Antibodies Reactive to Leptin in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship with Clinical, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Parameters.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have shown alterations in the affinity of IgG anti-leptin antibodies which are possibly related to metabolic alterations. In the present exploratory study, we analyzed serum samples from adults with T2D classified by body mass index (BMI) and evaluated the relationship of IgG anti-leptin antibodies with body composition, metabolic and cardiovascular risk parameters. METHODS: Serum IgG anti-leptin antibodies (total, free and immune complexes fractions) were measured by in-house ELISA. Body composition, metabolic biomarkers (glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, insulin, leptin) and cardiometabolic risk indexes (AIP, HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß) were evaluated in one hundred T2D patients. RESULTS: Patients with T2D and obesity presented a decrease in the percentage of IgG anti-leptin immune complexes compared to patients with T2D and overweight (p < 0.0053). Negative correlations of IgG anti-leptin immune complexes with triglycerides (TG) (r=-0.412, p = 0.023) and VLDL-C (r=-0.611, p = 0.017) were found in normal weight T2D patients. Free IgG anti-leptin antibodies correlated positively with TC (r = 0.390, p = 0.032) and LDL-C (r = 0.458, p = 0.011) in overweight individuals with T2D. Finally, total IgG anti-leptin antibodies correlated positively with leptin hormone levels (r = 0.409, p = 0.024) and negatively with HOMA-IR (r =-0.459, p = 0.012) in T2D patients with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of IgG anti-leptin immune complexes observed in patients with T2D and obesity suggests a reduction in antibody affinity to the hormone that may impact its transport and signaling, lipid, lipoprotein and insulin metabolism.

Variantes genéticas en CD36: evidencia emergente en la percepción oral de las grasas y las preferencias alimentarias / Genetic variants in CD36: emerging role in oral fat perception and food preferences

CD36 es un receptor involucrado en procesos fisiológicos, metabólicos y patológicos. Debido a su afinidad por ácidos grasos de cadena larga es uno de los principales receptores de lípidos provenientes de la dieta. En esta revisión se analiza la evidencia genética emergente que vincula a CD36 en la percepción oral de grasa. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos PubMed considerando artículos publicados en el periodo 2000-2022. Múltiples estudios asocian a algunas variantes genéticas en CD36 con las preferencias por alimentos con contenido graso y se ha postulado que estas variantes pueden modificar los umbrales de percepción oral de grasas, sin embargo, la evidencia es heterogénea; esto puede ser explicado por la diversidad genética de las poblaciones, el estado nutricional y características de los participantes, así como a otros aspectos metodológicos. Se identificaron y se discuten otros factores implicados en la percepción oral de grasas, incluyendo la interacción con otros sabores, hormonas y factores epigenéticos. Se concluye que la evidencia que apoya el papel de CD36 como receptor de los lípidos provenientes de la dieta es intermedio y son necesarias más investigaciones en diversas poblaciones con un gran número de participantes, así como considerar la interacción entre distintas hormonas y la expresión de CD36. (AU)

CD36 is a receptor involved in physiologic, metabolic and pathologic processes. Due to its affinity for long-chain fatty acids, it has been postulated as a taste receptor of fatty taste. In this review, the emerging genetic evidence linking CD36 to oral fat perception is analyzed. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, published articles from 2000 to 2022 were considered. Multiple studies have shown an association of some genetic variants in CD36 with fat foods preferences and it has been suggested that these variants can modify oral fat perception thresholds however the evidence is still heterogeneous; this can be explained by the genetic diversity of populations, the nutritional status and participant’s characteristics, as well as other methodological aspects. Other factors involved in oral fat perception were and identified and discussed including the interaction with other flavors, hormones, and epigenetic factors. The conclusion is that the evidence supporting the role of CD36 as a dietary lipid receptor, the role of its genetic variants in fat acids oral perception thresholds and food preferences is intermediate level and more research is necessary in other populations with large number of participants as well as considering the interaction between different hormones and the expression of CD36. (AU)

[Genetic variants in CD36: emerging role in oral fat perception and food preferences]. / Variantes genéticas en CD36: evidencia emergente en la percepción oral de las grasas y las preferencias alimentarias.

