Parkinsonism Associated with Snakebite.

Snakebites are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Snake envenomation can cause acute local and systemic effects leading to severe complications, even death. Neurological complications such as intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid bleed, ischemic strokes, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and leukoencephalopathy have been reported. Anti-snake venom which forms the mainstay of therapy also has its own set of early and delayed complications. This report describes a rare case of snakebite resulting in leukoencephalopathy and parkinsonian features.

RésuméLes morsures de serpent sont une cause majeure de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde. L'envenimation par les serpents peut provoquer des effets locaux et systémiques aigus, conduisant à de graves complications, voire à la mort. Complications neurologiques telles qu'hémorragie intracrânienne, hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne, accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques, une encéphalomyélite aiguë disséminée et une leucoencéphalopathie ont été rapportées. Le venin anti-serpent qui constitue le pilier de la thérapie a également son propre ensemble de complications précoces et retardées. Ce rapport décrit un cas rare de morsure de serpent ayant entraîné une leucoencéphalopathie et caractéristiques parkinsoniennes.

Utility of Itraconazole in Combination with Liposomal Amphotericin B in Rhizopus oryzae Associated Mucormycosis-An Exploratory Study.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic-associated mucor epidemic, acute antifungal drug shortage necessitated the exploration of other antifungals based on culture sensitivity. Itraconazole is a cheap, safe, and effective antifungal in sensitive cases. METHODOLOGY: We enrolled itraconazole-sensitive COVID-19-associated mucormycosis during the mucormycosis pandemic. After the intensive phase course of liposomal amphotericin B, Itraconazole was offered in susceptible cases during the maintenance phase along with standard of care. These patients were clinically and radiologically followed for 6 months. RESULTS: We enrolled 14 patients (Male: Female-11:3) of Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) which included 12 diabetics. All patients had facial swelling, orbital swelling, visual impairment, and headache. MRI showed involvement of bilateral sinus (10/14), orbital extension (13/14), cavernous sinus (5/14), cerebral part of the internal carotid artery (3/14), and brain infarcts (4/14). All 14 patients showed sensitivity to Itraconazole with 12 having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤ 1 µg/ml and 2 having MIC ≤ 2 µg/ml. Follow-up at 6 months showed clinical improvement in the majority (11/14) and radiological improvement in six out of seven scanned patients. CONCLUSION: Our study shows the potential therapeutic role of oral Itraconazole in ROCM.

COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: Staging and management recommendations (Report of a multi-disciplinary expert committee).

Even before the onslaught of COVID-19 pandemic could settle, the unprecedented rise in cases with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis pushed the medical health to the fringe. Hyperglycaemia and corticosteroids appear to be the most consistent associations leading to the commonest manifestation of mucormycosis, Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis. To address challenges right from categorisation and staging of the disease to the management of relentless progression, a multi-disciplinary expert committee was formed to handle the task in an evidence-based format to enforce best practices. The report of the committee on one hand attempts to succinctly present the currently available evidence while at the other also attempts to bridge the evidence-deficient gaps with the specialty-specific virtuosity of experts.

Role of fluorescence in situ hybridization in detecting mycobacterium avium complex presenting as fever in treatment failure HIV.

A 49-year-old male HIV positive patient on treatment failure presented with complaints of fever and dysphagia of three weeks duration and later on developed cervical lymphadenopathy along with severe vomiting and abdominal pain. Liver function tests were found to be worsening with severe drop in CD4 counts. An extensive workup for pyrexia was done. FNAC and biopsy of lymph node showed features suggestive of granulomatous lymphadenitis. CBNAAT of the lymph node aspirate was negative for MTB. Blood culture and lymph node cultures were negative for Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC). MAC was however, finally detected and reported positive on Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) of the cervical lymph node aspirate. Prompt treatment for MAC was initiated with Ethambutol 800 mg OD and Azithromycin 500 mg OD following which fever spikes subsided and lymph node resolved. The Patient's condition gradually improved and was discharged shortly with a good recovery on subsequent follow ups. Fever is one of the common symptoms in patients with MAC infection. Some other clinical manifestations include weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy. Diagnostic evaluation should be aggressive. As there is a high risk for MAC infection in advanced HIV cases with poor HAART compliance, FISH can be a valuable and effective diagnostic tool in early detection and treatment of MAC.