Adenylate cyclase type 9 antagonizes cAMP accumulation and regulates endothelial signalling involved in atheroprotection.

AIMS: The adenylate cyclase type 9 (ADCY9) gene appears to determine atherosclerotic outcomes in patients treated with dalcetrapib. In mice, we recently demonstrated that Adcy9 inactivation potentiates endothelial function and inhibits atherogenesis. The objective of this study was to characterize the contribution of ADCY9 to the regulation of endothelial signalling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We show that ADCY9 is expressed in the endothelium of mouse aorta and femoral arteries. We demonstrate that ADCY9 inactivation in cultured endothelial cells paradoxically increases cAMP accumulation in response to the adenylate cyclase activators forskolin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Reciprocally, ADCY9 overexpression decreases cAMP production. Using mouse femoral artery arteriography, we show that Adcy9 inactivation potentiates VIP-induced endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Moreover, Adcy9 inactivation reduces mouse atheroma endothelial permeability in different vascular beds. ADCY9 overexpression reduces forskolin-induced phosphorylation of Ser157-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and worsens thrombin-induced fall of RAP1 activity, both leading to increased endothelial permeability. ADCY9 inactivation in thrombin-stimulated human coronary artery endothelial cells results in cAMP accumulation, increases p-Ser157-VASP, and inhibits endothelial permeability. MLC2 phosphorylation and actin stress fibre increases in response to thrombin were reduced by ADCY9 inactivation, suggesting actin cytoskeleton regulation. Finally, using the Miles assay, we demonstrate that Adcy9 regulates thrombin-induced endothelial permeability in vivo in normal and atherosclerotic animals. CONCLUSION: Adcy9 is expressed in endothelial cells and regulates local cAMP and endothelial functions including permeability relevant to atherogenesis.

ADCY9 (Adenylate Cyclase Type 9) Inactivation Protects From Atherosclerosis Only in the Absence of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein).

BACKGROUND: Pharmacogenomic studies have shown that ADCY9 genotype determines the effects of the CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibitor dalcetrapib on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis imaging. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the interactions between ADCY9 and CETP activity have not yet been determined. METHODS: Adcy9-inactivated ( Adcy9Gt/Gt) and wild-type (WT) mice, that were or not transgenic for the CETP gene (CETPtg Adcy9Gt/Gt and CETPtg Adcy9WT), were submitted to an atherogenic protocol (injection of an AAV8 [adeno-associated virus serotype 8] expressing a PCSK9 [proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9] gain-of-function variant and 0.75% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks). Atherosclerosis, vasorelaxation, telemetry, and adipose tissue magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated. RESULTS: Adcy9Gt/Gt mice had a 65% reduction in aortic atherosclerosis compared to WT ( P<0.01). CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68)-positive macrophage accumulation and proliferation in plaques were reduced in Adcy9Gt/Gt mice compared to WT animals ( P<0.05 for both). Femoral artery endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation was improved in Adcy9Gt/Gt mice (versus WT, P<0.01). Selective pharmacological blockade showed that the nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase, and endothelial-dependent hyperpolarization pathways were all responsible for the improvement of vasodilatation in Adcy9Gt/Gt ( P<0.01 for all). Aortic endothelium from Adcy9Gt/Gt mice allowed significantly less adhesion of splenocytes compared to WT ( P<0.05). Adcy9Gt/Gt mice gained more weight than WT with the atherogenic diet; this was associated with an increase in whole body adipose tissue volume ( P<0.01 for both). Feed efficiency was increased in Adcy9Gt/Gt compared to WT mice ( P<0.01), which was accompanied by prolonged cardiac RR interval ( P<0.05) and improved nocturnal heart rate variability ( P=0.0572). Adcy9 inactivation-induced effects on atherosclerosis, endothelial function, weight gain, adipose tissue volume, and feed efficiency were lost in CETPtg Adcy9Gt/Gt mice ( P>0.05 versus CETPtg Adcy9WT). CONCLUSIONS: Adcy9 inactivation protects against atherosclerosis, but only in the absence of CETP activity. This atheroprotection may be explained by decreased macrophage accumulation and proliferation in the arterial wall, and improved endothelial function and autonomic tone.

