[Molecular Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance in CarbapenemResistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Isolated from Clinical Samples]. / Klinik Örneklerden Izole Edilen Karbapenem Dirençli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Izolatlarindaki Antibiyotik Direncinin Moleküler Analizi.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes increased morbidity and mortality in risky patient groups. Nowadays, carbapenem resistance has become a threat and resistance genes are spreading among species through mobile genetic elements. The dissemination of carbapenemases among P.aeruginosa is a serious public health concern due to its limited options for the treatment of bacterial infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of 47 carbapenem resistant P.aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates derived from various clinical samples from the Central Laboratory Bacteriology Unit of Kocaeli University Research and Training Hospital between October 2021 and March 2023. The rates of resistance to the antibiotics, some carbapenemase and virulence genes, conjugative resistance plasmids, integron gene cassette contents and the clonal similarity of the isolates were investigated and then epidemiologically evaluated. In the study, identification of the bacterial isolates and their susceptibility to some antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, aztreonam, amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) were determined by the VITEK® 2 Compact automated system. Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production of the isolates was demonstrated by the imipenem/meropenem-EDTA (IMP/MEM-EDTA) combined disc method. Conjugation experiments were performed by the broth mating method. Alkali lysis method was used in plasmid DNA isolations. Co-transferred antibiotic resistances in transconjugants were detected by disc diffusion method. Carbapenemase genes (blaIMP , blaVIM , blaNDM , blaKPC and blaOXA-48 ), integron gene cassettes (class 1 and class 2) and virulence genes (lasR and rhlR) were screened by specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Clonal relationships of the CRPA isolates were investigated by evaluating the DNA f ingerprintings obtained from the ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus)-PCR assay. The highest resistance rate of the isolates were to levofloxacin, while the lowest resistance rates were observed against tobramycin, gentamicin and amikacin. MBL production was detected in 25 (53.2%) isolates. In conjugation experiments, 12 (25.5%) isolates were detected to harbour conjugative resistance plasmids. In 90% of the CRPA isolates, lasR and rhlR biofilm genes (encoding for the transcriptional activator protein) were detected by PCR. The blaVIM gene was detected in six (12.8%) isolates. The blaNDM gene was detected in five (10.6%) isolates and the blaOXA-48 gene was detected in three (6.4%) isolates. The blaKPC and blaIMP genes were not detected in CRPA isolates. It was determined that two (16.6%) of the isolates that carried the blaVIM gene, one (8.3%) carried the blaNDM gene and one (8.3%) carried the blaOXA-48 gene contained conjugative plasmids.In integron-specific PCRs, intI1 gene was positive in 39 (82.9%) isolates, while class 1 integron gene cassettes were detected in 24 isolates (51%). IntI1 positive six isolates were found to harbour class 1 integron gene cassettes-bearing conjugative plasmids. Class 2 integrons were not found in the CRPA isolates. Dendrogram analysis of ERIC-PCR patterns showed that there was no clonal similarity between the CRPA isolates and the isolates did not spread by cross-contamination. As a result, it has been observed that most of the CRPA isolates which have the potential to form biofilms, are highly resistant to other antibiotic groups other than carbapenems and can co-transfer some resistances (ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam) with conjugative resistance plasmids. It is thought that it would be useful to follow molecular epidemiology in the resistance gene reservoirs of these strains which have the potential to cause epidemics in the clinical arena.

Antibacterial Activity of Boron Compounds Against Biofilm-Forming Pathogens.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nine boron derivatives against biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. The effect of boron derivatives (CMB, calcium metaborate; SMTB, sodium metaborate tetrahydrate; ZB, zinc borate; STFB, sodium tetra fluorine borate; STB, sodium tetraborate; PTFB, potassium tetra fluor borate; APTB, ammonium pentabo-rate tetrahydrate; SPM, sodium perborate monohydrate; Borax, ATFB, ammonium tetra fluorine borate) on bacteria isolated from blood culture was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Then, biofilm formation potentials on microplates, tubes, and Congo red agar were examined. The cytotoxicity of boron derivatives was determined by using WST-1-based methods. The interaction between the biofilm-forming bacteria, fibroblast cells, and boron derivatives was determined with the infection model. We found that the sodium metaborate tetrahydrate molecule was effective against all pathogens. According to the optical density values detected at 630 nm in microplates, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was observed to have the most substantial biofilm ability at 0.257 nm. As a result of cytotoxicity studies, it has been determined that a 1 µg/L concentration of boron derivatives is not toxic to fibroblast L929 cells. In cell culture experiments, these boron derivatives have very serious inhibitory activity against biofilm-forming pathogens in a short treatment period, such as 2-4 h. Furthermore, using these molecules on inanimate surfaces affected by biofilms would be appropriate instead of living cells.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia outbreak originating from a pull-out faucet in a pediatric intensive care unit in Turkey: Insights from clinical records and molecular typing.

