Leveraging synthetic lethality to uncover potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer.

Since trastuzumab was approved in 2012 for the first-line treatment of gastric cancer (GC), no significant advancement in GC targeted therapies has occurred. Synthetic lethality refers to the concept that simultaneous dysfunction of a pair of genes results in a lethal effect on cells, while the loss of an individual gene does not cause this effect. Through exploiting synthetic lethality, novel targeted therapies can be developed for the individualized treatment of GC. In this study, we proposed a computational strategy named Gastric cancer Specific Synthetic Lethality inference (GSSL) to identify synthetic lethal interactions in GC. GSSL analysis was used to infer probable synthetic lethality in GC using four accessible clinical datasets. In addition, prediction results were confirmed by experiments. GSSL analysis identified a total of 34 candidate synthetic lethal pairs, which included 33 unique targets. Among the synthetic lethal gene pairs, TP53-CHEK1 was selected for further experimental validation. Both computational and experimental results indicated that inhibiting CHEK1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for GC patients with TP53 mutation. Meanwhile, in vitro experimental validation of two novel synthetic lethal pairs TP53-AURKB and ARID1A-EP300 further proved the universality and reliability of GSSL. Collectively, GSSL has been shown to be a reliable and feasible method for comprehensive analysis of inferring synthetic lethal interactions of GC, which may offer novel insight into the precision medicine and individualized treatment of GC.

Bidynamical all-optical reservoir computing for parallel task processing.

A bidynamical all-optical reservoir computing (RC) system for parallel task processing is proposed based on a unidirectional semiconductor optical amplifier optical fiber loop. The polarization dynamics and intensity dynamics are excited by the input signals injected into the reservoir via phase modulation and intensity modulation, respectively. Simultaneous computation of two independent tasks is implemented based on the dynamical responses in polarization and intensity of the optical fiber loop. To our knowledge, this is the first time that two kinds of dynamical responses of an all-optical RC system are used as independent task processing channels to implement parallel task processing. The proposed RC system can achieve good parallel task processing performance with low system cost.

Loss of hepatic FTCD promotes lipid accumulation and hepatocarcinogenesis by upregulating PPARγ and SREBP2.

Background & Aims: Exploiting key regulators responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the key players contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis remain poorly understood. We explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the carcinogenesis and progression of HCC for the development of potential new therapeutic targets. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases were used to identify genes with enhanced expression in the liver associated with HCC progression. A murine liver-specific Ftcd knockout (Ftcd-LKO) model was generated to investigate the role of formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD) in HCC. Multi-omics analysis of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics data were applied to further analyse the molecular effects of FTCD expression on hepatocarcinogenesis. Functional and biochemical studies were performed to determine the significance of loss of FTCD expression and the therapeutic potential of Akt inhibitors in FTCD-deficient cancer cells. Results: FTCD is highly expressed in the liver but significantly downregulated in HCC. Patients with HCC and low levels of FTCD exhibited worse prognosis, and patients with liver cirrhosis and low FTCD levels exhibited a notable higher probability of developing HCC. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of FTCD promoted both chronic diethylnitrosamine-induced and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Multi-omics analysis showed that loss of FTCD affected fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism in hepatocarcinogenesis. Mechanistically, loss of FTCD upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) by regulating the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling axis, leading to lipid accumulation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Conclusions: Taken together, we identified a FTCD-regulated lipid metabolic mechanism involving PPARγ and SREBP2 signaling in hepatocarcinogenesis and provide a rationale for therapeutically targeting of HCC driven by downregulation of FTCD. Impact and implications: Exploiting key molecules responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis is significant for the prevention and treatment of HCC. Herein, we identified formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD) as the top enhanced gene, which could serve as a predictive and prognostic marker for patients with HCC. We generated and characterised the first Ftcd liver-specific knockout murine model. We found loss of FTCD expression upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) by regulating the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling axis, leading to lipid accumulation and hepatocarcinogenesis, and provided a rationale for therapeutic targeting of HCC driven by downregulation of FTCD.

