The advertisement call of Proceratophrys redacta (Anura, Odontophrynidae).

The genus Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, frogs from the family Odontophrynidae Lynch, currently contains 41 nominal species with poorly resolved phylogenetic relationships (Frost 2019; Mângia et al. 2018). Molecular data from 15 and 18 Proceratophrys species support the monophyletic hypothesis of the genus (Teixeira-Jr et al. 2012; Dias et al. 2013; respectively) but do not fully resolve the phylogenetic relationship among the species. Currently, there are advertisement call parameters provided for 31 species of Proceratophrys in the literature (Ferreira et al. 2016; Andrade et al. 2018; Mângia et al. 2018; Nascimento et al. 2019). The Proceratophrys advertisement call is composed of pulsed notes, amplitude modulation, short to medium duration calls (0.05-4 s) and only one note in almost all species (see Nascimento et al. 2019 for details). Considering the importance of bioacoustics for taxonomy (Köhler et al. 2017), further descriptions of advertisement calls for the genus could also improve our understanding of the species' relationships.

The Perennial Use of the Green Fluorescent Protein Marker in a Live Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinant Platform Shows No Acute Adverse Effects in Mice.

Recombinant virus vectors represent a promising strategy for vaccine research. Among available viral vectors, members of the Poxviridae family-especially the modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-stand out as immunogenic and safe vaccine platforms. Because MVA usually does not produce plaques in cell culture, visible selection markers such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) are frequently incorporated into the constructions in order to facilitate the recognition of recombinants. However, these genetic markers have to be removed before any clinical trial. Here, we evaluated the acute responses generated in mice immunized with a MVA vector in which the GFP marker was not removed. We observed no differences in neutrophil, monocyte, or total leucocyte recruitment among animals inoculated with MVA or MVA-GFP. Likewise, there were no differences in neutrophil activation between mice groups. Hepatic functions were not altered in either MVA or MVA-GFP-inoculated mice, and we observed no histopathological alterations in different tissues from virus-inoculated animals. In conclusion, the presence of GFP is innocuous to immunized animals and do not alter acute physiopathological responses to the MVA vector. We suggest that keeping the GFP marker may be a good strategy for vaccine development, production, and evaluation.

Key-Gaskell syndrome in Brazil: first case report / Síndrome de Key-Gaskell: primeiro relato de caso no Brasil

Feline dysautonomia is a devastating disease characterized by neuronal degeneration in autonomic ganglia that results in clinical signs related to dysfunction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The cause is unknown and this disease has a poor prognosis and no definitive treatment. Most reports have been described in few countries around the world, but the prevalence may be underestimated in countries like Brazil. This study describes the progression and clinicopathological changes of dysautonomia in a 17-month-old female Brazilian shorthair cat.(AU)

Disautonomia felina é uma doença devastadora, caracterizada por degeneração neuronal em gânglios autonômicos, a qual resulta em sinais clínicos relacionados à disfunção dos sistemas simpático e parassimpático. Sua causa é desconhecida, o prognóstico desfavorável e não há tratamento definitivo disponível. A maioria dos relatos foi descrita em países ao redor do mundo, mas sua prevalência pode estar subestimada em países como o Brasil. Este estudo descreve a progressão e as alterações clínico-patológicas da disautonomia em um gato de pelo curto brasileiro, do sexo feminino, de 17 meses de idade.(AU)

Key-Gaskell syndrome in Brazil: first case report / Síndrome de Key-Gaskell: primeiro relato de caso no Brasil

Feline dysautonomia is a devastating disease characterized by neuronal degeneration in autonomic ganglia that results in clinical signs related to dysfunction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The cause is unknown and this disease has a poor prognosis and no definitive treatment. Most reports have been described in few countries around the world, but the prevalence may be underestimated in countries like Brazil. This study describes the progression and clinicopathological changes of dysautonomia in a 17-month-old female Brazilian shorthair cat...

Disautonomia felina é uma doença devastadora, caracterizada por degeneração neuronal em gânglios autonômicos, a qual resulta em sinais clínicos relacionados à disfunção dos sistemas simpático e parassimpático. Sua causa é desconhecida, o prognóstico desfavorável e não há tratamento definitivo disponível. A maioria dos relatos foi descrita em países ao redor do mundo, mas sua prevalência pode estar subestimada em países como o Brasil. Este estudo descreve a progressão e as alterações clínico-patológicas da disautonomia em um gato de pelo curto brasileiro, do sexo feminino, de 17 meses de idade...