Generation of a Mouse Model with Smooth Muscle Cell Specific Loss of the Expression of PPARγ.

An inducible tissue-specific knockout (KO) technique has been used to study the role of genes in the adult heart. This KO technique circumvents the developmental effect that could otherwise be observed in a tissue-specific KO. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ is a transcription factor that when activated has been shown to improve vascular remodeling and endothelial function in hypertensive rodents. Here we describe an inducible tissue specific KO protocol used to study the role of PPARγ in smooth muscle cells (SMC) in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension in adult mice. Inducible VSMC Pparγ KO mice are generated by crossing mice expressing a fusion protein of Cre recombinase with the modified estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (CreERT2) under the control of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smmhc, myh11) with mice having loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the Pparγ gene (Pparγ Flox/Flox ). The SMC Pparγ KO is induced by treating smMHC-CreERT2/Pparγ Flox/Flox mice with the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen causing recombination of the two loxP site by CreERT2. SMC KO is confirmed by determining mRNA Pparγ levels in aortic media. Presence of the loxP sites is determined by sequencing genomic DNA. Tissue specific expression is assayed using smMHC-CreERT2/reporter crossed mice.

Aldosterone-Induced Vascular Remodeling and Endothelial Dysfunction Require Functional Angiotensin Type 1a Receptors.

We investigated the role of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AGTR1a) in vascular injury induced by aldosterone activation of mineralocorticoid receptors in Agtr1a(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice infused with aldosterone for 14 days while receiving 1% NaCl in drinking water. Aldosterone increased systolic blood pressure (BP) by ≈30 mm Hg in WT mice and ≈50 mm Hg in Agtr1a(-/-) mice. Aldosterone induced aortic and small artery remodeling, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in WT mice, and enhanced fibronectin and collagen deposition and vascular inflammation. None of these vascular effects were observed in Agtr1a(-/-) mice. Aldosterone effects were prevented by the AGTR1 antagonist losartan in WT mice. In contrast to aldosterone, norepinephrine caused similar BP increase and mesenteric artery remodeling in WT and Agtr1a(-/-) mice. Agtr1a(-/-) mice infused with aldosterone did not increase sodium excretion in response to a sodium chloride challenge, suggesting that sodium retention could contribute to the exaggerated BP rise induced by aldosterone. Agtr1a(-/-) mice had decreased mesenteric artery expression of the calcium-activated potassium channel Kcnmb1, which may enhance myogenic tone and together with sodium retention, exacerbate BP responses to aldosterone/salt in Agtr1a(-/-) mice. We conclude that although aldosterone activation of mineralocorticoid receptors raises BP more in Agtr1a(-/-) mice, AGTR1a is required for mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation to induce vascular remodeling and inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

Inducible human endothelin-1 overexpression in endothelium raises blood pressure via endothelin type A receptors.

The mechanisms of blood pressure regulation by endothelin-1 produced by endothelial cells are complex and still unclear. Transgenic mice with endothelium-restricted human endothelin-1 (EDN1) overexpression presented vascular damage but no significant change in blood pressure, which could be because of adaptation to life-long exposure to elevated endothelin-1 levels. We now generated a tamoxifen-inducible endothelium-restricted EDN1 overexpressing transgenic mouse (ieET-1) using Cre/loxP technology. Sixteen days after tamoxifen treatment, ieET-1 mice presented ≥10-fold increase in plasma endothelin-1 (P<0.01) and ≥20 mm Hg elevation in systolic blood pressure (P<0.01), which could be reversed by atrasentan (P<0.05). Endothelin-1 overexpression did not cause vascular or kidney injury or changes in kidney perfusion or function. However, endothelin type A and B receptor expression was differentially regulated in the mesenteric arteries and the kidney. Our results demonstrate using this ieET-1 mouse model that 21 days of induction of endothelin-1 overexpression caused endothelin-1-dependent elevated blood pressure mediated by endothelin type A receptors.

