Healthcare perceptions of persons with traumatic brain injuries across providers: shortcomings in the chronic phase of care.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation sought to examine the perceptions of individuals with mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBIs) toward healthcare providers across rehabilitation contexts (acute, rehabilitation, and chronic). METHODS: The mCARE-TBI survey was distributed via Qualtrics throughout the US and Canada. Sixty-four survey responses met criteria for analysis. Participants were ≥18 years old, one-year post onset, reported no unrelated neurological deficits prior to the single TBI, and reported no prior diagnosed psychiatric disorders. The mCARE was the primary outcome measure. Comparisons were made between provider ratings on each question. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between chronic-phase care, compared to acute care and rehabilitation. Group differences were found in transitioning home after discharge and in between each therapy discipline and both nurses and doctors, as well as for really listening and pairwise differences between therapy disciplines and both nurses and doctors. Group effects were found for showing compassion and care and being positive. CONCLUSIONS: All disciplines need to improve communication, and transition care/discharge planning. Dismissal of ongoing impairments continues to be an area of perceived concern with doctors in particular. Communication training is needed, particularly for nurses and doctors.

Harvestmen in the first twenty years: a scientometric analysis of Zootaxa's contribution to opilionology (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Opiliones).

In its first twenty years of existence Zootaxa has been widely utilized among researchers of Opiliones, mainly those coming from Latin American countries, principally Brazil. During 20032020, a total of 141 papers on Opiliones were published in Zootaxa (no papers were published on Opiliones in the first two years, 20012002). The journal has greatly facilitated the dissemination of knowledge on Opiliones, especially with respect to the taxonomy and systematics of harvestmen from the Neotropical Realm. Those 141 papers in Zootaxa include almost a quarter (191) of the new species of Opiliones described between 2001 and 2020, as well as 112 new synonymies. Additionally, 27 of those papers proposed 182 new or restored combinations. A total of 108 authors working in 25 countries have contributed papers to Zootaxa focusing on Opiliones. There is clearly a predominance for collaborative contributions with more than twice as many papers authored by two or more authors compared to single-author publications. In general, the majority of papers deal within the local biogeographic realm (where the lead author resides). Studies of harvestmen from seven of the eight biogeographic realms were published in Zootaxa during 20032020. The largest portion of these contributions were by far focused on the Neotropical opiliofauna, but Australasian, Nearctic, Indomalayan, Palearctic, Afrotropical and Antarctic opiliofauna are covered as well. No papers on Opiliones have been published in Zootaxa by authors representing countries in Africa. We also recognize a strong gender bias in authorship and the current composition of Opiliones subject editors. We will strive to create an inclusive environment and aim to promote diversity of scientists who study Opiliones.

The first fossil pycnocheiridiine pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones: Cheiridiidae: Procheiridium gen. nov.) from Cretaceous Burmese amber.

Procheiridium judsoni n. gen. et n. sp. is described from Burmese cretaceous amber. This species represents the earliest record of the pseudoscorpion subfamily Pycnocheiridiinae and the first fossil taxon of the subfamily to be recorded. The phylogenetic position of the new genus in the superfamily Cheiridioidea is discussed.

The first record of caeculid mites from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar with notes on the phylogeny of the family.

Procaeculus coineaui sp. nov. from Cretaceous Burmese amber is described and its phylogenetic position discussed. This fossil taxon is the first caeculid mite known from Burmese amber and constitutes the earliest record of the family. The genus Procaeculus is redefined to include the new fossil species and internal relationships between genera of the family are discussed based on a phylogenetic hypothesis.

Light from dark: A relictual troglobite reveals a broader ancestral distribution for kimulid harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores: Kimulidae) in South America.