Multi-region sequencing with spatial information enables accurate heterogeneity estimation and risk stratification in liver cancer.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have used multi-region sampling approaches to characterize intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, conventional multi-region sampling strategies do not preserve the spatial details of samples, and thus, the potential influences of spatial distribution on patient-wise ITH (represents the overall heterogeneity level of the tumor in a given patient) have long been overlooked. Furthermore, gene-wise transcriptional ITH (represents the expression pattern of genes across different intra-tumor regions) in HCC is also under-explored, highlighting the need for a comprehensive investigation. METHODS: To address the problem of spatial information loss, we propose a simple and easy-to-implement strategy called spatial localization sampling (SLS). We performed multi-region sampling and sequencing on 14 patients with HCC, collecting a total of 75 tumor samples with spatial information and molecular data. Normalized diversity score and integrated heterogeneity score (IHS) were then developed to measure patient-wise and gene-wise ITH, respectively. RESULTS: A significant correlation between spatial and molecular heterogeneity was uncovered, implying that spatial distribution of sampling sites did influence ITH estimation in HCC. We demonstrated that the normalized diversity score had the ability to overcome sampling location bias and provide a more accurate estimation of patient-wise ITH. According to this metric, HCC tumors could be divided into two classes (low-ITH and high-ITH tumors) with significant differences in multiple biological properties. Through IHS analysis, we revealed a highly heterogenous immune microenvironment in HCC and identified some low-ITH checkpoint genes with immunotherapeutic potential. We also constructed a low-heterogeneity risk stratification (LHRS) signature based on the IHS results which could accurately predict the survival outcome of patients with HCC on a single tumor biopsy sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights into the complex phenotypes of HCC and may serve as a guide for future studies in this field.

Clinical outcomes and potential therapies prediction of subgroups based on a ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNA signature for gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors worldwide. Ferroptosis is a kind of iron-dependent cell death, which is proved to be closely related to tumor progression. In this study, we aim at constructing a ferroptosis-related lncRNAs signature to predict the prognosis of GC and explore potential therapies. METHODS: Ferroptosis-Related LncRNAs Signature for GC patients (FRLSG) was constructed through univariate Cox regression, the LASSO algorithm, and multivariate Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier analysis, receiver operating characteristic curves, and risk score plot were applied to verify the predictive power of FRLSG. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and immune infiltration analyses were conducted to explore the potential clinical value of the FRLSG. In addition, drug sensitivity prediction was applied to identify chemotherapeutic drugs with potential therapeutic effect. RESULTS: Five ferroptosis-related lncRNAs (AC004816.1, AC005532.1, LINC01357, AL355574.1 and AL049840.4) were identified to construct FRLSG, whose expression level in GC were confirmed by experimental validation. Kaplan-Meier curve and ROC curve proved the reliability and effectiveness of the FRLSG in predicting the prognosis for GC patients. Several immune-related pathways were enriched in the high-FRLSG group, and further immune infiltration analyses demonstrated the high immune infiltration status of the high-FRLSG group. In addition, 19 and 24 candidate drugs with potential therapeutic effect were identified for the high- and low-FRLSG groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: FRLSG was an effective tool in predicting the prognosis of GC, which might help to prioritize potential therapeutics for GC patients.

A survey of optimal strategy for signature-based drug repositioning and an application to liver cancer.

Pharmacologic perturbation projects, such as Connectivity Map (CMap) and Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS), have produced many perturbed expression data, providing enormous opportunities for computational therapeutic discovery. However, there is no consensus on which methodologies and parameters are the most optimal to conduct such analysis. Aiming to fill this gap, new benchmarking standards were developed to quantitatively evaluate drug retrieval performance. Investigations of potential factors influencing drug retrieval were conducted based on these standards. As a result, we determined an optimal approach for LINCS data-based therapeutic discovery. With this approach, homoharringtonine (HHT) was identified to be a candidate agent with potential therapeutic and preventive effects on liver cancer. The antitumor and antifibrotic activity of HHT was validated experimentally using subcutaneous xenograft tumor model and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver fibrosis model, demonstrating the reliability of the prediction results. In summary, our findings will not only impact the future applications of LINCS data but also offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention of liver cancer.

