RESUMEN
Most modern wound dressings assist the wound-healing process. In contrast, conventional wound dressings have limited antibacterial activity and promote sporadic fibroblast growth. Therefore, wound dressings with prolonged substance release must be improved. This research aimed to develop hydrogel films. These were synthesized from alginate and pectin, incorporated with mangosteen extract (ME), and encapsulated in niosomes (ME-loaded niosomes). Subsequently, we examined the in vitro release and physical characteristics of ME-loaded niosomes. These characteristics included particle pH, size, charge, polydispersity index (PDI), and drug loading properties. These properties included drug loading content (DLC), entrapment efficiency (EE), and yield (Y). Additionally, we examined the swelling ratio and biological characteristics of the hydrogel film. These characteristics included antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity (L929), cell attachment to the tested materials, cell migration, hemocompatibility, and in vivo irritation. Significant results were obtained using a 2:1 niosome preparation containing Span60 and cholesterol. Ratio influenced size, charge, PDI, DLC, EE, and Y. The results were 225.5 ± 5.83 nm, negatively charged, 0.38, 16.2 ± 0.87%, 64.8 ± 3.49%, and 87.3 ± 3.09%, respectively. Additionally, the release of encapsulated ME was pH sensitive because 85% of the ME can be released at a pH of 5.5 within seven days and decrease to 70% at a pH of 7.4. The maximum swelling ratios of patches with 0.5% and 1% Ca2+ crosslinking were 867 wt% and 1,025 wt%, respectively, after 30 min. These results suggested that a medium dose (15 mg) of niosomal ME incorporated in a hydrogel film provided better bacterial inhibition, cell migration, and cell adhesion in an in vitro model. Additionally, no toxicity was observed in the fibroblasts and red blood cells. Therefore, given the above-mentioned advantages, this product can be a promising candidate for wound dressing applications.
RESUMEN
Natural polymer-based hydrogel films possess considerable potential for use in biomedical applications and are excellent for wound healing. The purpose of this research was to use ionic crosslinking to improve the mechanical characteristics, absorption of fluid in the wound, and drug release behavior of Cassia alata L. (CA) extract loaded niosomes (CANs) that were incorporated in an alginate-pectin film (A/P). Then, chemically crosslinked A/P hydrogels were obtained by immersing them in different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2) (0.5-1% w/v) for 15-120 s. The degree of crosslinking was controlled by both contact time and CaCl2 concentration. The optimal crosslinking conditions were 1% CaCl2 for 15 seconds. In this study, the following features of the hydrogel films were investigated: physical properties, morphological characteristics, drug loading, in vitro drug release, antibacterial activity, wound healing activity, cytocompatibility profiles, and hemocompatibility. The crosslinked hydrogel films maintained their physical integrity during use, with the 1% film attaining the best results in the shortest period (15 sec). Then, in vitro drug release from the films was examined. Crosslinking was observed to prolong the release of the CA extract from the hydrogel film. Finally, a cell viability experiment was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity profile. The A/P composite film exhibited excellent wound dressing qualities and good mechanical properties in preformulation testing. The in vitro drug release profile indicated that the A/P created a regulated drug release profile, and the cell viability experiment revealed that the film was nontoxic and hemocompatible. A/P composite films can be produced using CAN extract as a possible wound dressing. However, further studies in animals and humans are required to determine both safety and effectiveness.
