Clinico-epidemiological Profile of Children with Chronic Kidney Disease in Tertiary Care Referral Center in Nepal: Prospective observational study.

Background Chronic kidney disease in children has been increasing over the years and is associated with high degree of morbidity and mortality. The cost of treating children with chronic kidney disease is also substantial. Prevention of this disease is the only long term solution in our context. Till date, there is limited data on chronic kidney disease in Nepalese children. Objective To study the epidemiological, clinical and etiological profile of children with Chronic Kidney Disease from 2 to 16 years of age presenting for the first time in tertiary care hospital. Method This is the prospective observational study carried out at the tertiary care hospital over a period of 3 years. Children between 2-16 years who were first time diagnosed of chronic kidney disease and had estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/ min/1.73 m2 for last 3 months were enrolled. Result There were total of 124 patients, of whom 78 were male with male to female ratio of 5:3 with mean age of 11.8±2.2 years. Chronic glomerulonephritis (23%), reflux nephropathy (23%) and nephrolithiasis (16%) were the commonest etiological diagnosis. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematous accounted for 85% cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. Vesicoureteric reflux and posterior urethral valve accounted for 85% cases of reflux nephropathy. In 32%, the cause could not be determined. Swelling (45%) and dyspnea (20%) were the chief presenting complaints. Pallor were seen in all cases (100%) followed by hypertension in 68% and short stature in 64%. Majority (60%) of the patients with chronic kidney disease presented in the stage V. Conclusion Chronic glomerulonephritis and reflux nephropathy were the commonest etiologies of chronic kidney disease, majority of them following rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, vesicoureteric reflux and posterior urethral valve. The commonest clinical features were swelling, dyspnea, pallor and hypertension.

Ectopic Intratracheal Thyroid Tissue Leading to Stridor.

Ectopic thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid tissue is present outside its normal anatomical position. Usually the ectopic thyroid is present along the line of its migration. The presence of ectopic thyroid tissue within the trachea is a very rare condition. Surgery is appropriate treatment for patients with ectopic thyroid tissue with clinical signs of upper airway obstruction. Here we present such a case where an ectopic intratracheal thyroid was causing airway obstruction.

Comparison of Outcomes After Hospitalization Among Heart Failure Patients With and Without History of Heart Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Heart transplantation is an effective treatment option for end-stage heart failure patients. The effect of heart failure admission post heart transplantation has not been explored in the past. METHODS: We used the National Inpatient Sample to compare the outcome of hospitalization in heart failure patients after heart transplantation with heart failure patients without heart transplantation. We used diagnosis codes for heart failure and history of heart transplantation from International Classification of Disease-9 and Clinical Classification Software-Diagnoses codes. RESULTS: We used multivariable logistic regression for this purpose, which showed no difference in outcome in terms of mortality, length of stay, and cost. CONCLUSION: Our study showed similar outcomes in hospitalized heart failure patients regardless of the history of heart transplantation. This is an important statistic for outcome in a patient undergoing heart transplantation.

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF COMPARTMENTAL MODELING FOR INTAKE OF PLUTONIUM VIA WOUNDS.

The aim of this study is to present several approaches that have been used to model the behavior of radioactive materials (specifically Pu) in contaminated wounds. We also review some attempts by the health physics community to validate and revise the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 156 biokinetic model for wounds, and present some general recommendations based on the review. Modeling of intake via the wound pathway is complicated because of a large array of wound characteristics (e.g. solubility and chemistry of the material, type and depth of the tissue injury, anatomical location of injury). Moreover, because a majority of the documented wound cases in humans are medically treated (excised or treated with chelation), the data to develop biokinetic models for unperturbed wound exposures are limited. Since the NCRP wound model was largely developed from animal data, it is important to continue to validate and improve the model using human data whenever plausible.

A Comparative Evaluation of Removal of Intracanal Calcium Hydroxide with Endoactivator System and Mechanical Instrumentation with K File, Using Two Irrigating Solutions: an in Vitro Study.