Detection of Leishmania infantum in the smegma of infected dogs / Detecção de Leishmania infantum no esmegma de cães infectados

Considering the venereal transmission of visceral leishmaniasis from dogs to bitches, the aim of this study was to verify if the penile surface and smegma from infected dogs can be the source of parasites in bitches. Twelve Leishmania infantum infected dogs had semen and smegma samples collected for submission to PCR identification of the DNA of the parasite. Semen (41.7 percent) and smegma (50.0 percent) have similar positive incidence (P>0.05; Fisher's exact test), with 58.3 percent of the dogs positive for semen and/or smegma samples. The proportion of positivity for both semen and smegma was 33.3 percent, but 8.3 percent was positive only for semen, and 16.7 percent only for smegma, revealing a moderate agreement between tests (K=0.5; Kappa index). It was concluded that Leishmania infantum is present in the smegma of contaminated dogs and it can be a source of parasites for the semen and the bitch.(AU)

Tendo em vista a transmissão venérea da leishmaniose visceral do cão para a cadela, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a superfície peniana e o esmegma de cães infectados poderiam ser a fonte de parasitas para a fêmea. Amostras de sêmen e esmegma de 12 cães infectados com Leishmania infantum foram submetidas à identificação do DNA do parasita por PCR. As incidências de positividade no sêmen (41,7 por cento) e no esmegma (50,0 por cento) foram semelhantes (P>0,05; teste exato de Fisher), sendo 58,3 por cento dos cães positivos para sêmen e/ou esmegma. A positividade para sêmen e esmegma juntos ocorreu em 33,3 por cento, mas em 8,3 por cento dos casos apenas no sêmen, e em 16,7 por cento apenas no esmegma, o que revela uma concordância moderada entre os testes (K=0,5; índice Kappa). Conclui-se que a Leishmania infantum está presente no esmegma de cães contaminados, podendo ser a fonte de parasitas para o sêmen e a cadela.(AU)

Detection of Leishmania infantum in the smegma of infected dogs / Detecção de Leishmania infantum no esmegma de cães infectados

Considering the venereal transmission of visceral leishmaniasis from dogs to bitches, the aim of this study was to verify if the penile surface and smegma from infected dogs can be the source of parasites in bitches. Twelve Leishmania infantum infected dogs had semen and smegma samples collected for submission to PCR identification of the DNA of the parasite. Semen (41.7 percent) and smegma (50.0 percent) have similar positive incidence (P>0.05; Fisher's exact test), with 58.3 percent of the dogs positive for semen and/or smegma samples. The proportion of positivity for both semen and smegma was 33.3 percent, but 8.3 percent was positive only for semen, and 16.7 percent only for smegma, revealing a moderate agreement between tests (K=0.5; Kappa index). It was concluded that Leishmania infantum is present in the smegma of contaminated dogs and it can be a source of parasites for the semen and the bitch...

Tendo em vista a transmissão venérea da leishmaniose visceral do cão para a cadela, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a superfície peniana e o esmegma de cães infectados poderiam ser a fonte de parasitas para a fêmea. Amostras de sêmen e esmegma de 12 cães infectados com Leishmania infantum foram submetidas à identificação do DNA do parasita por PCR. As incidências de positividade no sêmen (41,7 por cento) e no esmegma (50,0 por cento) foram semelhantes (P>0,05; teste exato de Fisher), sendo 58,3 por cento dos cães positivos para sêmen e/ou esmegma. A positividade para sêmen e esmegma juntos ocorreu em 33,3 por cento, mas em 8,3 por cento dos casos apenas no sêmen, e em 16,7 por cento apenas no esmegma, o que revela uma concordância moderada entre os testes (K=0,5; índice Kappa). Conclui-se que a Leishmania infantum está presente no esmegma de cães contaminados, podendo ser a fonte de parasitas para o sêmen e a cadela...