Introduction: CD36 is a receptor involved in physiologic, metabolic and pathologic processes. Due to its affinity for long-chain fatty acids, it has been postulated as a taste receptor of fatty taste. In this review, the emerging genetic evidence linking CD36 to oral fat perception is analyzed. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, published articles from 2000 to 2022 were considered. Multiple studies have shown an association of some genetic variants in CD36 with fat foods preferences and it has been suggested that these variants can modify oral fat perception thresholds however the evidence is still heterogeneous; this can be explained by the genetic diversity of populations, the nutritional status and participant's characteristics, as well as other methodological aspects. Other factors involved in oral fat perception were and identified and discussed including the interaction with other flavors, hormones, and epigenetic factors. The conclusion is that the evidence supporting the role of CD36 as a dietary lipid receptor, the role of its genetic variants in fat acids oral perception thresholds and food preferences is intermediate level and more investigations are necessary in other populations with large number of participants as well as considering the interaction between different hormones and the expression of CD36.

Introducción: CD36 es un receptor involucrado en procesos fisiológicos, metabólicos y patológicos. Debido a su afinidad por ácidos grasos de cadena larga es uno de los principales receptores de lípidos provenientes de la dieta. En esta revisión se analiza la evidencia genética emergente que vincula a CD36 en la percepción oral de grasa. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos PubMed considerando artículos publicados en el periodo 2000-2022. Múltiples estudios asocian a algunas variantes genéticas en CD36 con las preferencias por alimentos con contenido graso y se ha postulado que estas variantes pueden modificar los umbrales de percepción oral de grasas, sin embargo, la evidencia es heterogénea; esto puede ser explicado por la diversidad genética de las poblaciones, el estado nutricional y características de los participantes, así como a otros aspectos metodológicos. Se identificaron y se discuten otros factores implicados en la percepción oral de grasas, incluyendo la interacción con otros sabores, hormonas y factores epigenéticos. Se concluye que la evidencia que apoya el papel de CD36 como receptor de los lípidos provenientes de la dieta es intermedio y son necesarias más investigaciones en diversas poblaciones con un gran número de participantes, así como considerar la interacción entre distintas hormonas y la expresión de CD36.

Sustainable-psycho-nutritional intervention programme for a sustainable diet (the 'NutriSOS' study) and its effects on eating behaviour, diet quality, nutritional status, physical activity, metabolic biomarkers, gut microbiota and water and carbon footprints in Mexican population: study protocol of an mHealth randomised controlled trial.

Mexico is going through an environmental and nutritional crisis related to unsustainable dietary behaviours. Sustainable diets could solve both problems together. This study protocol aims to develop a three-stage, 15-week mHealth randomised controlled trial of a sustainable-psycho-nutritional intervention programme to promote Mexican population adherence to a sustainable diet and to evaluate its effects on health and environmental outcomes. In stage 1, the programme will be designed using the sustainable diets, behaviour change wheel and capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour (COM-B) models. A sustainable food guide, recipes, meal plans and a mobile application will be developed. In stage 2, the intervention will be implemented for 7 weeks, and a 7-week follow-up period in a young Mexican adults (18-35 years) sample, randomly divided (1:1 ratio) into a control group (n 50) and an experimental group (n 50), will be divided into two arms at week 8. Outcomes will include health, nutrition, environment, behaviour and nutritional-sustainable knowledge. Additionally, socio-economics and culture will be considered. Thirteen behavioural objectives will be included using successive approaches in online workshops twice a week. The population will be monitored using the mobile application consisting of behavioural change techniques. In stage 3, the effects of the intervention will be assessed using mixed-effects models on dietary intake and quality, nutritional status, physical activity, metabolic biomarkers (serum glucose and lipid profile), gut microbiota composition and dietary water and carbon footprints of the evaluated population. Improvements in health outcomes and a decrease in dietary water and carbon footprints are expected.

