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The post-nutritional intervention modulation of miRNA expression has been previously investigated; however, post-acute dietary-ingestion-related miRNA expression dynamics in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are unknown. We aimed to determine the acute effects of protein ingestion from different dietary sources on the postprandial metabolic response, amino acid levels, and circulating miRNA expression in adults with obesity and IR. This clinical trial included adults with obesity and IR who consumed (1) animal-source protein (AP; calcium caseinate) or (2) vegetable-source protein (VP; soy protein isolate). Glycaemic, insulinaemic, and glucagon responses, amino acid levels, and exosomal microRNAs isolated from plasma were analysed. Post-AP ingestion, the area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (p = 0.04) and the plasma concentrations of branched-chain (p = 0.007) and gluconeogenic (p = 0.01) amino acids increased. The effects of different types of proteins on the concentration of miRNAs were evaluated by measuring their plasma circulating levels. Compared with the baseline, the AP group presented increased circulating levels of miR-27a-3p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-122-5p (p < 0.05). Subsequent analysis over time at 0, 30, and 60 min revealed the same pattern and differences between treatments. We demonstrated that a single dose of dietary protein has acute effects on hormonal and metabolic regulation and increases exosomal miRNA expression in individuals with obesity and IR.
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Aminoácidos , MicroARN Circulante , Proteínas en la Dieta , Resistencia a la Insulina , Obesidad , Periodo Posprandial , Humanos , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/dietoterapia , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/metabolismo , Femenino , Adulto , MicroARN Circulante/sangre , MicroARN Circulante/genética , Aminoácidos/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Insulina/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , MicroARNs/sangre , MicroARNs/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in monocytes during obesity and contributes to a low-grade inflammatory state; therefore, maintaining good mitochondrial conditions is a key aspect of maintaining health. Dietary interventions are primary strategies for treating obesity, but little is known about their impact on monocyte bioenergetics. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of calorie restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), a ketogenic diet (KD), and an ad libitum habitual diet (AL) on mitochondrial function in monocytes and its modulation by the gut microbiota. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in which individuals with obesity were assigned to one of the 4 groups for 1 month. Subsequently, the subjects received rifaximin and continued with the assigned diet for another month. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was evaluated in isolated monocytes, as was the gut microbiota composition in feces and anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Forty-four subjects completed the study, and those who underwent CR, IF and KD interventions had an increase in the maximal respiration OCR (p = 0.025, n2p = 0.159 [0.05, 0.27] 95% confidence interval) in monocytes compared to that in the AL group. The improvement in mitochondrial function was associated with a decrease in monocyte dependence on glycolysis after the IF and KD interventions. Together, diet and rifaximin increased the gut microbiota diversity in the IF and KD groups (p = 0.0001), enriched the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium faecium (p = 0.019) in the CR group and Ruminococcus bromii (p = 0.020) in the CR and KD groups, and reduced the abundance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria after CR, IF and KD interventions compared to the AL group at the end of the study according to ANCOVA with covariate adjustment. Spearman's correlation between the variables measured highlighted LPS as a potential modulator of the observed effects. In line with this findings, serum LPS and intracellular signaling in monocytes decreased with the three interventions (CR, p = 0.002; IF, p = 0.001; and KD, p = 0.001) compared to those in the AL group at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that these dietary interventions positively regulate mitochondrial bioenergetic health and improve the metabolic profile of monocytes in individuals with obesity via modulation of the gut microbiota. Moreover, the evaluation of mitochondrial function in monocytes could be used as an indicator of metabolic and inflammatory status, with potential applications in future clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05200468).