Pseudo-hermafroditismo masculino em cadela / Male pseudohermaphroditism in bitch

A case of male pseudo-hermaphrodite in a six-month-old Pinscher dog with mild signs of agression towards other dogs is reported. The animal presented fibrous mass in clitorial region, with structure similar to a diminutive penis. Testicles were found in the abdominal cavity, uterus had normal size and localization and hypertrophic clitoris was seen during exploratory laparotomy. The histopathological examination revealed testicular tissue, composed of hypotrophic seminipherous tubules and exuberant stroma and uterus with normal histological appearance. Moreover, the animal presented high levels of testosterone.(AU)

Pseudo-hermafroditismo masculino em cadela / Male pseudohermaphroditism in bitch

A case of male pseudo-hermaphrodite in a six-month-old Pinscher dog with mild signs of agression towards other dogs is reported. The animal presented fibrous mass in clitorial region, with structure similar to a diminutive penis. Testicles were found in the abdominal cavity, uterus had normal size and localization and hypertrophic clitoris was seen during exploratory laparotomy. The histopathological examination revealed testicular tissue, composed of hypotrophic seminipherous tubules and exuberant stroma and uterus with normal histological appearance. Moreover, the animal presented high levels of testosterone.

Chronic interstitial pancreatitis and chronic wasting disease caused by Eurytrema coelomaticum in Nelore cow / Pancreatite crônica intersticial e caquexia causada por Eurytrema coelomaticum em vaca Nelore

A euritrematose bovina, causada por Eurytrema coelomaticum, tem sido relatada no Brasil. A doença pode afetar animais domésticos, incluindo ruminantes. Estes parasitos geralmente vivem nos ductos pancreáticos e ocasionalmente nos ductos biliares. Este estudo relata um quadro de caquexia em um bovino parasitado por E. coelomaticum proveniente de um rebanho de gado de corte localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais. O animal acometido apresentou perda progressiva de peso, glicosúria e cetonúria. Na necropsia o pâncreas apresentava-se diminuído de tamanho, brancacento, intensa e difusamente firme (fibrose). Vários ductos apresentavam-se dilatados e repletos de Eurytrema. Microscopicamente foi observada destruição extensa do parênquima pancreático e fibrose, ovos e parasitas intralesionais, hiperplasia ductal e inflamação multifocal crônica. Este relato descreve a perda progressiva de peso e pancreatite crônica associada a E. coelomaticum em bovino de corte no Estado de Minas Gerais.(AU)

Pancreatite crônica intersticial e caquexia causada por Eurytrema coelomaticum em vaca Nelore / Chronic interstitial pancreatitis and chronic wasting disease caused by Eurytrema coelomaticum in Nelore cow

A euritrematose bovina, causada por Eurytrema coelomaticum, tem sido relatada no Brasil. A doença pode afetar animais domésticos, incluindo ruminantes. Estes parasitos geralmente vivem nos ductos pancreáticos e ocasionalmente nos ductos biliares. Este estudo relata um quadro de caquexia em um bovino parasitado por E. coelomaticum proveniente de um rebanho de gado de corte localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais. O animal acometido apresentou perda progressiva de peso, glicosúria e cetonúria. Na necropsia o pâncreas apresentava-se diminuído de tamanho, brancacento, intensa e difusamente firme (fibrose). Vários ductos apresentavam-se dilatados e repletos de Eurytrema. Microscopicamente foi observada destruição extensa do parênquima pancreático e fibrose, ovos e parasitas intralesionais, hiperplasia ductal e inflamação multifocal crônica. Este relato descreve a perda progressiva de peso e pancreatite crônica associada a E. coelomaticum em bovino de corte no Estado de Minas Gerais.

Increased levels of glutamate in the central nervous system are associated with behavioral symptoms in experimental malaria

