The use of microorganisms as beneficial crops for human and animal health has been studied for decades, and these microorganisms have been in practical use for quite some time. Nowadays, in addition to well-known examples of beneficial properties of lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, selected Bacillus spp., and yeasts, there are several other bacteria considered next-generation probiotics that have been proposed to improve host health. Aquaculture is a rapidly growing area that provides sustainable proteins for consumption by humans and other animals. Thus, there is a need to develop new technologies for the production practices associated with cleaner and environment-friendly approaches. It is a well-known fact that proper selection of the optimal probiotics for use in aquaculture is an essential step to ensure effectiveness and safety. In this critical review, we discuss the evaluation of host-specific probiotics in aquaculture, challenges in using probiotics in aquaculture, methods to improve the survival of probiotics under different environmental conditions, technological approach to improving storage, and delivery along with possible negative consequences of using probiotics in aquaculture. A critical analysis of the identified challenges for the use of beneficial microbes in aquaculture will help in sustainable aquafarming, leading to improved agricultural practices with a clear aim to increase protein production.
Infectious endocarditis (IE) is a contagious polyposis ulcerative inflammation of the endocardium, accompanied by lesions of the heart valve apparatus and endothelium by various pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens. Mainly mitral and aortic valves are affected, less often - tricuspid valve. The purpose of this study was to report two cases of IE in cats. Due to the low prevalence of the disease in cats, there is no clear diagnostic algorithm, so the diagnostic search is complicated. In both cases, autonomic lesions of the heart valve apparatus were observed. In the first clinical case, we could hardly diagnose the disease because of its rapid progression: initial echocardiogram result was normal, but after 48 hours, the cat's condition became much worse, and 18 hours later, it died. In the second case, histopathological examination confirmed an infectious inflammatory process of the endocardium and myocardium of unclear genesis. However, the presence of lower respiratory tract infection and the absence of additional laboratory tests, such as bacterial blood culture and PCR diagnosis, limited us in proposing a hypothesis about the origin and etiology of IE.
A endocardite infecciosa (EI) é uma polipose contagiosa inflamação ulcerativa do endocárdio, acompanhada de lesões do aparelho valvar cardíaco e do endotélio por diversos agentes patogênicos e oportunistas. Principalmente as válvulas mitral e aórtica são afetadas, com menos frequência a válvula tricúspide. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar dois casos de EI em gatos. Devido à baixa prevalência da doença em gatos, não existe um algoritmo diagnóstico claro, por isso a busca diagnóstica é complicada. Em ambos os casos foram observadas lesões autonômicas do aparelho valvar cardíaco. No primeiro caso clínico, dificilmente conseguimos diagnosticar a doença devido à sua rápida progressão: o resultado inicial do ecocardiograma foi normal, mas após 48 horas o estado do gato piorou muito e, 18 horas depois, veio a óbito. No segundo caso, o exame histopatológico confirmou processo inflamatório infeccioso do endocárdio e miocárdio de gênese incerta. No entanto, a presença de infecção do trato respiratório inferior e a ausência de exames complementares de laboratório, como hemocultura bacteriana e diagnóstico por PCR, nos limitaram a propor uma hipótese sobre a origem e etiologia da EI.
