0.52). The final phenotype adjudication was 31 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) (46.3%), 13 RAS (19.4%), 2 mixed (3%), 2 Undefined (3%), and 19 remained Unclassified (28.3%). Using these adjudicated phenotypes, RAS was significantly associated with a higher risk of death/ReTx compared to other groups (HR 2.98, 95%CI [1.39-6.4]). The adjudication of RLO had the best IOA (Kappa 0.73). The presence of RLO was a strong predictor of death or ReTx (HR 2.37, 95%CI [1.2-4.5]), regardless of the final phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: PFT interpretation is challenging in SLTX. A classification essentially relying on imaging, which harbored good IOA, obtained better prognostic performance than a classification using published physiological cut-offs.