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Restricción Calórica , Dieta Cetogénica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Mitocondrias , Monocitos , Obesidad , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Restricción Calórica/métodos , Dieta Cetogénica/métodos , Ayuno Intermitente , Lipopolisacáridos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Monocitos/metabolismo , Obesidad/dietoterapia , Obesidad/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Circulating concentration of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine are increased in subjects with insulin resistance, which could in part be attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes associated with amino acid metabolism. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for insulin resistance in young adults based on SNPs present in genes related to amino acid metabolism. We performed a cross-sectional study that included 452 subjects over 18 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed including measurement of serum amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination. Of these, ten were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only four were used to construct the GRS through multiple linear regression modeling. The GRS was calculated using the number of risk alleles of the SNPs in HGD, PRODH, DLD and SLC7A9 genes. Subjects with high GRS (≥ 0.836) had higher levels of glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower levels of arginine than subjects with low GRS (p < 0.05). The application of a GRS based on variants within genes associated to amino acid metabolism may be useful for the early identification of subjects at increased risk of insulin resistance.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Adulto Joven , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Estudios Transversales , Puntuación de Riesgo Genético , Alanina , ArgininaRESUMEN
The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) and its association with anthropometric indices in the Mexican population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 514 adults seen at a clinical research unit. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology/AACE/ACE criteria were used to diagnose ABCD by first identifying subjects with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and those with BMI of 23-24·9 kg/m2 and waist circumference ≥ 80 cm in women or ≥ 90 cm in men. The presence of metabolic and clinical complications associated with adiposity, such as factors related to metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension, were subsequently evaluated. Anthropometric indices related to cardiometabolic risk factors were then determined. The results showed the prevalence of ABCD was 87·4 % in total, 91·5 % in men and 86 % in women. The prevalence of ABCD stage 0 was 2·4 %, stage 1 was 33·7 % and stage 2 was 51·3 %. The prevalence of obesity according to BMI was 57·6 %. The waist/hip circumference index (prevalence ratio (PR) = 7·57; 95 % CI 1·52, 37·5) and the conicity index (PR = 3·46; 95 % CI 1·34, 8·93) were better predictors of ABCD, while appendicular skeletal mass % and skeletal muscle mass % decreased the risk of developing ABCD (PR = 0·93; 95 % CI 0·90, 0·96; and PR = 0·95; 95 % CI 0·93, 0·98). In conclusion, the prevalence of ABCD in our study was 87·4 %. This prevalence increased with age. It is important to emphasise that one out of two subjects had severe obesity-related complications (ABCD stage 2).
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Adulto , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Adiposidad , Índice de Masa Corporal , Prevalencia , Antropometría , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Enfermedad Crónica , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The loss of function melanocortin 4-receptor (MC4R) Ile269Asn mutation has been proposed as one of the most important genetic contributors to obesity in the Mexican population. However, whether patients bearing this mutation respond differently to weight loss treatments is unknown. We tested the association of this mutation with obesity in 1683 Mexican adults, and compared the response of mutation carriers and non-carriers to three different weight loss interventions: dietary restriction intervention, phentermine 30 mg/day treatment, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. The Ile269Asn mutation was associated with obesity [OR = 3.8, 95% CI (1.5-9.7), p = 0.005]. Regarding interventions, in the dietary restriction group only two patients were MC4R Ile269Asn mutation carriers. After 1 month of treatment, both mutation carriers lost weight: -4.0 kg (-2.9%) in patient 1, and -1.8 kg (-1.5%) in patient 2; similar to the mean weight loss observed in six non-carrier subjects (-2.9 kg; -2.8%). Phentermine treatment produced similar weight loss in six carriers (-12.7 kg; 15.5%) and 18 non-carriers (-11.3 kg; 13.6%) after 6 months of pharmacological treatment. RYGB also caused similar weight loss in seven carriers (29.9%) and 24 non-carriers (27.8%), 6 months after surgery. Our findings suggest that while the presence of a single MC4R loss of function Ile269Asn allele significantly increases obesity risk, the presence of at least one functional MC4R allele seems sufficient to allow short-term weight loss in response to dietary restriction, phentermine and RYGB. Thus, these three different interventions may be useful for the short-term treatment of obesity in MC4R Ile269Asn mutation carriers.
