[Structural changes in human brain tissue during prenatal alcoholization at different stages of intrauterine development]. / Strukturnye izmeneniya v tkani golovnogo mozga cheloveka pri prenatal'noi alkogolizatsii na raznykh srokakh vnutriutrobnogo razvitiya.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of influence of intrauterine alcoholization on the formation of various structural components of the brain of human embryos. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-six samples of embryonic material from 8 to 11 weeks of intrauterine development were studied. The material was divided into four subgroups in accordance with the gestational age (Control 1 - 8-9 weeks of gestation and Control 2 - 10-11 weeks of gestation) and the history of the mother (presence or absence of the diagnosis «Alcoholism stage I-II¼ in the anamnesis). Morphometry was subjected to semi-thin sections stained by Nissl. The diameter and area of each individual tissue element (neuroblasts, glioblasts, vessels of the microvasculature, as well as the determination of the specific area (the ratio of the total area of the studied structure to the area of the entire section) and the calculation of the average number of these structures per unit area of the section, were determined. The AxioVision 4.8 program (Carl Zeiss, Germany) was used for analysis, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analysis of differences between the samples (significant differences, p<0.05). RESULTS: An insufficient increase in the area of vessels of the microvasculature was revealed in combination with a compensatory increase in their number per unit area of the section in the Alcohol groups compared with intact groups (48.5 µm2 vs 83.3 µm2, p<0.05). When comparing the sizes of glioblasts in the Control and Alcohol subgroups at different stages of development, a lag in the sizes of cellular structures in the Alcohol groups at the initial stages was revealed (average area 21.3 µm2 vs 32.1 µm2; 12.9 µm2 vs 13.3 µm2). When comparing data on later periods, no significant differences were found, only an increase in the specific number of cells in subgroup Alcohol 2 was noted (p<0.05). In neuroblasts, there was also a decrease in cell size with an increase in gestational age both among the Control and among the Alcohol subgroups. However, the cell sizes in Alcohol 2 exceeded those in Control 2 and their number was smaller (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Alcohol leads to changes in the size and number of neuroblasts, glioblasts and vessels of the microvasculature and, as a result, to a disproportionate development of the entire brain tissue. The changes progress with an increase in the development period.

[Age-related structural changes in the cells of the primary visual cortex of rats under high-intensity light exposure.]

The experiment on 20 male Wistar rats has demonstrated that under light exposure 3 500 lux for 7 days on different-aged rats morphological changes are observed in the II, IV and V layers of the primary visual cortex. They manifest itself as percentage increase of reversibly and irreversibly altered neurons, mainly in the fourth layer in 18-month-old rats (p≤0,05). Thus, under light exposure in 18-month-old rats the percentage of hyperchromic wrinkled neurons runs up to to 6% (5; 8,5) and the percentage of neurons with total chromatolysis increases up to 10% (8,5; 14) in comparison with 1% (0,5; 14) and 6% (5; 8) in 3 month rats under light exposure, respectively (p≤0,05). The neural damage leads to the glial reaction, which is expressed by the percentage increase of glia with edema and swelling signs, hyperchromia without shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm (p≤0,05), neuronophagy, and the intrusion of gliocytes into the neuron cytoplasm for initiation of intracellular repair. The destructive changes are characterized by hyperchromia of gliocytes with shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm. The percentage of such gliocytes significantly increases in the IV layer in 18 month old rats under light exposure, in comparison with the indexes of young animals (p≤0,05).

Infradian Rhythm of the Content of Secretory Granules in Pinealocyte Cytoplasm in Mice and Rats.

The numerical density of secretory granules dense-core vesicles (DCV) in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes of the pineal gland was estimated by transmission electron microscopy in male white mice and Wistar rats. The 3-day biorhythm and lunaphase changes in the DCV content in the perikaryon and the processes of pinealocytes, which are manifested significantly in different seasons of the year, are established. The three-day biorhythm in adult male mice in comparison with younger male rats is not expressed uniformly in different phases of the moon. The in-phase manifestation of infradian biorhythms in different species of animals during the year with an unchanged daily photophase indicates the existence of common external synchronizers for mammals of these biorhythms that are not associated with the light/dark cycle.

Analgesic Effect of Xenon in Rat Model of Inflammatory Pain.

The analgesic effects of inert gas xenon were examined on rats. The formalin model of inflammatory pain, tail-flick test, and hot-plate test revealed the antinociceptive effects of subanesthetizing doses of inhalation anesthetic xenon. Inhalation of 50/50 xenon/oxygen mixture moderated the nociceptive responses during acute and tonic phases of inflammatory pain.

[Practicing subnarcotic xenon dose inhalation in spa treatment of posttraumatic stress-induced disorders].