Calidad percibida en adultos mayores sobre el proceso de vacunación contra la Covid-19 en Jalisco, México / Perceived quality in older adults about the vaccination process against covid-19 in Jalisco, Mexico

El adulto mayor (AM) percibe la calidad a partir de las acciones ejecutadas al momento de brindarle algún servicio de salud. El propósito fue identificar la calidad percibida por los adultos mayores durante el proceso para la aplicación de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. El estudio fue cuantitativo-descriptivo, transversal, N=14,508 AM, n=494, muestreo aleatorio, se utilizó estadística descriptiva; prueba U de Mann-Whitney y Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, fijando el valor de significancia de p=≤0.05. El estudio contempló los principios de Helsinki. La muestra se compuso de 494 AM. (58.5%) fueron mujeres y (41.5%) eran hombres. La edad mínima fue de 60 años y la máxima de 93 años. La primera causa de enfermedad que dijo padecer el AM fue la enfermedad hipertensiva (35.6%), a través de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, se estableció que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el sexo y enfermedad, sig. 0.293 (p= ≤0.05). 0.05), la percepción del AM sobre el trato recibido por parte del personal de enfermería, durante la aplicación de la vacuna lo describieron como bueno 312 (63.2%), sig.=0.002 (p= ≤0.05). Los AM manifiestan que el personal de enfermería brindó información sobre el proceso para la aplicación de la vacuna y refieren estar totalmente satisfechos 399 (92.4%), sig.=0.001 (p= ≤0.05). Los resultados son novedosos, ya que evidencian el reconocimiento de la calidad de las intervenciones que las enfermeras realizan al proporcionar el cuidado, y permiten identificar que los AM tuvieron buena percepción de calidad durante el proceso de vacunación y total satisfacción con el trato recibido por enfermería. (AU)

The older adult perceives the quality from the actions carried out at the time of providing a health service. The purpose was to identify the quality perceived by older adults during the process for the application of the COVID-19 vaccine, the study was quantitative descriptive, cross-sectional, N=14,508 AM, n=494, random sampling, descriptive statistics were used; Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson’s Chi-square, fixing the significance value of p=≤0.05. The Helsinki principles were applied. The sample consisted of 494 older adult (58.5%) were women and (41.5%) were men. The minimum age was 60 years, and the maximum was 93 years. The first cause of disease reported to suffer from participants was hypertensive disease (35.6%), through Pearson’s Chi-square, it was established that there are no statistically significant differences between sex and disease, sig. 0.293 (p= ≤0.05). 0.05), the perception of the participants about the treatment received by the nursing staff, during the application of the vaccine was described as good by 312 (63.2%), sig.=0.002 (p= ≤0.05).The older adult state that the nursing staff provided information on the process for the application of the vaccine and reported being totally satisfied 399 (92.4%), sig.=0.001 (p= ≤0.05). The results are novel since they show the recognition of the quality of the interventions that nurses carry out when providing care and allow to identify that the older adult had a good perception of quality during the vaccination process and total satisfaction with the treatment received by nursing. (AU)

Ghrelin-Reactive Autoantibodies as Potential Modulators of Dysfunctional Eating Patterns in Women: An Exploratory Study.

Dysfunctional eating patterns include alterations in experiencing and expressing hunger, appetite, and satiety, which may lead to eating disorders or obesity in the long term. Alterations in hormones such as ghrelin have been suggested to influence emotional eating in women with obesity. Ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies (autoAbs) are present both in healthy individuals and those with eating disorders and have been suggested to protect the hormone from degradation and preserve its functional activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs with dysfunctional eating patterns, subjective perception of stress, and body composition parameters in young women. This cross-sectional study included 82 women (age 21±2 years) classified according to body fat percentage. Dysfunctional eating patterns were measured with the Spanish version of the Three-factor Eating Questionnaire-R18, and perceived stress was measured with the Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale - 10. A validated in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs in its free, total, and immune complex fractions. Free IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs were positively correlated with weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist, and hip circumference in women with very high body fat percentage. In this group, a negative correlation was observed between ghrelin immune complexes and uncontrolled eating. This exploratory research shows that IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs have a potential role in altered body composition parameters and appetite expression, such as uncontrolled eating in women with very high body fat. Further studies are required to clarify the role of IgG autoAbs in eating behavior.

Changes in the Expression of Insulin Pathway, Neutrophil Elastase and Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Genes from Leukocytes of Young Individuals with Insulin Resistance.