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Cirugía Bariátrica , Fentermina , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4 , Adulto , Humanos , Mutación , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/cirugía , Pérdida de Peso/genética , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the contribution of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) to MALAT1 expression in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pSS patients and healthy blood donors were stimulated with recombinant human IFN-α, and the expression levels of MALAT1 and several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were measured by RT-PCR, while supernatant levels of interferon-regulated chemokines were measured using multiplex cytokine immunobead assay. RESULTS: In this work, we found that MALAT1 expression levels were increased in IFN-α-stimulated PBMC from pSS patients and healthy controls. As expected, ISG expression levels and interferon-regulated chemokine secretion levels were higher after IFN-α stimulation. However, the fold-change values for ISG15, Ly6E, OAS1, and OASL expression levels were higher in cells from pSS patients than in controls. Similarly, PBMC from pSS patients produced higher concentrations of chemokines than those from healthy controls after IFN-α stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide insights into the abnormal IFN-α-mediated regulation of the lncRNA MALAT1 in pSS. Based on an unusually high capacity of PBMC to express ISG and to produce interferon-responsive chemokines, it is likely that targeted therapies to block these molecules may be of benefit to patients with pSS.
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ARN Largo no Codificante , Síndrome de Sjögren , Humanos , Interferón-alfa/farmacología , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Síndrome de Sjögren/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Sjögren/genética , Síndrome de Sjögren/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are considered markers of insulin resistance (IR) in subjects with obesity. In this study, we evaluated whether the presence of the SNP of the branched-chain aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) gene can modify the effect of a dietary intervention (DI) on the plasma concentration of BCAA in subjects with obesity and IR. A prospective cohort study of adult subjects with obesity, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≥ 2·5) no diagnosed chronic disease, underwent a DI with an energy restriction of 3140 kJ/d and nutritional education for 1 month. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood pressure, resting energy expenditure, oral glucose tolerance test results, serum biochemical parameters and the plasma amino acid profile were evaluated before and after the DI. SNP were assessed by the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. A total of eighty-two subjects were included, and fifteen subjects with a BCAT2 SNP had a greater reduction in leucine, isoleucine, valine and the sum of BCAA. Those subjects also had a greater reduction in skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass, total body water, blood pressure, muscle strength and biochemical parameters after 1 month of the DI and adjusting for age and sex. This study demonstrated that the presence of the BCAT2 SNP promotes a greater reduction in plasma BCAA concentration after adjusting for age and sex, in subjects with obesity and IR after a 1-month energy-restricted DI.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Proteínas Gestacionales , Adulto , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Aminoácidos de Cadena Ramificada , Obesidad/metabolismo , Transaminasas/genética , Proteínas Gestacionales/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad MenorRESUMEN
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a complex etiology. Various genetic factors are associated with susceptibility to developing SLE and contribute to its onset and progression. Different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with SLE in several populations. The rs12979860 SNP in interferon lambda 3/4 (IFNλ3/4) is significantly associated with SLE susceptibility in patients negative for nephritis in Taiwanese people, and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are differentially expressed in normal liver by the rs12979860 genotype. This study aimed to investigate whether rs12979860 is associated with the presence of SLE and lupus nephritis in Mexican individuals as well as with the expression of several ISGs in SLE patients. In total, 439 SLE patients and 358 healthy donors were genotyped for rs12979860 using real-time PCR, and allelic discrimination plots were constructed. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the venous blood of SLE patients by centrifugation (n = 78). The mRNA levels of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase like (OASL), myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1), 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) were determined using real-time PCR. The distributions of rs12979860 genotypes and allele frequencies were compared between SLE patients and healthy donors; case-control analysis revealed that rs12979860 was not associated with SLE susceptibility (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.97-1.45, p = 0.08) or with the risk for lupus nephritis (OR 0.913, 95% CI 0.590-1.411, p = 0.682). However, OASL expression levels in PBMCs were significantly different between rs12979860 genotypes in SLE patients: median OASL mRNA levels were significantly higher in patients carrying the CC genotype (197.10, IQR 71.10-411.17) than in those with CT/TT genotypes (173.75, IQR 58.80-278.75, p = 0.016). Our results suggest that the SNP rs12979860 does not play a relevant role in susceptibility to SLE in Mexican individuals. However, IFNλ3/4 genotypes appear to be associated with OASL expression in PBMCs from patients with SLE.