Purpose of the investigation was to compare and contrast effectiveness of xenon therapy of stress-induced neurotic disorders and traditional spa-based therapy. Patients of the experimental and control groups were people of risky professions who received drug therapy, psychotherapy and physiotherapy. The experimental group was additionally treated by inhalation therapeutic doses of medical xenon. Comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative parameters of electroencephalogram (EEG), blood oxygen level, heart rate and blood pressure were compared in the groups before and after treatment. Recovery of the central nervous system functions, activation of parasympathetic involvement, abatement of main psychopathological and somatovegetative disorders in the experimental group were considered as signs of psychic improvement and return to the gestalt behavior.

Rotational study of carbon monoxide isotopologues in small (4)He clusters.

High resolution microwave (a-type) and millimetre-wave (b-type) spectra of He(N)-(13)C(16)O, He(N)-(12)C(18)O, and He(N)-(13)C(18)O clusters (N

Changes in the synaptoarchitectonics of the retina after light-induced damage and their correction with antioxidants of plant origin.

Changes in contacts between neurons in the internal reticular layer of the retina were studied in white rats 7 and 30 days after exposure to high-intensity light. Osmium preparations on day 7 demonstrated synapse destruction, predominantly of the "light" type of. Contrasting with phosphotungstic acid was used to study juxtamembrane formations of the system of subsynaptic units, i.e., dense projections and postsynaptic thickenings of synapses. The action of light was found to induce destructive changes in synapses, with decreases in the number density of synapses due to functionally active asymmetric contacts. On day 30 after light-induced damage, there was a significant increase in the number density of symmetrical contacts and a decrease in the content of asymmetric mature synapses. Courses of ascovertin and carovertin before and after exposure to light produced different degrees of restriction of synapse destruction and activated repair mechanisms mediated by hypertrophy and neosynaptogenesis. Carovertene had the greater effect.

Rotational study of carbon monoxide solvated with helium atoms.

High resolution microwave and millimeter-wave spectra of HeN-CO clusters with N up to 10, produced in a molecular expansion, were observed. Two series of J = 1-0 transitions were detected, which correspond to the a-type and b-type J = 1-0 transitions of He1-CO. The B rotational constant initially decreases with N and reaches a minimum at N = 3. Its subsequent rise indicates the transition from a molecular complex to a quantum solvated system already for N = 4. For N > or =6, the B value becomes larger than that of He1-CO, indicating an almost free rotation of CO within the helium environment.

[Changes of synaptoarchitecture of the retina after the light-induced damage and their correction by plant antioxidants].

The changes of interneuronal contacts in the internal reticular layer of albino rat retina were studied 7 and 30 days after the exposure to high intensity light (6000 Lux for 6 h). In osmicated preparations, the "light" type of synapse destruction was predominant 7 days after the light-induced damage. Using the contrasting by phosphotungstic acid, paramembrane structures of the system of subsynaptic units--dense projections and postsynaptic condensations of synapses--were studied. It was found that the exposure to high intensity light resulted in the destructive changes of synapses and the decrease of their numeral density at the expense of the actively functioning symmetric contacts. 30 days after the light-induced damage, the numeral density of symmetric contacts was significantly increased, while the content of symmetric mature synapses was decreased. Course administration of ascovertine and carovertine before and after the exposure to light was found to have a differential effect on limiting the destruction of the synapses and on the activation of the repair mechanisms which are realized due to the hypertrophy and neosynaptogenesis. The highest effect was found after carovertine administration.

Effects of carovertin on the reaction of retinal pigmented epithelium and radial glia to bright light.

Light exposure (6000 lux, 6 h) caused reactive changes in rat retinal pigmented epithelium and radial glia on day 1. Foci of lesions with virtually complete absence of the layers formed by neurosensory cells appeared on day 7. The number of destructively changed radial gliocytes in these foci was by one order of magnitude higher than in the control. Carovertin reduced destruction of pigmented epithelium and radial glia and reduced the area of lesion foci.

Circular dichroism of crude oil and its derivatives. Role of permolecular structures.

Petrols with different octane numbers, diesel fuel and solutions of crude oil in toluene have been studied by the methods of absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy and correlation spectroscopy of scattered light. Circular dichroism signal was registered for crude oil solutions in the spectral ranges corresponding to the measured earlier resonance absorption of asphaltene solutions in toluene. We show that the optical activity of crude oil solutions is due to the aggregation of asphaltene molecules in one spectral range and is intensified with the aggregation of asphaltene molecules in another spectral range. Petrols have no optical activity. The optical activity registered for diesel fuel is possibly due to the aggregation of asphaltene molecules.

[Structural changes of the retina and corpus vitreum in the model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in alloxan diabetes].