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection. This condition has been associated with cognitive, behavioral and motor dysfunctions, seizures and coma. The underlying mechanisms of CM are incompletely understood. Glutamate and other metabolites such as lactate have been implicated in its pathogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of glutamate in the behavioral symptoms of CM. Seventeen female C57BL/6 mice (20-25 g) aged 6-8 weeks were infected with P. berghei ANKA by the intraperitoneal route using a standardized inoculation of 10(6) parasitized red blood cells suspended in 0.2 mL PBS. Control animals (N = 17) received the same volume of PBS. Behavioral and neurological symptoms were analyzed by the SmithKline/Harwell/Imperial College/Royal Hospital/Phenotype Assessment (SHIRPA) battery. Glutamate release was measured in the cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of infected and control mice by fluorimetric assay. All functional categories of the SHIRPA battery were significantly altered in the infected mice at 6 days post-infection (dpi) (P ≤ 0.05). In parallel to CM symptoms, we found a significant increase in glutamate levels in the cerebral cortex (mean ± SEM; control: 11.62 ± 0.90 nmol/mg protein; infected at 3 dpi: 10.36 ± 1.17 nmol/mg protein; infected at 6 dpi: 26.65 ± 0.73 nmol/mg protein; with EGTA, control: 5.60 ± 1.92 nmol/mg protein; infected at 3 dpi: 6.24 ± 1.87 nmol/mg protein; infected at 6 dpi: 14.14 ± 0.84 nmol/mg protein) and in the cerebrospinal fluid (control: 128 ± 51.23 pmol/mg protein; infected: 301.4 ± 22.52 pmol/mg protein) of infected mice (P ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest a role of glutamate in the central nervous system dysfunction found in CM.

Increased levels of glutamate in the central nervous system are associated with behavioral symptoms in experimental malaria.

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection. This condition has been associated with cognitive, behavioral and motor dysfunctions, seizures and coma. The underlying mechanisms of CM are incompletely understood. Glutamate and other metabolites such as lactate have been implicated in its pathogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of glutamate in the behavioral symptoms of CM. Seventeen female C57BL/6 mice (20-25 g) aged 6-8 weeks were infected with P. berghei ANKA by the intraperitoneal route using a standardized inoculation of 106 parasitized red blood cells suspended in 0.2 mL PBS. Control animals (N = 17) received the same volume of PBS. Behavioral and neurological symptoms were analyzed by the SmithKline/Harwell/Imperial College/Royal Hospital/Phenotype Assessment (SHIRPA) battery. Glutamate release was measured in the cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of infected and control mice by fluorimetric assay. All functional categories of the SHIRPA battery were significantly altered in the infected mice at 6 days post-infection (dpi) (P ≤ 0.05). In parallel to CM symptoms, we found a significant increase in glutamate levels in the cerebral cortex (mean ± SEM; control: 11.62 ± 0.90 nmol/mg protein; infected at 3 dpi: 10.36 ± 1.17 nmol/mg protein; infected at 6 dpi: 26.65 ± 0.73 nmol/mg protein; with EGTA, control: 5.60 ± 1.92 nmol/mg protein; infected at 3 dpi: 6.24 ± 1.87 nmol/mg protein; infected at 6 dpi: 14.14 ± 0.84 nmol/mg protein) and in the cerebrospinal fluid (control: 128 ± 51.23 pmol/mg protein; infected: 301.4 ± 22.52 pmol/mg protein) of infected mice (P ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest a role of glutamate in the central nervous system dysfunction found in CM.

Aplasia segmentar de corpo uterino em cadela sem raça definida: relato de caso / Segmental aplasia of the uterine body in a mongrel bitch: a case report

Relata-se um caso de aplasia segmentar parcial de corpo uterino em uma cadela sexualmente madura, em anestro, sem raça definida, em bom estado clínico geral. À necropsia, não foram identificadas alterações dos demais órgãos genitais, à exceção do corpo uterino, que apresentava redução de espessura numa extensão de 2mm na parte mediocaudal, com ausência de lúmen nesse ponto, e hidrometra em sua porção cranial e cornos uterinos. A avaliação histológica evidenciou redução da espessura total do corpo uterino no seu terço mediocaudal, porém presentes perimétrio, miométrio e endométrio, mas ausência de lúmen, bem como redução da espessura total da parede uterina nos cornos, com redução do número de glândulas endometriais. Nos ovários, foram identificados folículos em vários estádios de desenvolvimento e corpos lúteos em regressão, indicando que a cadela estava em atividade cíclica normal.(AU)

A case of partial segmental aplasia of the uterine body in a sexually mature mongrel bitch in anestrous phase and normal clinical condition is reported. At necropsy, no changes in the genital organs were observed with the exception of the uterine body that had a segmental (2mm in length) decrease in diameter in its medial-caudal portion, with absence of lumen and hydrometra in the cranial portion of the uterine body and uterine horns. Histopathologic evaluation indicated reduction in thickness of the whole uterine body at the site of stenosis, with all layers preserved including perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium, but with the absence of a lumen. The walls of the uterine horns were thin and there was a marked decrease in the number of endometrial glands. There were several follicles on different stages of development and corpora lutea in regression, indicating that the bitch had normal cyclic activity.(AU)