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global death. Hypercholesterolemia is among the main risk factors for developing cardiovascular events, and is highly prevalent in the Mexican population. The primary objective of the present work was to assess the effect of a dietary portfolio (DP) with functional foods containing dehydrated nopal, soy protein, chia seeds, inulin, and oats in LDL-C and TC concentrations of subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia. Also, we explored the changes in the profile of the lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). METHODS: Sixty-two subjects (47 women, 15 men) with mild hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C, ≥130 ≤ 190 mg/dL, TC > 200 mg/dL) completed the randomized, parallel, controlled study. The dietary intervention was given in two stages. First, a dietary standardization stage with a low saturated fat diet (LSFD) which matched the habitual energy intake of the volunteers for 2-weeks, followed by 2.5 months of dietary intervention with a LSFD plus placebo (PL) or DP. RESULTS: Subjects who consumed the LSFD + DP interventions had a significantly higher reduction of LDL-C (-18.05%, P = 0.003) and TC (-17.08%, P = 0.02) compared to volunteers who consumed an LSFD for the same period. Furthermore, the lipoprotein subclass profiling showed that the small low-density-lipoproteins, and the small high-density-lipoproteins significantly decreased (P = 0.04, P < 0.001, respectively), conveying a less atherogenic state. At the end of the study, 78% of the subjects who consumed LSFD + DP reduced their LDL-C below 160 mg/dL, and of these, 47% reduced it below 130 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results obtained from this study, the inclusion of functional foods as part of the lifestyle modifications is recommended to treat mild hypercholesterolemia and reduce cardiovascular risk. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT04148976.
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LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Hipercolesterolemia/dietoterapia , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Lipoproteínas/clasificación , Sobrepeso/sangre , Adulto , Femenino , Análisis de los Alimentos , Alimentos Funcionales , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The amino acid profile of young adults is modified by sex, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR). However, we do not know if age or the presence of specific polymorphisms in the genes of BCAT2 and BCKDH contribute to changes in the amino acid profile, especially in subjects with obesity. Therefore, we have evaluated the effect of age, the presence of IR and the polymorphisms of BCAT2 rs11548193 and BCKDH rs45500792 on the concentration of amino acids in subjects with obesity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 487 subjects with obesity. Participants underwent a physical examination in which their clinical history was obtained and a blood sample was taken for biochemical, hormonal, and DNA analysis. RESULTS: Adults <30 years old with obesity had higher levels of alanine, arginine, aspartate, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine and valine than adults ≥30 years old. Interestingly, regardless of age, we found that arginine, aspartate, serine decreased, while proline and tyrosine increased in the presence of IR; tyrosine and sum of branched-chain amino acids (∑BCAA) were the amino acids that increased in the presence of BCAT2 rs11548193 and BCKDH rs45500792 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the amino acid profiles of subjects with obesity are differentially modified by age, the presence of IR, and the presence of the BCAT2 rs11548193 and BCKDH rs45500792 polymorphisms.
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3-Metil-2-Oxobutanoato Deshidrogenasa (Lipoamida)/genética , Factores de Edad , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Menor/genética , Obesidad/genética , Proteínas Gestacionales/genética , Transaminasas/genética , 3-Metil-2-Oxobutanoato Deshidrogenasa (Lipoamida)/sangre , Adulto , Aminoácidos/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Menor/sangre , Obesidad/sangre , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Proteínas Gestacionales/sangre , Transaminasas/sangreRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We compared the effect of diets with different amounts and sources of dietary protein on insulin sensitivity (IS) in subjects with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: Eighty subjects with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and IR (Matsuda index < 4.3 and HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5) over 18 years old were randomized to four groups for a one-month period: a normal protein diet (< 20%) with a predominance of animal protein (Animal NP) or vegetable protein (Vegetable NP) and a high-protein diet (25-30%) with a predominance of animal protein (Animal HP) or vegetable protein (Vegetable HP). Baseline and final measurements of body weight, body composition, biochemical parameters, blood pressure (BP), resting energy expenditure and plasma amino acid profiles were performed. RESULTS: Body weight, BMI and waist circumference decreased in all groups. Interestingly, the IS improved more in the Animal HP (Matsuda index; 1.39 vs 2.58, P = 0.003) and in the Vegetable HP groups (Matsuda index; 1.44 vs 3.14, P < 0.0001) after one month. The fat mass, triglyceride levels, C-reactive protein levels and the leptin/adiponectin index decreased; while, the skeletal muscle mass increased in the Animal and Vegetable HP groups. The BP decreased in all groups except the Animal NP group. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that a high-protein hypocaloric diets improves IS by 60-90% after one month in subjects with obesity and IR, regardless of weight loss and the source of protein, either animal or vegetable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03627104), August 13, 2018.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Adolescente , Índice de Masa Corporal , Dieta Reductora , Proteínas en la Dieta , Humanos , Obesidad , Pérdida de PesoRESUMEN
We appreciate the interest of Dr [...].