Background Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is widely used intracanal medicament in endodontics due to its antimicrobial activity against persistent microorganisms. Although routine use of calcium hydroxide is highly recommended, its removal at the time of canal obturation is equally important and challenging because its remnant might prevent the sealer penetration into dentinal tubules, potentially interact with zinc oxide eugenol sealers making them brittle and granular, and adversely affect the bonding of resin sealer adhesion thus significantly increasing the apical leakage of root canal treated teeth. Removal of intracanal calcium hydroxide is performed usually with different irrigants in combinations with ultrasonic, sonic, hand or rotary instruments. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Endoactivator system and mechanical instrumentation with K files using two irrigants for removal of intracanal Ca(OH)2. Method Forty extracted single rooted human mandibular premolars were collected and divided into two groups of 20 samples each (N=40; Group A: 1-20; Group B: 21-40). All samples were decoronated, instrumented, irrigated, dried and filled with Ca(OH)2 paste. Samples were stored in a humidor for a week and were instrumented with conventional k-file (Group A) and Endoactivator system (Group B). A radiograph was taken to evaluate the remnants of intracanal medicament. Result Overall there is not any statistically significant difference on any method of intracanal calcium hydroxide removal (p=0.45). However, on section wise comparison of efficacy of Ca(OH)2 removal, Endoactivator seems to be more effective than hand files on apical section (p=0.047). There is no statistically significant difference on coronal and middle segments between two methods (p=0.99). Conclusion The efficacy of removal of calcium hydroxide medicament from overall canal by conventional method and endoactivator system is similar though endoactivator system seems to be relatively more efficient on apical portion of root.

Early initiation of community-based programmes in Nepal: a historic reflection.

Community-based programmes have long been an integral part of Nepal's health sector strategy and has contributed to the progress seen in maternal and child health. This paper reviews three early community-based programmes - the acute respiratory infection programme and its evolution to the fully scaled-up community-based integrated management of childhood illness programme, the national vitamin A programme and the female community health volunteer programme - and how the Government of Nepal rapidly accepted them to address pressing maternal and child health issues in an evidence-informed manner, moving rapidly from research to feasibility studies, to implementation and scale-up.

Developing, piloting and scaling-up of Nepal's neonatal care program.

The Community-based Newborn Care Package is a set of neonatal care interventions to be delivered through the existing government system of facility-based health workers and community based volunteers in Nepal. The package was developed by the government of Nepal in 2007 based on the evidence from Nepal and neighboring countries and designed to be implemented as a comprehensive package to improve newborn survival. This paper reviews the process, progress, and lessons learned from the program design, early-implementation and monitoring and provides future directives to improve upon this integrated package that uses a continuum of care approach from the pre-pregnancy to neonatal periods by involving the communities, health workers and the private sector.

From research to national expansion: 20 years' experience of community-based management of childhood pneumonia in Nepal.

PROBLEM: Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality of children aged under five in Nepal. Research conducted by John Snow Inc. in the 1980s determined that pneumonia case management by community-based workers decreased under-five mortality by 28%. APPROACH: Female community health volunteers were selected as the national cadre to manage childhood pneumonia at community level using oral antibiotics. A technical working group composed of government officials, local experts and donor partners embarked on a process to develop a strategy to pilot the approach and expand it nationally. LOCAL SETTING: High under-five mortality rates, low access to peripheral health facilities and severe constraints in human resources led Nepal's Ministry of Health to test this innovative approach. RELEVANT CHANGES: Community-based management of pneumonia doubled the total number of cases treated compared with districts with facility-based treatment only. Over half of the cases were treated by the female community health volunteers. The programme was phased in over 14 years and now 69% of Nepal's under-five population has access to pneumonia treatment. LESSONS LEARNED: Community-based management of pneumonia provides a medium-term solution to address a leading cause of child mortality while the efforts continue to strengthen and extend the reach of facility-based care. Trained community health workers can significantly increase the number of pneumonia cases receiving correct case management in resource-constrained settings, with appropriate health systems' support for logistics, supervision and monitoring. Community-based management of pneumonia can be scaled up and provides an effective approach to reducing child deaths in countries faced with insufficient human resources for health.