A new troglobitic harvestman, Relictopiolus galadriel gen. nov et sp. nov., is described from Olhos d'Água cave, Itacarambi, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Morphological characters, including male genitalia and exomorphology, suggest that this species belongs to the family Kimulidae, and it appears to share the greatest similarities with Tegipiolus pachypus. Bayesian inference analyses of a molecular dataset strongly support the inclusion of this species in Kimulidae and confirm the hypothesized sister-group relationship between R. galadriel and T. pachypus. A time calibrated phylogeny indicates that these sister-taxa diverged from a common ancestor approximately 40 Mya, during the Paleogene. The current range of Kimulidae illustrates a remarkable disjunct distribution, and leads us to hypothesize that the ancestral distribution of Kimulidae was once much more widespread across eastern Brazil. This may be attributed to the Eocene radiation associated with the warming (and humidifying) events in the Cenozoic when the best conditions for evergreen tropical vegetation in South America were established and followed by the extinction of kimulid epigean populations together with the retraction of rain forests during the Oligocene to Miocene cooling. The discovery of this relictual troglobite indicates that the Olhos d'Água cave was a stable refugium for this ancient lineage of kimulids and acted as a "museum" of biodiversity. Our findings, considered collectively with the diverse troglofauna of the Olhos d'Água cave, highlight it as one of the most important hotspots of troglobite diversity and endemism in the Neotropics. Given the ecological stresses on this habitat, the cavernicolous fauna are at risk of extinction and we emphasize the urgent need for appropriate conservation actions. Finally, we propose the transfer of Acanthominua, Euminua, Euminuoides and Pseudominua from Kimulidae to Zalmoxidae, resulting in two new synonymies and 13 new combinations.

Morphological tricks and blessed genitalia: rectifying the family placement of Fijicolana tuberculata (Opiliones: Laniatores: Zalmoxidae).

The type specimens of Fijicolana tuberculata Roewer, 1963 were re-examined and the male genital morphology is illustrated and described for the first time. Despite the presence of several morphological features that are typical of Samoidae, such as the presence of scopulae on legs III and IV, genital morphology unambiguously indicates that this species belongs to the Zalmoxidae rather than to the Samoidae. Fijicolana Roewer, 1963 is newly synonymized with Zalmoxis Sørensen, 1886. However, the newly implied combination is preoccupied by Z. tuberculatus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1948 thus the replacement name Zalmoxis roeweri nom. nov. is proposed to avoid secondary homonymy. The definition of Z. roeweri nom. nov. is amended, and the morphology of this species is compared with other representatives of Zalmoxidae and Samoidae. We conclude that the presence of scopulae alone is not a sufficiently diagnostic characteristic for Samoidae and, therefore, correctly placing taxa into families within Samooidea + Zalmoxoidea requires additional morphological evidence (e.g. genital morphology). In light of this result, we point out that the "scopulated" Australasian samoids Badessania metatarsalis Roewer, 1949, Sawaiellus berlandi Roewer, 1949 and Parasamoa gressitti Goodnight & Goodnight, 1957 require re-examination in order to detect potential errors in their family placement.

Ultrastructure of the sexually dimorphic tarsal glands and tegumental glands in gonyleptoid harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores).

In at least four closely related families of the diverse harvestmen lineage Gonyleptoidea, males may possess sexually dimorphic tarsal glands in the swollen tarsomeres of the basitarsus and/or metatarsus of leg I. The first histological and ultrastructural examination of the sexually dimorphic tarsal glands in leg I focused only on Manaosbiidae. In this study, we examine the morphology and ultrastructure of the sexually dimorphic glands, and their associated glandular openings, found in the basitarsus and/or metatarsus of leg I of males representing Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae, and Cranaidae (glandular openings only). In cosmetids and gonyleptids, the tarsal glands are made up of 20­60 glandular units that form distinct groups within the prolateral and retrolateral half of the tarsomere. Each glandular unit consists of a pair of terminal secretory cells, an intercalary cell wrapped around the receiving canal, and a canal cell tightly wrapped around the length of the conducting canal. Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae, and Cranaidae exhibit remarkably similar tarsal glands and gland openings although the location of the glands in the leg differs slightly among them. Males of these three families exhibit markedly different glands and glandular openings compared to males of the family Manaosbiidae. The sexually dimorphic tarsal glands may provide an important morphological character for determining phylogenetic relationships among gonyleptoid families. Finally, we provide morphological and ultrastructural data for the common tegumental glands. These data indicate that the sexually dimorphic tarsal glands are strikingly similar to, and may possibly be derived from, the tegumental glands.