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Clostridiaceae , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fabaceae , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Resistencia a la Insulina , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Nutrición/inmunología , Butiratos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Fermentación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , HumanosRESUMEN
There is limited information on the effect of black beans (BB) as a source of protein and resistant starch on the intestinal microbiota. The purpose of the present work was to study the effect of cooked black beans with and without high fat and sugar (HF + S) in the diet on body composition, energy expenditure, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, NF-κB, occluding and insulin signaling in a rat model and the area under the curve for glucose, insulin and incretins in healthy subjects. The consumption of BB reduced the percentage of body fat, the area under the curve of glucose, serum leptin, LPS, glucose and insulin concentrations and increased energy expenditure even in the presence of HF + S. These results could be mediated in part by modification of the gut microbiota, by increasing a cluster of bacteria in the Clostridia class, mainly R. bromii, C. eutactus, R. callidus, R. flavefaciens and B. pullicaecorum and by an increase in the concentration of fecal butyrate. In conclusion, the consumption of BB can be recommended to prevent insulin resistance and metabolic endotoxemia by modifying the gut microbiota. Finally, the groups fed BB showed lower abundance of hepatic FMO-3, even with a high-fat diet protecting against the production of TMAO and obesity.
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Clostridiales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fabaceae , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Resistencia a la Insulina , Animales , Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Butiratos/metabolismo , Endotoxemia/prevención & control , Metabolismo Energético , Glucosa/metabolismo , Voluntarios Sanos , Leptina/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Modelos Animales , Oxigenasas/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Espondilitis Anquilosante/microbiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemias. Previous studies demonstrated that genistein intake modifies the gut microbiota in mice by selectively increasing Akkermansia muciniphila, leading to reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity. However, it is not known whether the consumption of genistein in humans with obesity could modify the gut microbiota reducing the metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: 45 participants with a Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index greater than 2.5 and body mass indices of ≥30 and≤40 kg/m2 were studied. Patients were randomly distributed to consume (1) placebo treatment or (2) genistein capsules (50 mg/day) for 2 months. Blood samples were taken to evaluate glucose concentration, lipid profile and serum insulin. Insulin resistance was determined by means of the HOMA for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and by an oral glucose tolerance test. After 2 months, the same variables were assessed including a serum metabolomic analysis, gut microbiota, and a skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained to study the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation. RESULTS: In the present study, we show that the consumption of genistein for 2 months reduced insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, accompanied by a modification of the gut microbiota taxonomy, particularly by an increase in the Verrucomicrobia phylum. In addition, subjects showed a reduction in metabolic endotoxemia and an increase in 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. As a result, there was an increase in circulating metabolites of ß-oxidation and ω-oxidation, acyl-carnitines and ketone bodies. CONCLUSIONS: Change in the gut microbiota was accompanied by an improvement in insulin resistance and an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, genistein could be used as a part of dietary strategies to control the abnormalities associated with obesity, particularly insulin resistance; however, long-term studies are needed.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Fármacos Antiobesidad/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Genisteína/administración & dosificación , Resistencia a la Insulina , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/microbiología , Método Doble Ciego , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], a component of the renin angiotensin system, is a vasodilator that exerts its effects primarily through the Mas receptor. The discovery of the Mas receptor in white adipose tissue (WAT) suggests an additional role for this peptide. The aim of the present study was to assess whether Ang-(1-7) can induce the expression of thermogenic genes in white adipose tissue and increase mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: Stromal Vascular fraction (SVF)-derived