Preservation of endothelium-dependent relaxation in atherosclerotic mice with endothelium-restricted endothelin-1 overexpression.

In human atherosclerosis, which is associated with elevated plasma and coronary endothelin (ET)-1 levels, ETA receptor antagonists improve coronary endothelial function. Mice overexpressing ET-1 specifically in the endothelium (eET-1) crossed with atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout mice (Apoe(-/-)) exhibit exaggerated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis. Since endothelial dysfunction often precedes atherosclerosis development, we hypothesized that mice overexpressing endothelial ET-1 on a genetic background deficient in apolipoprotein E (eET-1/Apoe(-/-)) would have severe endothelial dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, we investigated endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) to acetylcholine in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) mice. EDR in mesenteric resistance arteries from 8- and 16-week-old mice fed a normal diet or HFD was improved in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) compared with Apoe(-/-) mice. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition abolished EDR in Apoe(-/-). EDR in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) mice was resistant to NOS inhibition irrespective of age or diet. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase, the cytochrome P450 pathway, and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH) resulted in little or no inhibition of EDR in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In eET-1/Apoe(-/-) mice, blocking of EDH or soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), in addition to NOS inhibition, decreased EDR by 36 and 30%, respectively. The activation of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kv) during EDR was increased in eET-1/Apoe(-/-) compared with WT mice. We conclude that increasing eET-1 in mice that develop atherosclerosis results in decreased mutual dependence of endothelial signaling pathways responsible for EDR, and that NOS-independent activation of sGC and increased activation of Kv are responsible for enhanced EDR in this model of atherosclerosis associated with elevated endothelial and circulating ET-1.

Protective role of vascular smooth muscle cell PPARγ in angiotensin II-induced vascular disease.

AIMS: Vascular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation improves vascular remodelling and endothelial function in hypertensive rodents. The goal of this study was to determine that vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) PPARγ exerts a vascular protective role beyond its metabolic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS: We generated a model of adult inducible VSMC-specific Pparγ inactivation to test the hypothesis that PPARγ counteracts angiotensin (Ang) II-induced vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction. Inducible VSMC Pparγ knockout mice were generated by crossing Pparγ floxed mice with mice expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase Smooth muscle (Sm) myosin heavy chain promoter control. Eight-to-ten-week-old SmPparγ(-/-) and control mice were infused with a nonpressor dose of Ang II for 7 days. Blood pressure was unaffected. Mesenteric arteries showed eutrophic remodelling in Ang II-infused control mice and hypertrophic remodelling in Ang II-infused SmPparγ(-/-) mice. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was reduced in SmPparγ(-/-) mice and further impaired by Ang II infusion, and was unaffected by an inhibitor of NO synthase, suggesting a defect of NO-mediated relaxation. SmPparγ deletion increased the sensitivity to Ang II-induced contraction. SmPparγ(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced Ang II-induced vascular NADPH oxidase activity and adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression. The antioxidant Superoxide dismutase 3 expression was decreased by SmPparγ deletion. Ang II infusion increased the expression of CD3 T-cell co-receptor chain δ and decreased Adiponectin in perivascular adipose tissue of SmPparγ(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION: Inducible Pparγ inactivation in VSMCs exacerbated Ang II-induced vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction via enhanced vascular oxidative stress and inflammation, revealing the protective role of VSMC PPARγ in angiotensin II-induced vascular injury.