Background: Chronic hyperinsulinemia is a hallmark of insulin resistance that affects a diversity of cells, including leukocytes modifying the expression of some genes involved in insulin signaling. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate how hyperinsulinemia affects the expression of genes involved in the proximal insulin signaling pathway in leukocytes from 45 young individuals grouped: normal weight with not insulin resistance (NIR), with insulin resistance (IR) and with obesity (OB-IR). Methods: qPCR was performed to analyze the expression of insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2), neutrophil elastase (NE), alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT), glucose transporters 1, 3 and 4 (GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and GLUT-4) by the 2-ΔCt method, and the correlation between the genes was determined by Spearman's test. Results: The mRNA expression analysis of all genes between NIR and IR individuals revealed no differences. However, when comparing NIR and IR individuals with OB-IR, an increase in NE and A1AT expression and a clear trend towards a decrease in IRS-2 expression was observed, whereas the comparison of IR and OB-IR showed a decrease in GLUT-3 expression. Overall, the correlation analysis showed that in the IR group there was a positive correlation only between NE with IRS-1 (r = 0.72, p = 0.003), while in the OB-IR group, there was a positive correlation between the NE and A1AT with INSR (r = 0.62, p = 0.01 and r = 0.74, p = 0.002, respectively) and with IRS-2 (r = 0.74, p = 0.002 and r = 0.76, p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest that hyperinsulinemia and obesity are associated with changes in the expression of genes in leukocytes involved in the insulin pathway that are related to NE and A1AT.

The water footprint and nutritional implications of diet change in Mexico: a principal component analysis.

PURPOSE: Nutrition transition (NT) has modified the way that the Mexican population eats, while their body composition has also been modified. These changes have been linked with environmental impacts; however, little is known regarding water footprint (WF). The objective of this paper was to analyze the NT process in Mexico and evaluate its impact on WF using principal component analysis (PCA). METHODS: A validated Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ) was modified and applied to 400 adults from the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara, Mexico. The WF was calculated according to the WF Assessment Method. PCA and tertiles analysis was carried out to define dietary patterns WFs (DPWF). Questions covering sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as body composition data and physical activity levels were measured. RESULTS: The average DPWF was 6619.58 ± 3182.62 L per person per day (L p-1d-1). We found three DPWF by PCA: Medium NT (55% from the total sample), Healthy plant-based (28%), and High in animal protein (17%). The highest energy consumption, western and Mexican foods intake, and dietary WF were found in Medium NT DPWF, as well as obesity prevalence. Fruits and vegetable consumption was higher in Healthy plant-based DPWF. Muscle mass percentage was higher in the High in animal protein DPWF. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the population is currently on Medium NT, new dietary patterns have emerged, where there was found a trend to plant-based diets but also diets high in animal food sources that can influence nutritional status.

Fiber Consumption Mediates Differences in Several Gut Microbes in a Subpopulation of Young Mexican Adults.

Diet is a determinant for bodyweight and gut microbiota composition. Changes in dietary patterns are useful for the prevention and management of overweight and obesity. We aim to evaluate diet behavior and its potential association with selected gut bacteria and body weight among Mexican young adults. Mexican college students aged between 18 and 25 (normal-weight, overweight, and obese) were recruited. Anthropometric variables were recorded. A validated food frequency questionnaire was applied to all the participants. The percentages of macronutrients, fiber, and energy were calculated, and fecal samples were analyzed by real-time-qPCR to quantify selected gut bacteria. All the participants showed an unbalanced dietary pattern. However, the consumption of fruits, non-fat cereals, and oils and fats without protein were higher in the normal-weight individuals. In the overweight/obese participants, fiber intake did not correlate with the microbial variables, while Kcal from protein and Clostridium leptum correlated positively with Lactobacillus. Similarly, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale correlated with Akkermansia muciniphila. In the normal-weight participants, Clostridium leptum and Lactobacillus correlated positively with Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale and Bifidobacterium, respectively, and Bacteroidetes negatively with Akkermansia muciniphila. In conclusion, a higher fiber intake had a positive impact on body weight and bacterial gut composition in this Mexican population of college students.

Leptin-reactive antibodies are distinctly correlated with body composition parameters and metabolic risk indexes in children and adolescents.