Aplasia segmentar de corpo uterino em cadela sem raça definida: relato de caso / Segmental aplasia of the uterine body in a mongrel bitch: a case report

Relata-se um caso de aplasia segmentar parcial de corpo uterino em uma cadela sexualmente madura, em anestro, sem raça definida, em bom estado clínico geral. À necropsia, não foram identificadas alterações dos demais órgãos genitais, à exceção do corpo uterino, que apresentava redução de espessura numa extensão de 2mm na parte mediocaudal, com ausência de lúmen nesse ponto, e hidrometra em sua porção cranial e cornos uterinos. A avaliação histológica evidenciou redução da espessura total do corpo uterino no seu terço mediocaudal, porém presentes perimétrio, miométrio e endométrio, mas ausência de lúmen, bem como redução da espessura total da parede uterina nos cornos, com redução do número de glândulas endometriais. Nos ovários, foram identificados folículos em vários estádios de desenvolvimento e corpos lúteos em regressão, indicando que a cadela estava em atividade cíclica normal.

A case of partial segmental aplasia of the uterine body in a sexually mature mongrel bitch in anestrous phase and normal clinical condition is reported. At necropsy, no changes in the genital organs were observed with the exception of the uterine body that had a segmental (2mm in length) decrease in diameter in its medial-caudal portion, with absence of lumen and hydrometra in the cranial portion of the uterine body and uterine horns. Histopathologic evaluation indicated reduction in thickness of the whole uterine body at the site of stenosis, with all layers preserved including perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium, but with the absence of a lumen. The walls of the uterine horns were thin and there was a marked decrease in the number of endometrial glands. There were several follicles on different stages of development and corpora lutea in regression, indicating that the bitch had normal cyclic activity.

Efeito da centrifugação e do líquido prostático homólogo na criopreservação de espermatozoides epididimários caninos / Effect of centrifugation and homologous prostatic fluid on canine epydidimal spermatozoa cryopreservation

Realizaram-se dois experimentos de criopreservação de espermatozoides epididimários caninos, investigando-se o efeito da centrifugação e da adição do líquido prostático sobre as características físicas do espermatozoide pós-descongelação. No experimento I, foi testado o efeito da centrifugação. As amostras congeladas sem centrifugação apresentaram pós-descongelação: motilidade total (MT) de 26,7±21,2 por cento, motilidade progressiva (MP) de 21,2±20,1 por cento e vigor espermático (V) de 2,2±1,3, e as congeladas após a centrifugação: MT de 23,9±17,9 por cento, MP de 20,6±17,4 por cento e V de 2,2±1,0. No teste de termorresistência, o período médio de duração com MT mínima de 10 por cento foi de 165±21,2 minutos sem centrifugação e de 77,5±63,6 minutos para as centrifugadas, indicando maior longevidade espermática das amostras não centrifugadas. No experimento II, foi avaliado o efeito da adição de líquido prostático homólogo no meio diluidor. As amostras congeladas sem líquido prostático no meio diluidor apresentaram MT de 13,3±13,1 por cento, MP de 10,9±11,4 por cento e V de 2,1±1,2, e as congeladas com líquido prostático MT de 14,1±12,6 por cento, MP de 12,2±11,6 por cento e V de 2,2±1,3. Os resultados sugerem que a centrifugação e a adição de 10 por cento de líquido prostático ao diluidor não tiveram efeito sobre as características físicas do espermatozoide epididimário canino pós-descongelamento.(AU)

The effect of centrifugation and the prostatic fluid addition were evaluated on the physical characteristics of the cryopreserved canine epydidimal spermatozoa. In the first experiment, the effect of centrifugation was analysed. The samples without centrifugation showed 26.7±21.2 percent of total motility (TM), 21.2±20.1 percent of progressive motility (PM), and 2.2±1.3 of intensity of movement (I). In addition, the samples after centrifugation showed 23.9±17.9 percent of TM, 20.6±17.4 percent of PM, and 2.2±1 of I. The mean time of samples duration, at least with 10 percent of total motility, was 165±21.2min without centrifugation and 77.5±63.6min with centrifugation during the thermal resistance test. It suggests a better spermatic longevity in samples without centrifugation. In the second experiment, the effect of the prostatic fluid addition was evaluated. The samples cryopreserved without prostatic fluid showed 13.3±13.1 percent, 10.9±11.4 percent, and 2.1±1.2 percent of TM, PM, and I, respectively. Furthermore, the samples with prostatic fluid showed 14.1±12.6 percent, 12.2±11.6 percent, and 2.2±1.3 percent of TM, PM, and I, respectively. These data support that centrifugation and 10 percent of prostatic fluid addition does not induce any effect on the physical characteristics of canine epydidimal spermatozoa cryopreserved.(AU)