Endothelin in hypertension: an update.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review of the vascular biology of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the presentation of recent data including the use of endothelin-receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent discoveries regarding the pharmacology of ET-1 in the vascular wall and its effect on signalling transduction and gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells are reviewed, as well as mechanisms controlling blood pressure in normal conditions and in hypertension, discovered using genetically modified models. Finally, studies of endothelin antagonists for treatment of hypertension will be summarized. SUMMARY: Pharmacological studies demonstrate that calcitonin gene-related peptide is a physiological antagonist of ET-1 that terminates the long-lasting contraction induced by ET-1. ET-1-induced rise in [Ca]i involves the newly described stromal-interaction molecule-1/orai1 pathway to increase store-operated calcium entry. Sensitization of contractile proteins to calcium during ET-1-induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells includes activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor and increase in O-GlcNAcylation, a form of posttranslational modification. Genetically modified mice have demonstrated that endothelial ET-1 is involved in the regulation of normal blood pressure and development of vascular disease. Gene expression induced by endothelial overexpression of ET-1 in mice demonstrated upregulation of lipid metabolism, inflammatory and signal transduction genes. Crossing these mice with apoE mice was associated with acceleration of atherosclerosis on a high-fat diet and blood pressure elevation. Finally, the DORADO clinical trial has demonstrated that the ETA-receptor antagonist darusentan is able to decrease the blood pressure of patients with refractory hypertension.

Angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist compound 21 reduces vascular injury and myocardial fibrosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

-Angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated effects of angiotensin II appear to counteract many of the effects mediated via the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Compound 21 (C21), a selective angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist, has demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rodents. We hypothesized that C21 alone or in combination with an angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist would blunt the development of hypertension and vascular damage in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Six-week-old stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats received C21 (1 mg/kg per day), the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist losartan (10 mg/kg per day), C21 plus losartan, or vehicle PO for 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was lower in losartan and C21-losartan combination groups (P<0.001). Endothelium-dependent relaxation was enhanced (P<0.001) in the C21-losartan combination group at lower acetylcholine concentrations. C21 or C21-losartan combination reduced vascular stiffness, aortic medial and myocardial interstitial collagen content, and aortic fibronectin (P<0.05). C21 and losartan decreased the expression of 2 genes associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myosin heavy chain-ß (myh7) by 30 to 50%, and α-skeletal muscle actin by 30% to 35% (P<0.05). C21-losartan combination caused an additional 40% reduction in myh7 compared with C21 (P<0.01). Aortic superoxide generation was reduced equally by the 3 treatments (P<0.001). Monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the aorta and kidney (P<0.001) and T-lymphocyte infiltration in the renal cortex (P<0.05) were lowered similarly by the 3 treatments. These data suggest that C21 alone or in combination with losartan may improve endothelial function and vascular composition and mechanics by reducing oxidative stress, collagen content, fibronectin, and inflammatory cell infiltration in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Cross-talk between aldosterone and angiotensin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells.

In hypertension or other forms of cardiovascular disease, the chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) leads to dysfunction of the vasculature, including, increased vascular tone, inflammation, fibrosis and thrombosis. Cross-talk between the main mediators of the RAAS, aldosterone and angiotensin (Ang) II, participates in the development of this vascular dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the molecular mechanisms supporting this cross-talk in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Some of the signaling pathways activated by the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) are dependent on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and vice versa. VSMC signaling pathways involved in migration and growth are under the control of cross-talk between aldosterone and Ang II. A synergistic mechanism leads to potentiation of signaling pathways activated by each agent. The genomic and non-genomic mechanisms activated by aldosterone cooperate with Ang II to regulate vascular tone and gene expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules. This cross-talk is dependent on the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src, and on receptor tyrosine kinases, EGFR and PDGFR, and leads to activation of MAP kinases and growth, migration and inflammatory effects. These new findings will contribute to development of better treatments for conditions in which the RAAS is excessively activated.

S-nitrosylation of beta-catenin by eNOS-derived NO promotes VEGF-induced endothelial cell permeability.