Studies have demonstrated the presence of low-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs) directed to leptin, a key hormone of the neuroendocrine axis that regulates appetite and metabolism, in adult healthy subjects, patients with obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present exploratory study, IgG leptin-reactive antibodies were analyzed for the first time in children and adolescents according to body mass index (BMI) and were correlated with biochemical profile (lipid profile, insulin, glucose, and leptin) and metabolic risk indexes [homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for ß-cell function (HOMA-ß), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)]. One hundred and thirty-six participants were included (children n = 63, adolescents n = 73). An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was performed to measure IgG anti-leptin antibodies (free, total, and immune complexes). In adolescents, free and total IgG anti-leptin antibodies levels were higher in groups with overweight or obesity than in normal-weight group (P < 0.01), while in children, the total fractions were lower in groups with overweight and obesity than in normal weight (P < 0.02). Immune complexes percentage showed opposite correlations with BMI in children (r = 0.4004, P = 0.0473) and adolescents (r = -0.3983, P = 0.0133). IgG anti-leptin antibodies were also correlated with HOMA-IR in children (r = -0.4569, P = 0.0217) and adolescents (r = -0.3589, P = 0.0316), and with AIP (r = -0.3608, P = 0.0261) in adolescents. Our data suggest that the production and affinity of IgG anti-leptin antibodies can be affected by age, body composition, and metabolic conditions; additionally, in normal conditions, IgG anti-leptin antibodies may have a protective role in insulin resistance and cardiovascular events.

Annona muricata as Possible Alternative in the Treatment of Hyperglycemia: A Systematic Review.

The study of the bioactive compounds present in Annona muricata extracts has won popularity due to the growing evidence of its medicinal properties, including anticancer and antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the scientific evidence regarding A. muricata's hypoglycemic effect and the factors affecting the composition of bioactive compounds in different extracts. In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies were analyzed in the PubMed database following the strategies proposed by the PRISMA guidelines. It was identified that the methodology and results of the articles were heterogeneous. The hypoglycemic function was found to be mediated by multiple effects at the molecular level, including enzymatic inhibition, pancreatic ß cells proliferation stimulation, and food intake-related genes regulation. These effects depend on several factors such as plant bioactive compounds content, extraction method, and characteristics of the organism that consumes it. Therefore, this review exhibits the necessity of further research, using established doses according to the bioactive compounds content in A. muricata.

IgG antibodies reacting with ghrelin and leptin are correlated with body composition and appetitive traits in young subjects.

Appetitive traits are important behavioural characteristics affecting eating and body composition. Ghrelin and leptin are two key hormones regulating appetite and metabolism. Recent studies have reported the presence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) directed to ghrelin and leptin in healthy individuals as well as affinity alterations in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and hyperphagic obesity. Nevertheless, the relationship of these autoAbs with appetitive traits is unknown. The goals of this exploratory study were to analyze circulating IgG autoAbs reacting to ghrelin and leptin and evaluate their relationship with body composition parameters and appetitive traits. This cross-sectional study included 180 young subjects (20 ± 2 years) that underwent body composition evaluation. Seven appetitive traits were assessed with AEBQ-Esp and were classified as low-score or high-score. A validated in-house ELISA test was performed to measure IgG ghrelin and leptin-reactive autoAbs in its free, total, and immune complexes fractions. Free IgG ghrelin-reactive were significantly higher in women than in men. Immune complexes of IgG-ghrelin were positively correlated with waist-hip ratio in the total cohort. In women, free IgG leptin-reactive were positively correlated with body fat percentage and waist-hip ratio, whereas in men, immune complexes of IgG-leptin were positively correlated with body fat percentage. Women with a low-score for 'enjoyment of food', exhibited higher levels of IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs on its free form than the high-score group. Men with a high-score for 'emotional undereating' had higher levels of free IgG leptin-reactive autoAbs than the low-score group. The correlation of these autoAbs with anthropometric parameters and appetitive traits in young subjects support its role as carriers and modulators of the biologic functions of ghrelin and leptin and suggest a novel role in eating behaviour through appetitive traits.

The role of ghrelin and leptin in feeding behavior: Genetic and molecular evidence.