Efeito da centrifugação e do líquido prostático homólogo na criopreservação de espermatozoides epididimários caninos / Effect of centrifugation and homologous prostatic fluid on canine epydidimal spermatozoa cryopreservation

Realizaram-se dois experimentos de crio preservação de espermatozoides epididimários caninos, investigando-se o efeito da centrifugação e da adição do líquido prostático sobre as características físicas do espermatozoide pós-descongelação. No experimento I, foi testado o efeito da centrifugação. As amostras congeladas sem centrifugação apresentaram pós-descongelação: motilidade total (MT) de 26,7±21,2 por cento, motilidade progressiva (MP) de 21,2±20,1 por cento e vigor espermático (V) de 2,2±1,3, e as congeladas após a centrifugação: MT de 23,9±17,9 por cento, MP de 20,6±17,4 por cento e V de 2,2±1,0. No teste de termorresistência, o período médio de duração com MT mínima de 10 por cento foi de 165±21,2 minutos sem centrifugação e de 77,5±63,6 minutos para as centrifugadas, indicando maior longevidade espermática das amostras não centrifugadas. No experimento II, foi avaliado o efeito da adição de líquido prostático homólogo no meio diluidor. As amostras congeladas sem líquido prostático no meio diluidor apresentaram MT de 13,3±13,1 por cento, MP de 10,9±11,4 por cento e V de 2,1±1,2, e as congeladas com líquido prostático MT de 14,1±12,6 por cento, MP de 12,2±11,6 por cento e V de 2,2±1,3. Os resultados sugerem que a centrifugação e a adição de 10 por cento de líquido prostático ao diluidor não tiveram efeito sobre as características físicas do espermatozoide epididimário canino pós-descongelamento.

The effect of centrifugation and the prostatic fluid addition were evaluated on the physical characteristics of the cryopreserved canine epydidimal spermatozoa. In the first experiment, the effect of centrifugation was analysed. The samples without centrifugation showed 26.7±21.2 percent of total motility (TM), 21.2±20.1 percent of progressive motility (PM), and 2.2±1.3 of intensity of movement (I). In addition, the samples after centrifugation showed 23.9±17.9 percent of TM, 20.6±17.4 percent of PM, and 2.2±1 of I. The mean time of samples duration, at least with 10 percent of total motility, was 165±21.2min without centrifugation and 77.5±63.6min with centrifugation during the thermal resistance test. It suggests a better spermatic longevity in samples without centrifugation. In the second experiment, the effect of the prostatic fluid addition was evaluated. The samples cryopreserved without prostatic fluid showed 13.3±13.1 percent, 10.9±11.4 percent, and 2.1±1.2 percent of TM, PM, and I, respectively. Furthermore, the samples with prostatic fluid showed 14.1±12.6 percent, 12.2±11.6 percent, and 2.2±1.3 percent of TM, PM, and I, respectively. These data support that centrifugation and 10 percent of prostatic fluid addition does not induce any effect on the physical characteristics of canine epydidimal spermatozoa cryopreserved.

Clinicopathologic features of experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in cattle.