Disruption of adherens junctions between endothelial cells results in compromised endothelial barrier function and in altered angiogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is essential for increased vascular permeability induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the molecular mechanisms by which NO modulates endothelial permeability remain elusive. Here, we show that, within adherens junctions, beta-catenin is a substrate for S-nitrosylation by NO. Stimulation of endothelial cells with VEGF induces S-nitrosylation of beta-catenin, which is dependent on expression and activity of eNOS. Furthermore, VEGF-induced S-nitrosylation of beta-catenin is inhibited in eNOS(-/-) mice. We identify Cys619, located within the VE-cadherin interaction site, as the major S-nitrosylation locus in response to VEGF. Inhibition of S-nitrosylation at Cys619 prevents NO-dependent dissociation of beta-catenin from VE-cadherin and disassembly of adherens junction complexes and inhibits VEGF-stimulated endothelial permeability. Thus, we identify S-nitrosylation of beta-catenin as a modulator of intercellular contacts between endothelial cells.

Phosphorylation of tyrosine 801 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 is necessary for Akt-dependent endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide release from endothelial cells.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) release from endothelial cells is mediated through the activation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Herein, we have attempted to determine which autophosphorylated tyrosine residue on the VEGFR-2 is essential for VEGF-mediated endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and NO production from endothelial cells. Tyrosine residues 801, 1175, and 1214 of the VEGFR-2 were mutated to phenylalanine, and the mutated receptors were analyzed for their ability to stimulate NO production. We show, both in COS-7 cells cotransfected with the VEGFR-2 mutants and eNOS and in bovine aortic endothelial cells, that the Y801F-VEGFR-2 mutant is unable to stimulate NO synthesis and eNOS activation in contrast to the wild type, Y1175F-VEGFR-2, and Y1214F-VEGFR-2. However, the Y801F mutant retains the capacity to activate phospholipase C-gamma in contrast to the Y1175F-VEGFR-2. Interestingly, the Y801F-VEGFR-2, in contrast to the wild type receptor, does not fully activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or recruit the p85 subunit upon receptor activation. This results in a complete incapacity of the Y801F-VEGFR-2 to stimulate Akt activation and eNOS phosphorylation on serine 1179 in endothelial cells. In addition, constitutive activation of Akt or a phosphomimetic mutant of eNOS (S1179D) fully rescues the inability of the Y801F-VEGFR-2 to induce NO release. Finally, we generated an antibody that specifically recognizes the phosphorylated form of tyrosine 801 of the VEGFR-2 and demonstrate that this residue is actively phosphorylated in response to VEGF stimulation of endothelial cells. We thus conclude that autophosphorylation of tyrosine residue 801 of the VEGFR-2 is essential for VEGF-stimulated NO production from endothelial cells, and this is primarily accomplished via the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt signaling to eNOS.

Characterization of beta3-adrenoceptors in human internal mammary artery and putative involvement in coronary artery bypass management.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to analyze whether beta3-adrenoceptors (beta3-ARs) were effectively present and functional in the human internal mammary artery (IMA). BACKGROUND: The beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors classically mediate the relaxant effects of catecholamines in the vessels. In vitro and in vivo studies performed in various animal species described vasodilating effects due to activation of a third beta-ARs subtype (beta3). METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blot experiments, and pharmacological studies were carried out in human IMA samples harvested from 27 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. RESULTS: The beta3-ARs messenger ribonucleic acid and protein were detected in intact IMA, but were absent in endothelium-free samples. This finding was confirmed by immunohistochemical experiments. In organ baths, a beta3-AR agonist, SR 58611A, induced an endothelium-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted IMA rings. This vasodilation was not modified by beta1/beta2-AR antagonists, but was greatly altered in the presence of L-748,337, a selective human beta3-AR antagonist. Moreover, the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthases abolished the beta3-adrenergic vasodilation, suggesting the involvement of a NO-signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Those results demonstrated the presence of beta3-ARs in the endothelial layer of human IMA. The present work highlights the role of beta3-ARs in vasomotor control of IMA and opens new fields of investigation in coronary bypass graft management, heart failure, and hypertension.

Acute actions of natriuretic peptides in coronary vasculature and ischaemic myocardium.