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia-related cases are rising and pose a threat to immunocompromised patients. Twelve patients from our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) presented with S maltophilia-associated bloodstream infection. METHODS: This outbreak investigation includes 12 patients from PICU between the ages of 2 months and 4 years (mean 16 months, 7 male). To identify the origin, samples from all possible sources throughout the hospital were collected and ran through DNA isolation and Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis. RESULTS: 120 samples were collected during the outbreak. 31 samples (26%) were positive for S maltophilia. 30 S maltophilia isolates were analyzed, 10 different genotypes were identified. Clustering isolates were grouped into 3 different clusters (tolerance and optimization 1.0, cutoff 90%). The largest cluster was genotype 1, which included 19 isolates, those belong to patients' samples and a sample from a pull-out faucet inside the PICU. The Pull-out faucet was the origin of the bloodstream infection. DISCUSSION: Pull-out faucets allow biofilm production, due its structure. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis identifies the transmission dynamics of the outbreak, with its high discriminatory power. CONCLUSIONS: Water sources should be monitored on a regular basis. Pull-out faucets enable bacterial overgrowth; therefore, we recommend water surveillance during outbreak investigations.

Evaluating molecular epidemiology of carbapenem non-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with MLST, MALDI-TOF MS, PFGE.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes and the clonal relationship of the carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by molecular methods which are isolated from various clinical specimens from patients treated in tertiary care hospital in Turkey. METHODS: Identification of 32 carbapenem non-susceptible K. pneumoniae were determined by VITEK-2 (BioMérieux, France) automated system. Thirteen colistin-resistant strains were tested with the broth microdilution method. Various antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes frequently seen in carbapenem-resistant strains were screened by PCR. Immunochromatographic tests used in the rapid diagnosis of carbapenemases were compared with PCR results. In addition, PFGE, MLST and MALDI-TOF MS methods were used to determine the clonal relationship among these strains. RESULTS: PCR demonstrated that 31 of the strains carried at least one of the carbapenemase genes. In one strain, the coexistence of blaOXA-48+NDM was shown. The most common resistance genes were determined as blaSHV (84.3%), blaCTX-M-1 (46.8%), blaOXA-48 (40.6%), blaKPC (40.6%), blaTEM (31.2%), blaNDM (18.8%) respectively. Among the virulence genes; magA (68.7%) was the most common, followed by kpn (59.3%) and K2 (9.3%). Immunochromatographic tests were found to be 100% compatible with PCR results. All colistin-resistant isolates were also found to be resistant by colistin broth microdilution. In PFGE analysis, 25 different genotypes were determined and clustering isolates were collected in 5 different clusters and the clustering rate was 35.4%. In MLST analysis, ST101 type was determined as the most common ST type with a rate of 29%. ST101 is followed by ST16, ST307, ST14, ST147, ST309, ST377, ST395 and ST2096, respectively. The compatibility rate between MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK-2 was found 94.3%, in bacterial identification. In MALDI-TOF MS typing, the maximum similarity between the strains was less than 70% and clustering not shown. CONCLUSION: In addition to OXA-48, which is endemic in our country, it has been determined that KPC, which is more common in the world, is becoming increasingly common in our region. ST101 type was determined as the most common type between the strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that compares these three methods in our country. There may be differences between bacterial identifications made with VITEK-2 and MALDI-TOF MS. In this study, it was observed that MALDI-TOF MS analyses were not compatible with the typing of strains according to PFGE and MLST analysis results.

Evaluation of presence of clone ST131 and biofilm formation in ESBL producing and non-producing Escherichia coli strains.