This study was designed to experimentally reproduce enterotoxemia by Clostridium perfringens type D in cattle and to characterize the clinicopathologic findings of this disease. Fourteen 9-month-old calves were inoculated intraduodenally according to the following schedule: group 1 (n = 4), C. perfringens type D whole culture; group 2 (n = 3), C. perfringens type D washed cells; group 3 (n = 5), C. perfringens type D filtered and concentrated supernatant; group 4 (n = 2), sterile, nontoxic culture medium. In addition, all animals received a 20% starch solution in the abomasum. Ten animals from groups 1 (4/4), 2 (3/3), and 3 (3/5) showed severe respiratory and neurologic signs. Gross findings were observed in these 10 animals and consisted of acute pulmonary edema, excessive protein-rich pericardial fluid, watery contents in the small intestine, and multifocal petechial hemorrhages on the jejunal mucosa. The brain of one animal of group 2 that survived for 8 days showed multifocal, bilateral, and symmetric encephalomalacia in the corpus striatum. The most striking histologic changes consisted of perivascular high protein edema in the brain, and alveolar and interstitial proteinaceous pulmonary edema. The animal that survived for 8 days and that had gross lesions in the corpus striatum showed histologically severe, focal necrosis of this area, cerebellar peduncles, and thalamus. Koch's postulates have been met and these results show that experimental enterotoxemia by C. perfringens type D in cattle has similar clinical and pathologic characteristics to the natural and experimental disease in sheep.

Avaliação macroscópica, microscópica e histomorfométrica do tecido cicatricial pós-cirúrgico de eqüinos submetidos a duas técnicas de neurectomia digital / Macroscopic, microscopic, and histomorphometric evaluation of post-operative scar tissue in horses submitted to two techniques for digital neurectomy

Avaliou-se macro e microscopicamente o tecido cicatricial pós-operatório de eqüinos submetidos a duas técnicas de neurectomia digital: guilhotina (TG) e stripping (TS). Decorridos 14 meses das cirurgias, foram colhidas 32 amostras de tecido cicatricial em quatro éguas, que tiveram os membros submetidos a ambas as técnicas. À macroscopia, verificaram-se as dimensões da cicatriz do coto proximal e a distância entre os cotos proximal e distal. À microscopia, foi quantificada a proporção de tecido nervoso regenerado por meio de histomorfometria. Não houve diferença nas dimensões do tecido cicatricial, contudo a distância entre cotos foi 5,6 vezes maior na TS (P<0,001). Histologicamente, observou-se a presença de tecido conjuntivo frouxo e denso, macrófagos e fibras nervosas delgadas em ambas as técnicas cirúrgicas. Estruturas nodulares, compostas por fascículos nervosos, foram visualizadas em 56,2 por cento (9/16) das amostras colhidas em nervos submetidos à TS. As porcentagens médias de tecido nervoso no tecido cicatricial foram de 0,31 por cento na TG e 2,6 por cento na TS (P<0,001). Concluiu-se que o retorno à sensibilidade nervosa deve demorar mais a ocorrer após a TS, devido à maior distância entre cotos. A maior proporção de tecido nervoso sugere que essa técnica favorece a regeneração nervosa.(AU)

The post-operative healed tissues in horses submitted to two digital neurectomy techniques, the guilhotine (GT) and the stripping (ST), were evaluated by macroscopy and microscopy. Fourteen months after surgery, 32 samples of scar tissue were collected from four mares that had the members experimentally submitted to both surgical techniques. By macroscopy, the dimensions of the scar tissue of the proximal stump and the distance between nerve stumps were taken. By microscopy, the proportion of nervous tissues in the scar tissue was quantified by histomorphometry. There were no differences between the scar tissue dimensions, but the distance between stumps was 5.6-fold greater in ST subjects. Histologically, connective tissue, macrophages, and thin nervous fibers were observed in scar tissue present in animals of both groups. Nodular structures composed by nervous fascicules were visualized in 56.2 percent (9/16) of the samples collected from the ST group. The mean percentage of the nervous tissue in scar tissue was 0.31 percent in GT samples and 2.6 percent in ST samples (P<0.001). After ST, a longer time to the return of the sensibility may occur due to the greater distance between stumps. However, greater proportion of nervous tissue in the scar tissue suggests that the use of this technique favors nervous regeneration.(AU)

Avaliação macroscópica, microscópica e histomorfométrica do tecido cicatricial pós-cirúrgico de eqüinos submetidos a duas técnicas de neurectomia digital / Macroscopic, microscopic, and histomorphometric evaluation of post-operative scar tissue in horses submitted to two techniques for digital neurectomy