from mice adipose tissue was stimulated for one week with Ang-(1-7), then expression of beige markers and mitochondrial respiration were assessed. Mas+/+ and Mas-/- mice fed a control diet or a high fat-sucrose diet (HFSD) were exposed to a short or long term infusion of Ang-(1-7) and body weight, body fat, energy expenditure, cold resistance and expression of beige markers were assessed. Also, transgenic rats overexpressing Ang-(1-7) were fed with a control diet or a high fat-sucrose diet and the same parameters were assessed. Ang-(1-7) circulating levels from human subjects with different body mass index (BMI) or age were measured. RESULTS: Incubation of adipocytes derived from SVF with Ang-(1-7) increased the expression of beige markers. Infusion of Ang-(1-7) into lean and obese Mas+/+mice also induced the expression of Ucp1 and some beige markers, an effect not observed in Mas-/- mice. Mas-/- mice had increased body weight gain and decreased cold resistance, whereas rats overexpressing Ang-(1-7) showed the opposite effects. Overexpressing rats exposed to cold developed new thermogenic WAT in the anterior interscapular area. Finally, in human subjects the higher the BMI, low circulating concentration of Ang-(1-7) levels were detected. Similarly, the circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) peptide were reduced with age. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that Ang-(1-7) stimulates beige markers and thermogenesis via the Mas receptor, and this evidence suggests a potential therapeutic use to induce thermogenesis of WAT, particularly in obese subjects that have reduced circulating concentration of Ang-(1-7).
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Tejido Adiposo Beige/efectos de los fármacos , Angiotensina I/farmacología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/fisiología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiología , Termogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Adiposo Beige/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/metabolismo , Adulto , Animales , Respiración de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Respiración de la Célula/genética , Células Cultivadas , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/patología , Proto-Oncogenes Mas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Ratas , Ratas Transgénicas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Termogénesis/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Accurate predictive equations of resting energy expenditure (REE) are crucial in devising nutritional strategies to manage overweight/obesity, especially in countries where these are highly prevalent. REE is the most common measurement used to estimate energy requirements in the nutritional context; the most accurate method of measuring REE is indirect calorimetry (IC). However, this method is costly and often rarely feasible in many clinical settings. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a new equation for predicting REE in adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study including 410 men and women with overweight and obesity (20-60 y). Participants were randomly assigned; the development group included 200 subjects and the validation group 210 subjects. The new predictive equation was derived using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The accuracy of the new equation was compared to several existing predictive equations (PEs). The accuracy rate was calculated as the percentage of subjects whose REE-PE was within ±10% of the REE-IC. REE was measured by IC and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: One predictive equation was developed (NEQ) in which weight was the strongest predictor of REE. Compared with others predicted equations already using, the new designed equation showed the less mean bias (Kj/day): NEQ: 25.7, Valencia:129, WHO/FAO/United Nations University: 270, Mifflin-St Jeor: 308, Owen: -808, Carrasco: -1097, Korth: -36.4, Johnstone: -375, Livingstone: -315, De Lorenzo: -28.3, Lazzer: -123, Muller: -145, Huang: -399 and Bernstein: -1335. CONCLUSIONS: The present equation had the highest predictive accuracy in subjects with overweight or obesity compared with the previous equations derived from different populations. Thus, these new equation can be used to assist the nutritional management of these subjects.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Sobrepeso/fisiopatología , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Calorimetría Indirecta , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Estadísticos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Current efforts are directed to reducing the gut dysbiosis and inflammation produced by obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether consuming nopal, a vegetable rich in dietary fibre, vitamin C, and polyphenols can reduce the metabolic consequences of obesity by modifying the gut microbiota and preventing metabolic endotoxemia in rats fed a high fat and sucrose diet. With this aim, rats were fed a high fat diet with 5% sucrose in the drinking water (HFS) for 7 months and then were fed for 1 month with HFS + 5% nopal (HFS + N). The composition of gut microbiota was assessed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Nopal modified gut microbiota and increased intestinal occludin-1 in the HFS + N group. This was associated with a decrease in metabolic endotoxemia, glucose insulinotropic peptide, glucose intolerance, lipogenesis, and metabolic inflexibility. These changes were accompanied by reduced hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in adipose tissue and brain, and improved cognitive function, associated with an increase in B. fragilis. This study supports the use of nopal as a functional food and prebiotic for its ability to modify gut microbiota and to reduce metabolic endotoxemia and other obesity-related biochemical abnormalities.