Mapping the landscape of synthetic lethal interactions in liver cancer.

Almost all the current therapies against liver cancer are based on the "one size fits all" principle and offer only limited survival benefit. Fortunately, synthetic lethality (SL) may provide an alternate route towards individualized therapy in liver cancer. The concept that simultaneous losses of two genes are lethal to a cell while a single loss is non-lethal can be utilized to selectively eliminate tumors with genetic aberrations. Methods: To infer liver cancer-specific SL interactions, we propose a computational pipeline termed SiLi (statistical inference-based synthetic lethality identification) that incorporates five inference procedures. Based on large-scale sequencing datasets, SiLi analysis was performed to identify SL interactions in liver cancer. Results: By SiLi analysis, a total of 272 SL pairs were discerned, which included 209 unique target candidates. Among these, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) was considered to have considerable therapeutic potential. Further computational and experimental validation of the SL pair TP53-PLK1 demonstrated that inhibition of PLK1 could be a novel therapeutic strategy specifically targeting those patients with TP53-mutant liver tumors. Conclusions: In this study, we report a comprehensive analysis of synthetic lethal interactions of liver cancer. Our findings may open new possibilities for patient-tailored therapeutic interventions in liver cancer.

The efficacy of the new medical internship management network system.

With the increasing number of medical students and scattered host hospitals, the traditional clinical internship management system has been falling behind. Thus, we have independently developed a new clinical practice management system based on the browser/server structure.We aim to evaluate the efficacy of the new medical management system on the quality of the internship and survey the users' satisfaction.This study was conducted on the students of Second Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, including 672 interns (non-user group) who had not used the system and 315 users (user group). We analyzed the scores of their theoretical knowledge and clinical skills before and after the internship, which served as the quantitative standards for evaluating the efficacy of the system. User satisfaction surveys were also conducted, including by interns, clinical teachers, and teaching administrators.An analysis of scores showed that the user group had more significant improvement in both clinical knowledge and skills than the non-user group after the internship. Significant improvement was found in the user group, while there was a slight difference in the non-user group. A total of 310 students responded to the satisfaction questionnaires effectively, most of whom agreed with the system's benefits of learning theoretical knowledge (98.1%, n = 304) and clinical skills (93.9%, n = 291). Additionally, 115 clinical teachers and 27 teaching administrators were selected using a random sampling method for the survey. The results showed that 96.3% of the teachers considered the system to be helpful for improving teaching quality, and 92.6% administrators thought it was useful for implementing management. Over 90% of the participants in the 3 user groups reported a strong satisfaction of the system.With high level of user satisfaction, this system helps to strengthen the management for interns and improves the medical knowledge and skills of interns. Hence, it could be widely used in medical colleges and even in other fields.

Efficacy and safety of osimertinib in treating EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC: A meta-analysis.

Osimertinib is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI). A meta-analysis was performed to aggregate the mixed results of published clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of osimertinib. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library electronic databases was performed to identify eligible literature. The primary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs). A total of 3,086 advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients from 11 studies have been identified. The aggregate efficacy parameters for treatment-naïve patients with EGFR-TKI-sensitizing mutations are as follows: ORR 79% (95% CI 75-84%), DCR 97% (95% CI 95-99%), 6-month PFS 83% (95% CI 80-87%), and 12-month PFS 64% (95% CI 59-69%). The aggregate efficacy parameters for advanced NSCLC harboring T790M mutations after earlier-generation EGFR-TKI therapy are as follows: ORR 58% (95% CI 46-71%), DCR 80% (95% CI 63-98%), 6-month PFS 63% (95% CI 58-69%), and 12-month PFS 32% (95% CI 17-47%). EGFR-TKI-naïve patients with EGFR-positive mutations tend to have longer median PFS than EGFR-TKI-pretreated counterparts (19.17 vs. 10.58 months). The most common AEs were diarrhea and rash, of which the pooled incidences were 44 and 42%, respectively. Generally, osimertinib is a favorable treatment option for previously treated T790M mutation-positive advanced NSCLC as well as a preferable therapy for untreated EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC. Additionally, osimertinib is well tolerated by most patients.