Avaliou-se macro e microscopicamente o tecido cicatricial pós-operatório de eqüinos submetidos a duas técnicas de neurectomia digital: guilhotina (TG) e stripping (TS). Decorridos 14 meses das cirurgias, foram colhidas 32 amostras de tecido cicatricial em quatro éguas, que tiveram os membros submetidos a ambas as técnicas. À macroscopia, verificaram-se as dimensões da cicatriz do coto proximal e a distância entre os cotos proximal e distal. À microscopia, foi quantificada a proporção de tecido nervoso regenerado por meio de histomorfometria. Não houve diferença nas dimensões do tecido cicatricial, contudo a distância entre cotos foi 5,6 vezes maior na TS (P<0,001). Histologicamente, observou-se a presença de tecido conjuntivo frouxo e denso, macrófagos e fibras nervosas delgadas em ambas as técnicas cirúrgicas. Estruturas nodulares, compostas por fascículos nervosos, foram visualizadas em 56,2 por cento (9/16) das amostras colhidas em nervos submetidos à TS. As porcentagens médias de tecido nervoso no tecido cicatricial foram de 0,31 por cento na TG e 2,6 por cento na TS (P<0,001). Concluiu-se que o retorno à sensibilidade nervosa deve demorar mais a ocorrer após a TS, devido à maior distância entre cotos. A maior proporção de tecido nervoso sugere que essa técnica favorece a regeneração nervosa.

The post-operative healed tissues in horses submitted to two digital neurectomy techniques, the guilhotine (GT) and the stripping (ST), were evaluated by macroscopy and microscopy. Fourteen months after surgery, 32 samples of scar tissue were collected from four mares that had the members experimentally submitted to both surgical techniques. By macroscopy, the dimensions of the scar tissue of the proximal stump and the distance between nerve stumps were taken. By microscopy, the proportion of nervous tissues in the scar tissue was quantified by histomorphometry. There were no differences between the scar tissue dimensions, but the distance between stumps was 5.6-fold greater in ST subjects. Histologically, connective tissue, macrophages, and thin nervous fibers were observed in scar tissue present in animals of both groups. Nodular structures composed by nervous fascicules were visualized in 56.2 percent (9/16) of the samples collected from the ST group. The mean percentage of the nervous tissue in scar tissue was 0.31 percent in GT samples and 2.6 percent in ST samples (P<0.001). After ST, a longer time to the return of the sensibility may occur due to the greater distance between stumps. However, greater proportion of nervous tissue in the scar tissue suggests that the use of this technique favors nervous regeneration.

Efeito da prednisona em lesão medular aguda experimental em ratos / Effect of prednisone on acute experimental spinal cord injury in rats

Foram utilizados 25 ratos (Rattus novergicus) submetidos a trauma experimental da medula espinhal, empregando-se aparelho estereotáxico com um peso de 50,5g comprimindo a duramáter durante cinco minutos. Após o trauma, os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos de cinco. O grupo A (controle) recebeu placebo oito horas após o trauma; os grupos B, C, D e E receberam prednisona oito, 24, 48 e 120 horas após o trauma, respectivamente. A prednisona foi administrada na dose inicial de 2mg/kg, durante cinco dias, com diminuição progressiva até o 26º dia. Os animais foram avaliados conforme a capacidade motora, posicionamento proprioceptivo, reflexo de localização, plano inclinado e sensibilidade dolorosa. Após 33 dias da cirurgia, foram sacrificados para avaliação histológica das medulas espinhais. Observaram-se degeneração das raízes nervosas, necrose medular, inflamação local e reação glial, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Não houve correlação entre os testes neurológicos. A utilização da prednisona na lesão medular aguda não teve efeito diferenciado com o tempo e não foi prejudicial na recuperação neurológica, mesmo quando utilizada tardiamente.(AU)

Twent-five rats (Rattus novergicus) were submitted to an experimental spinal cord injury by using a 50.5g stereotaxic equipament to apply pressure on the duramater during five minutes. After the spinal cord injury, the animals were randomly distributed into five groups of five animals each: one group received placebo 8 hours after injury and the remaining four groups received prednisone at 8, 24, 48, and 120 hours after injury. Prednisone was applied at 2mg/kg dosage during five days and progressively reduced until the 26th day. Animals were evaluated by motor capacity, proprioceptive positioning, locating reflex, inclined plan, and sensibility to pain. The animals were sacrificed 33 days after surgery for histological study of the spinal cords that revealed degeneration of the rootlets, necrosis, inflammatory foci, and reactive gliosis, with no significant differences among the treated groups. The administration of high dosages of prednisone to animals with acute spinal cord injury had no deleterious effects on neurological recovery, even when used late.(AU)