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Endotoxemia/prevención & control , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/metabolismo , Opuntia/química , Preparaciones de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Sacarosa/efectos adversos , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Endotoxemia/inducido químicamente , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Preparaciones de Plantas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Ratas , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodosRESUMEN
Nopal is a plant used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat diabetes. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence to demonstrate whether nopal can regulate postprandial glucose. The purpose for conducting this study was to evaluate the glycemic index, insulinemic index, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) index, and the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) index, and the effect of nopal on patients with type 2 diabetes after consumption of a high-carbohydrate breakfast (HCB) or high-soy-protein breakfast (HSPB) on the postprandial response of glucose, insulin, GIP, GLP-1, and antioxidant activity. In study 1, the glycemic index, insulinemic index, GIP index, and GLP-1 index were calculated for seven healthy participants who consumed 50 g of available carbohydrates from glucose or dehydrated nopal. In study 2, 14 patients with type 2 diabetes consumed nopal in HCB or HSPB with or without 300 g steamed nopal. The glycemic index of nopal was 32.5±4, insulinemic index was 36.1±6, GIP index was 6.5±3.0, and GLP-1 index was 25.9±18. For those patients with type 2 diabetes who consumed the HCB+nopal, there was significantly lower area under the curve for glucose (287±30) than for those who consumed the HCB only (443±49), and lower incremental area under the curve for insulin (5,952±833 vs 7,313±1,090), and those patients with type 2 diabetes who consumed the HSPB avoided postprandial blood glucose peaks. Consumption of the HSPB+nopal significantly reduced the postprandial peaks of GIP concentration at 30 and 45 minutes and increased the antioxidant activity after 2 hours measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidracyl method. These findings suggest that nopal could reduce postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin, and plasma GIP peaks, as well as increase antioxidant activity in healthy people and patients with type 2 diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/análisis , Desayuno , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Polipéptido Inhibidor Gástrico/sangre , Hiperglucemia/prevención & control , Hiperinsulinismo/prevención & control , Opuntia , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Femenino , Alimentos en Conserva/análisis , Alimentos Funcionales/análisis , Índice Glucémico , Humanos , Incretinas/sangre , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Opuntia/química , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles/uso terapéutico , Periodo Posprandial , Proteínas de Soja/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To establish the school eating habits of Mexican children, who are prone to obesity and later to high rates of adult chronic diseases. DESIGN: Questionnaires for students and parents with staff questionnaires and interviews. SETTING: Randomly sampled schools in a socio-economically representative district of Mexico City. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 1504 adolescents aged 10-19 years attending schools in Mexico City, 27 teachers and seven headmasters, sampled from both public and private schools and from the full range of socio-economic groups. RESULTS: Foods brought from home were of a higher nutritional quality than those purchased at school, where purchases were dominated by crisps, soft drinks and other items with high energy density. Girls were more inclined to purchase inappropriately; those from poorer homes purchased less. Private-school students irrespective of socio-economic grade brought more food from home and purchased more expensive food at school. School policies allowed food and drink vendors to market any products within the schools, which benefited financially from these activities. CONCLUSIONS: Current school food policies are conducive to amplifying the current epidemic of obesity and related adult chronic diseases, and need to change.