The harvestman tarsus and tarsal flexor system with notes on appendicular sensory structures in Laniatores.

The tarsal flexor system, a novel system of retinacular structures, is described for the first time based on morphological and ultrastructural examinations of several Neotropical harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores). The tarsal flexor system is made up of many individual pulleys that function to maintain close apposition between the tendon and internal ventral surface of the cuticle in the tarsus. Pulley cells are specialized tendinous cells that form the semi-circular, retinacular pulley system in the tarsus; these cells contain parallel arrays of microtubules that attach to cuticular fibers extending from deep within the cuticle (i.e., tonofibrillae). The tarsal flexor system is hypothesized to provide mechanical advantage for tarsal flexion and other movements of the tarsus. This system is discussed with regards to other lineages of Opiliones, especially those that exhibit prehensility of the tarsus (i.e., Eupnoi). Comparing tarsal morphology of laniatorid harvestmen to other well-studied arachnids, we review some literature that may indicate the presence of similar tarsal structures in several arachnid orders. The general internal organization of the tarsus is described, and ultrastructural data are presented for a number of tarsal structures, including sensilla chaetica and the tarsal perforated organ. Sensilla chaetica possess an internal lumen with dendritic processes in the center and exhibit micropores at the distal tip. With respect to the tarsal perforated organ, we found no ultrastructural evidence for a sensory or secretory function, and we argue that this structure is the result of a large pulley attachment site on the internal surface of the cuticle. A small, previously undocumented muscle located in the basitarsus is also reported.

Ultrastructure of the sexually dimorphic basitarsal glands of leg I in manaosbiid harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores).

Chemical communication is an important aspect of arthropod biology especially for those arthropods with limited abilities to detect visual and acoustic signals. Sexually dimorphic glands are often associated with the production of pheromones, which play a role in reproductive processes. In the family Manaosbiidae (Opiliones: Laniatores), males exhibit an enlarged, swollen, often fused, and spindle-like basitarsus on leg I. In this study, we provide a novel description of the morphology and ultrastructure of the glandular structures found in the proximal swollen tarsomeres of the male manaosbiid Rhopalocranaus albilineatus Roewer, 1932 and compare the external leg I morphology with that of two other manaosbiid harvestmen (Barrona williamsi Goodnight and Goodnight, 1942 and Cranellus montgomeryi Goodnight and Goodnight, 1947). The two proximal tarsomeres of the male R. albilineatus leg I contain two large, paired, acinar glands consisting of many glandular cells. Cells empty their secretory products into a large, branched epicuticular duct, which exits the leg via a pore on the ventral region. Thus, a total of four glandular structures are present within the two swollen tarsomeres and each possesses a conducting canal and pore. Finally, we discuss possible roles of these basitarsal glands in manaosbiid reproductive biology based on the present understanding of sexually dimorphic glands in other terrestrial arthropods (i.e., insects and spiders).

Morphological changes during postembryonic development in two species of neotropical harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae).

Morphological changes during postembryonic development in the Cranaidae are described on the basis of the examination of an incomplete series of larvae, nymphs, and adults of Phareicranaus calcariferus and Santinezia serratotibialis. The life histories of these species are hypothesized to consist of six nymphal stages, featuring the appearance of secondary male sexual characteristics in the antepenultimate nymph (N5). Color and body shape change dramatically during development. Growth rates for nymphs based upon leg measurements were similar for both species. In S. serratotibialis, the greatest increase in leg size occurred from larva to 1st nymph. The tarsomeres of legs I-IV varied by 1-2 segments per leg for each nymph stage, with the number of tarsal segments increased by 1-2 segments at each stage. Adults had nearly twice as many tarsomeres on leg II than other legs. Ontogenetic changes were observed in the armature of the proximal cheliceral segment, ocularium, pedipalp, opisthosoma, distitarsus III and IV, and leg IV. Morphological changes in postembryonic development in cranaid harvestmen are similar to those reported for other Laniatores.