The efficacy and safety of alectinib in the treatment of ALK+ NSCLC: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Alectinib is a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat crizotinib-refractory non-small cell lung cancer. We performed this meta-analysis to synthesize the results of different clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alectinib. METHODS: A search of 3 databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, was performed from the inception of each database through September 5, 2017. We have pooled the overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate, progression-free survival, and intracranial ORR to evaluate the efficacy of alectinib. Discontinuation rate, rate of dose reduction or interruption due to adverse events as well as the incidence of several adverse events were aggregated to evaluate its safety. RESULTS: A total of 8 studies with 626 patients have been included in our study. The pooled efficacy parameters are as follows: ORR 70% (95% CI: 57% to 82%), disease control rate 88% (95% CI: 82% to 94%), progression-free survival 9.36 months (95% CI: 7.38% to 11.34%), and intracranial ORR 52% (95% CI: 45% to 59%). ALK inhibitor-naïve patients tend to have better responses than crizotinib-pretreated patients. The aggregate discontinuation rate is 7% (95% CI: 4% to 10%), and the pooled rate of dose reduction or interruption is 33% (95% CI: 24% to 42%). The incidences of most adverse events were relatively low, while the incidences of 2 frequently reported adverse events, myalgia (18%) and anemia (25%), were even higher than with the first-generation ALK inhibitor crizotinib. CONCLUSION: Generally, alectinib is a drug with preferable efficacy and tolerable adverse effects, and it is suitable for the treatment of intracranial metastases.

The coexpression of multi-immune inhibitory receptors on T lymphocytes in primary non-small-cell lung cancer.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common disease threatening the health of humankind. It has a low survival rate and a poor prognosis. Under normal circumstances, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play the main role in the antitumor process, but studies in recent years have found that NSCLC is capable of releasing various immunosuppressive factors, inducing the TILs to exhibit high expression of immune inhibitory receptors and relevant immunosuppressive factors. They can not only activate their own signal pathways but also block those of TILs, which causes inefficiency of tumor destruction. Researchers have now developed targeted drugs that specifically bind to immunosuppression receptors. By blocking signal transmission of immune inhibitory receptors, restraint on T lymphocytes can be released to recover antitumor role. Further research and understanding of the immunosuppression signal pathways of NSCLC are of significant importance to promote the development of immune-targeted drugs and the formulation of new treatment plans. This paper summarizes the immunosuppressive mechanisms of multiple important and newly discovered immune inhibitory receptors on T lymphocytes and immunosuppressive factors released by NSCLC cells, and their influence on patients' survival rate and prognosis. Further laboratory and clinical studies on immune-targeted drugs for primary NSCLC are needed to provide more evidence.

Matrine upregulates the cell cycle protein E2F-1 and triggers apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in K562 cells.

Matrine is a major component of Sophora Flavescens and has been reported to stimulate differentiation of erythroleukemia cells. Here we show that matrine inhibits cell proliferation or induces apoptosis in a cell type-specific manner. The latter effect was investigated in more detail in the p53 deficient erythroleukemia cell line, K562. Matrine exposure induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner in these cells. Interestingly, co-treatment with etoposide potentiated apoptosis. Further analysis of matrine-induced apoptotic changes revealed that E2F-1 and Apaf-1 were upregulated, whereas Rb was downregulated after 24 h of exposure. This was followed by Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 and -3 activation. These results demonstrate that matrine triggers apoptosis of K562 cells primarily through the mitochondrial pathway and that matrine is a potential anti-tumor drug.