The natriuretic peptides are a family of widely distributed polypeptide mediators that exert a range of actions in several body systems. In cardiovascular homeostasis, the endocrine roles of the cardiac-derived atrial and B-type natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) in regulating central fluid volume and blood pressure have been recognised for two decades. However, there is a growing realisation that natriuretic peptide actions go far beyond their endocrine effects and that local (autocrine/paracrine) regulatory actions within the heart and coronary vasculature may be of comparable importance, especially in disease states where tissue and circulating levels of the peptides rise markedly. In acute myocardial ischaemia, release of BNP occurs rapidly from ventricular myocardium, prompting speculation that the early activation of the natriuretic peptide receptor/cGMP signalling system may be an important autocrine/paracrine response in cardiac ischaemia. The autocrine/paracrine actions include inotropic effects, the acute regulation of coronary vascular tone and the attenuation of the susceptibility of myocardium to ischaemic injury. The effects of longer-term upregulation of natriuretic peptide expression in the heart could include the suppression of growth and proliferative responses in a variety of myocardial and vascular cells. In a variety of preparations, acute exposure of epicardial coronary arteries to pharmacological concentrations of natriuretic peptides evokes vasorelaxation, although in coronary microvessels, evidence for a vasorelaxant action of the peptides is less consistent. The mechanisms of the coronary vasorelaxant action are unclear but limited evidence suggests an endothelium-dependent component. In ischaemic myocardium, acute treatment with BNP prior to and during coronary artery occlusion exerts a markedly protective, concentration-dependent infarct-limiting action. This cytoprotective effect of the natriuretic peptide signalling pathway might conceivably represent an alternative endogenous salvage pathway in myocardium which is potentially exploitable therapeutically. Taken together, the acute actions of natriuretic peptides on the coronary vasculature and in myocardial ischaemia suggest a profile of activity that may be therapeutically beneficial in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Beta 3-adrenoceptor in rat aorta: molecular and biochemical characterization and signalling pathway.

1. We have previously demonstrated that beta(3)-adrenoceptor (beta(3)-AR) stimulation induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta through the activation of an endothelial NO synthase associated with an increase in intracellular cGMP. The aim of the present study was to localise beta(3)-AR to confirm our functional study and to complete the signalling pathway of beta(3)-AR in rat aorta. 2. By RT-PCR, we have detected beta(3)-AR transcripts both in aorta and in freshly isolated endothelial cells. The absence of markers for adipsin or hormone-sensitive lipase in endothelial cells excluded the presence of beta(3)-AR from adipocytes. The localization of beta(3)-AR in aortic endothelial cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using a rat beta(3)-AR antibody. 3. To identify the G protein linked to beta(3)-AR, experiments were performed in rat pre-treated with PTX (10 microg kg(-1)), a G(i/0) protein inhibitor. The blockage of G(i/0) protein by PTX was confirmed by the reduction of vasorelaxation induced by UK 14304, a selective alpha(2)-AR agonist. The cumulative concentration-response curve for SR 58611A, a beta(3)-AR agonist, was not significantly modified on aorta rings from PTX pre-treated rats. 4. At the same level of contraction, the relaxations induced by 10 microM SR 58611A were significantly reduced in 30 mM-KCl pre-constricted rings (E(max)=16.7+/-8.4%, n=5), in comparison to phenylephrine (0.3 microM) pre-constricted rings (E(max)=49.11+/-11.0%, n=5, P<0.05). In addition, iberotoxin (0.1 microM), glibenclamide (1 microM) and 4-aminopyridine (1 mM), selective potassium channels blockers of K(Ca), K(ATP), and K(v) respectively, decreased the SR 58611A-mediated relaxation. 5. We conclude that beta(3)-AR is preferentially expressed in rat aortic endothelial cells. Beta(3)-AR-mediated aortic relaxation is independent of G(i/0) proteins stimulation, but results from the activation of several potassium channels, K(Ca), K(ATP), and K(v).