OBJECTIVE: Escherichia coli ST131 is a pandemic clone associated with multidrug resistance, starting with beta-lactamase production and fluoroquinolone resistance in the first place, leading to significant systemic infections. Clones that develop due to the frequency of antimicrobial resistance and the rate of spread in our country are important issues that need to be investigated. This study aims to investigate the incidence of ST131which is a "high-risk pandemic clone E. coli" in ESBL-producing and non-ESBL-producing strains, as well as their biofilm-forming abilities and antibiotic resistance rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 86 E. coli isolates were used in the study. Bacterial identifications were performed by conventional and automated methods. The double disc synergy method was used to demonstrate the presence of ESBL. Molecular studies in all E. coli strains were performed by real-time PCR method. FINDINGS: 86 strains were studied, of which 83.72% were urine, 6.98% were wound, 4.65% were blood, and 2.33% were tracheal aspirate and sputum. 79.07% of these strains were ESBL-positive. 58.1% of the strains were female, whereas 41.9% were male patients, and the average age was 46.2. Out of 86 strains, 38.72% were ST131 positive, the H30 subclone was detected in 27.27% of them, and the H30-Rx subclone was detected in all of the H30 subclone positive strains. The presence of the ESBL resistance gene was detected at the rate of TEM 41.86%, SHV 37.21%, CTX-M 36.04%, and OXA 4.65%. Most commonly SHV gene (54.54%) was seen in ST131 clone-positive samples. Finally, while it was found that 48.83% of the strains formed biofilm by any method, biofilm formation was detected in 69.7% of the samples that were positive for the ST131 clone. RESULT: Our study can reveal the dramatic prevalence of the ESBL-producing E. coli strains along with the high-risk ST131 clone, the dominance of the H30Rx subclone of this risky clone, as well as the importance of the influence of resistance mechanisms along with resistance and biofilm.

Determination and molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from Pelophylax sp. in the Eastern Black Sea Region.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and types of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from Pelophylax sp. Fifty-four frogs were collected from six provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. In the cloacal swab cultures, bacteria from 160 different colonies were identified by biochemical tests, automated systems, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. The observed drug resistance rate was the highest to ampicillin and cefazolin, while the lowest against ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In the molecular assays, bla TEM (8 Citrobacter spp.), bla SHV (2 Escherichia coli, 1 Hafnia alvei, and a Serratia liquefaciens), tetA genes (E. coli and Klebsiella spp.) and a class 1 integron without any gene cassette (E. coli) were detected. Among the strains, no plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance [qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA and aac (6 ')-Ib-cr] was found. However, two of three quinolone-resistant Klebsiella strains showed the novel amino acid substitution in the gyrA gene resulting in Ser83Asp and Asp87Glu.The clonality between E. coli isolates was also examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We consider that multidrug-resistant Gram-negative enteric bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of a cosmopolitan frog species might be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.

Screening of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Epidemiological Features in Hospital and Community-Associated Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections.

INTRODUCTION: Researching carbapenem-resistant isolates enables the identification of carbapenemase-producing bacteria and prevents their spread. METHODS: P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from Medicine Faculty of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University and identified by conventional methods and the automated Vitek 2 Compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility experiments were performed in accordance with CLSI criteria and the automated Vitek 2 Compact system. The PCR method was investigated for the presence of ß-lactamase resistance genes. PFGE typing was performed to show clonal relation among samples. RESULTS: Seventy P. aeruginosa isolates were isolated from seventy patients. Of the patients, 67.1% had contact with the health service in the last 90 days and 75.7% of the patients had received antimicrobial therapy in the previous 90 days. Twenty-four isolates were carbapenem resistant, 2 isolates were multidrug-resistant except colistin, and none of the samples had colistin resistance. The gene encoding ß-lactamase or metallo-ß-lactamase was found in a total of 36 isolates. The bla VEB and bla PER genes were identified in 1 and 5 isolates alone or 17 and 13 isolates in combination with other resistance genes, respectively. The bla NDM was the most detected metallo-ß-lactamase encoding gene (n=18), followed by bla KPC (n=12). bla IMP and bla VIM were detected in 5 and 1 isolates, respectively. Also, the association of bla VEB-bla PER and bla VEB-bla KPC-bla NDM was found to be very high. Much more resistance genes and co-occurrence were detected in hospital-acquired samples than community-acquired samples. No difference was found between the community and hospital-associated isolates according to PFGE results. Simultaneously from 6 patients, other microorganisms were also isolated and 5 of them died. CONCLUSION: The average length of stay (days) was found to be significantly higher in HAI group than CAI group. The death of 5 patients with fewer or no resistance genes showed that the co-existence of other microorganisms in addition to resistance genes was important on death.