Functional analysis of multiple transcription factor sites in a regulatory element of human epsilon-globin gene.

The developmental control of the human epsilon-globin gene expression is mediated by transcriptional regulatory elements in the 5' flanking DNA of this gene. A previously identified negative regulatory element (-3028 to -2902 bp, termed epsilon-NRAII) was analyzed and one putative NF-kappaB site and two GATA sites locate at -3004 bp, -2975 bp and -2948 bp were characterized. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that the putative NF-kappaB site was specifically bound by nuclear proteins of K562 cells. Data obtained from transient transfection showed that the expression of reporter gene could be upregulated about 50% or 100% respectively when epsilon-NRAII was inserted upstream of the SV40 promoter or epsilon-globin gene proximal promoter (-177 bp to +1 bp), suggesting that epsilon-NRAII might not be a classic silencer. Mutation in the putative NF-kappaB site or in the GATA site (at -2975 bp) slightly reduced the expression of reporter gene driven by SV40 promoter or epsilon-globin gene proximal promoter. However, the mutation of GATA site at -2948 bp remarkably reduced the reporter gene activity driven by SV40 promoter, but not by epsilon-globin gene proximal promoter. Further mutation analysis showed that the negative effect of mutation in GATA site at -2948 bp on SV40 promoter was not affected by the mutation of the putative NF-kappaB site, whereas it could be abolished by the mutation of GATA site at -2975 bp. Furthermore, the mutation of both GATA sites could synergistically reduce the reporter gene activity driven by epsilon-globin gene proximal promoter. Those results suggested that epsilon-NRAII might function differently on the SV40 promoter and epsilon-globin gene proximal promoter.

Effects of Huangqi (Hex) on inducing cell differentiation and cell death in K562 and HEL cells.

Huangqi (Astragalus membranaceus), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to ameliorate side effects of cancer chemotherapy in China. However, little is known about its molecular mechanisms. Here we show that induction of K562 or HEL cells with 1.5 mg/ml of Huangqi (Hex) (Components extracted from Huangqi) for 3-5 d results in the expression of beta-globin gene in both cell lines and leads to terminal differentiation. Moreover, the apoptosis in HEL cells can be induced by increasing concentration of Huangqi (Hex) to 4.5 mg/ml for 3-5 d. Upregulation of Apaf-1, caspase-3 and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in HEL cells may play a crucial role in the process of apoptosis. The prospect of inducing expression of adult (beta) globin gene and apoptosis selectively in cancer cells is obviously attractive from a therapeutic point of view.

Screening of Genes Related to the Expression of Human epsilon-globin Gene by Using Yeast One-hybrid System.

The developmental stage-specific silencing of the human epsilon-globin gene during embryonic period is controlled, in part, by a silencer (from -392 to -177 bp) upstream of this gene. In our previous work, by using DNase I footprinting assay, a major protected region from -278 to -235 bp within this silencer DNA was identified. In order to isolate genes encoding proteins that bind to this target element, a human fetal liver cDNA library was screened by using yeast one-hybrid system. The candidate clones were sequenced, and the ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3) was preliminarily isolated. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and competition tests also demonstrated its binding activity to the target element. These imply that RPL3 might play an important role in silencing the human embryonic epsilon-globin gene expression through the interaction with this silencer.

Effect of IL-3 on Globin Gene Expression in a Human Erythroleukemia Cell Line.

A human erythroleukemia cell line(K562 cells)was used as a model to study the effect of interleukin-3(IL-3) on human globin gene expression in the cells. The results showed that the beta-globin gene was not expressed in uninduced K562 cells however, it was expressed when K562 cells were induced for 3 or 5 days by IL-3. The expression of alpha- and gamma-globin gene were not much different between IL-3 induced and uninduced K562 cells. Using the method of benzidine-dyeing, it was observed that the percentage of blue cells was significantly increased when K562 cells were induced by IL-3. It suggested that IL-3 could not only activate the exp-ression of beta-globin gene in K562 cells, but also induce the synthesis of hemoglobin. Therefore, IL-3 may play a critical role in inducing K562 cells to terminal differentiation.