The present study was conducted to determine the role of blood mononuclear cells in a morphogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and to detect the peculiarities of PVR development in hyperglycemia. Experiments were performed in 75 mature male Wistar rats. In animals of group 1, the model of PVR was reproduced by injection of mononuclear cells into the corpus vitreum. In animals of group 2, alloxan diabetes was induced 6.5 weeks prior to intravitreal injection of mononuclear cells. The material obtained was studied using the methods of light and electron microscopy. Development of PVR by intravitreal injection of mononuclear cells in diabetic rats was found to be associated with more severe destructive and proliferative changes. Considering the integrative role of blood mononuclear cells in the intercellular networks, it is suggested that these cells are involved in the pathogenesis of PVR.

[Cerebroprotector activity of Rhaponticum carthamoides extract in rats with brain ischemia].

Electron microscopy and electrophysiological data reveal pronounced structural and functional disturbances in cerebral cortex of rats with model brain ischemia. A 5-day treatment with a dry extract from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin. in a daily dose of 150 mg/kg (p.o.) equivalent to 2.7 mg ecdysterone per kg body weight reduced manifestations of the ischemic damage, improved the structure of neurons, and restored brain activity (EEG parameters).

Effect of ascovertin on morphological changes in rat retina exposed to high-intensity light.

Experiments on rats showed that high-intensity light exposure (6000 lux, 6 h) caused focal injuries in the retina. The most sensitive structures were neurosensory cells, pigmented epithelium, radial gliocytes, and choroid capillaries. Injection of ascovertin led to disappearance of foci of injuries, limited blood supply disorders in the retina, and destruction of neurosensory and glial cells.

[The damage of the neural retina and of the retinal pigment epithelium of eyes of rats exposed to highly intensive visible light under alloxanic diabetes].

The experiments on white mongrel rats showed that the light with the intensity of 6000 1x lasting for 6 hours resulted the destruction of the retinal pigment epithelium, of the internal and the external neurosensory cellular processes with subsequent nuclei piknosis and radial glia replacement. On the 7th day after exposure to light focal effusion of the retina corresponding layers. Under the irradiation in diabetes the amount of cells with karyopyknosis increases in 1.6 times in comparision with the findings in case free of diabetes. Was found, that the alloxanic diabetes in its early stage increases the light impairment of the neurosensory cells of the retina.

[Effects of combined influence of ionizing radiation and light on the retina]. / Effekty kombinirovannogo vozdeistviia ioniziruiushchei radiatsii i sveta na setchatku glaza.

The continuous irradiation of rats with a light (3500 1x) for 48 hours led to destruction of 7.5 +/- 0.43% of neurosensoric cells (the control value was 0.2 +/- (0.02%). Longer photodamage caused progressing decrease in a population of the cells, narrowing followed by disappearance of corresponding layers of retina by the 30th day of the experiment. Preliminary exposure to X-rays with a dose of 5 Gy modified light damages of retina. The combination of two factors caused death of more than 30% of neurosensoric cells and redused the number of rows of nucleis of the external nuclear layer twice for the first 48 hours of illumination. After a longer influence of light a preliminary ionizing irradiation increased the number of destructively changed neurosensoric cells, reaching minimun of 41.7% by 30th day of the experiment. At the same time after a long combined irradiation less changes in row number quantity, numerical density of nucleus of the external nuclear layer and a population of neurosesoric cells in general was observed than after only one light exposure. Changes of choriocapillaries (thrombosis, obliteration, narrowing of a gap) which were more expressed at a combination of factors, led to infringement of blood circulation and played the important role in mechanisms of retina degeneration. Radial glia and neurons of internal layers of retina showed relative resistance to the investigated influences.

Dynamics of structural changes in the retina during long-term exposure to bright light.

Exposure to high-intensity light led to pronounced destructive changes in the retina and focal loss of layers formed by neurosensory cells in rats. Photoinjury led to progressive decrease in the numerical density of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer (by 30% after 2 days, by 75% after 1 week, and more than by 90% after 2 weeks of exposure). After 30 days the photosensory layer completely disappeared, while the outer nuclear layer was presented by solitary nuclei of neurosensory cells.

Ischemia-induced changes in synaptoarchitectonics of brain cortex and their correction with ascovertin and Leuzea extract.

Peroral administration of 70 mg/kg ascovertin and 150 mg/kg Leuzea extract to rats with cerebral ischemia for 5 days prevented destructive changes and decrease in the density of synapses in the cerebral cortex. These preparations activated compensatory and reparative mechanisms underlying plasticity of the synaptic pool, which was realized through hypertrophy and destruction of synaptic contacts. Ascovertin possessed more pronounced cerebroprotective activity than Leuzea extract.