Mechanism of Differentiation of HEL Cells Induced by Hydroxyurea.

HEL cells, a human erythroleukemia cell line, mainly express fetal globin gene(gamma) and small amount of the embryonic(epsilon) globin gene, but not the adult (beta) globin gene. Our previous studies demonstrated that hydroxyurea could induce HEL cells to express adult (beta) globin gene and induce HEL cells to terminal differentiation. In order to reveal the differentiation mechanism of HEL cells induced by hydroxyurea, GMSA was performed to examine the binding of nuclear extracts from hydroxyurea induced and uninduced HEL cells to the positive control region in the 5'-flanking sequence of human beta-globin gene and to the synthesized GATA oligonucleotides. Our results showed that, in the nuclear proteins from the induced HEL cells, the binding of GATA-1 to GATA motif was increased. However, the binding of GATA-2 to GATA motif was decreased. Besides, our data showed that a YY1-like protein was decreased quickly in hydroxyurea induced HEL cells. Western blotting analysis was used to analyze variation of GATA proteins in nuclei of HEL cells. Results revealed that the amount of GATA-2 was significantly decreased while the amount of GATA-1 was increased after HEL cells were induced for 12 h. These results indicate that GATA-1 may play a critical role in inducing HEL cells to terminal differentiation. The YY1-like protein and GATA-2 might inhibit HEL cells from terminal differentiation.

Interactions Between HMG proteins and 5'-Flanking cis-Acting Elements of Human epsilon-Globin Gene.

HMG proteins are abundant chromosomal non-histone proteins. It has been shown that HMG proteins play important roles in the structure and function of chromatin. In this work, the binding of HMG proteins to the 5'-Flanking positive and negative regulatory elements of human epsilon-globin Gene gene has been examined by gel mobility shift and DNaseI footprinting assays. Our results demonstrated that HMG proteins 1/2 could bind not only to both positive regulatory elements(-535~-453 bp and -446~-419 bp) but also to the promoter (-177~+1bp) of this gene; however, HMG proteins 14/17 could not bind to those regulatory elements. On the other hand, we also observed that HMG proteins 14/17 could bind to the 5'-flanding silencer(-392~-177 bp) of human epsilon-globin gene, and HMG proteins 1/2 could not bind to that silencer. Our results suggest that HMG proteins might play a critical role in the regulation of the human epsilon-globin gene expression through DNA-protein interactions.

Identification of an Embryonic Erythroid Nuclear Factor Binding to the Positive Stage-specific Regulatory Element of the Human epsilon-Globin Gene.

The erythroid- and developmental stage-specific expression of the human epsilon-globin gene is controlled, in part, by the 5'-flanking DNA sequences of this gene. In the present study, a nuclear transacting factor of molecular weight about 80 kD epsilon-SSP in K562 cell (a human embryonic erythroid cell line) was identified by gel mobility shift assay, DNaseI footprinting assay and Southwestern blot assay. It could specifically bind to a positive stage-specific regulatory element (-446 bp to -419 bp, termed epsilon-PREII) of the human epsilon-globin gene. Our data suggested that this nuclear factor (termed epsilon-SSP) might be an erythroid- and stage-specific protein. In addition, we observed that the shift band of this protein bound with the epsilon-PREII could be competed by DNA fragments derived from the human epsilon-globin gene promoter(-177 bp to +1 bp), the DNaseI hypersensitive site 2 (-10 965 bp to -10 681 bp) and the hypersensitive site 3(-14 993 bp to -14 718 bp) of beta-LCR, suggesting that epsilon-SSP might be involved in the developmental regulation of human epsilon-globin gene through the interaction between the proximal (promoter) and the distal (LCR) cis-acting elements.