Feeding behavior is integrated within a wide variety of eating behaviors, which depend on psychosocial, biological and environmental factors. These types of behavior can cause nutrition-related diseases such as obesity, which affects more than 650 million people worldwide. Ghrelin and leptin are key hormones that regulate appetite, food intake and energy metabolism. Research in genetics suggests that genetic variants of both hormones are associated with complex forms of eating behavior, such as a preference for palatable food, making individuals susceptible to the modern obesogenic environment. This review analyses the scientific evidence around polymorphisms in the ghrelin and leptin genes and their association with eating behavior. The understanding of these mechanisms is relevant since it could impact on the objectives of pharmacological or behavioral interventions for their treatment.

Altered Expression of TSPAN32 during B Cell Activation and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease with various clinical features. Autoreactive B cells play a role in disease pathogenesis, through the production of multiple autoantibodies, which form immune complexes and induce the inflammatory response and tissue damage associated with SLE. Recently, tetraspanins, and in particular, TSPAN32, have been recognized to play a central role in immunity, as they are involved in various biological processes, such as the antigen presentation and the activation of lymphocytes. Evidence suggests that tetraspanins could represent in the future a target for therapeutic purposes in patients suffering from autoimmune/immunoinflammatory disorders. In the present study, by performing in silico analyses of high-throughput data, we evaluated the expression levels of TSPAN32 in B cell activation and investigated its modulation in circulating B cells from SLE patients. Our data show that B cell activation is associated with a significant downregulation of TSPAN32. Additionally, significantly lower levels of TSPAN32 were observed in circulating plasmablasts from SLE patients as compared to healthy donor plasmablasts. In addition, type I interferons (IFNs)-related genes were enriched among the genes negatively correlated to TSPAN32, in SLE plasmablasts. Accordingly, IFN-α is able to induce a dose-dependent downregulation of TSPAN32 in B cells. Overall, the data here presented suggest the potential use of TSPAN32 as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for the evaluation and management of humoral immune responses in chronic diseases, such as SLE.

Dysfunctional Patterns of Food Intake by Anxiety during Isolation by COVID-19 in Chile, Colombia and Mexico.

The aim of this research was to compare food intake dysfunctional patterns score with the subjective perception of anxiety and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in isolation by COVID-19 from Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. A cross-sectional research was carried out, with a virtual questionnaire of subjective perception of anxiety and the questionnaire of three 18-item feeding factors. 958 people of both sexes participated (F = 83%, M = 17%), mainly in the 18 to 35 age range. Dysfunctional eating patterns presented high scores in people who perceived anxiety, as well as in participants from Chile. Additionally, it was found that women present greater cognitive restriction and emotional intake, and college students showed greater disinhibition. In conclusion, the scores of the three dysfunctional eating patterns were higher in people with subjective perception of anxiety during social isolation due to COVID-19, and there were also differences according to country, sex, and educational level.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar el puntaje de los patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta con la percepción subjetiva de la ansiedad y características sociodemográficas de los participantes en aislamiento por COVID-19 de Chile, Colombia y México. Se realizó una investigación de tipo transversal, con un cuestionario virtual de percepción subjetiva de la ansiedad y el cuestionario de tres factores de alimentación 18-items. Participaron 958 personas de ambos sexos (F = 83%, M = 17%), principalmente en el rango de edad de 18 35 años. Los patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta presentaron puntajes altos en personas que percibieron ansiedad y en participantes de Chile. Adicionalmente, se encontró que las mujeres presentan mayor restricción cognitiva e ingesta emocional y los estudiantes universitarios mostraron mayor desinhibición. En conclusión, los puntajes de los tres patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta fueron más altos en las personas con percepción subjetiva de ansiedad durante el aislamiento social por COVID-19 y así mismo se presentaron diferencias de acuerdo al país, sexo y nivel educativo.

Actividad física como conducta auto-reguladora de ansiedad percibida y patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta en época de aislamiento por COVID-19 en latinoamericanos

RESUMEN La actividad física es considerada una conducta reguladora de ansiedad y ha demostrado efectividad para reducir esta condición emocional. Debido a la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19), en Latinoamérica los gobiernos han aplicado estrategias de aislamiento para reducir la probabilidad de contagio y de esta manera controlar las afectaciones a la salud; sin embargo, un efecto desfavorable de esta situación es el incremento en los niveles de ansiedad que puede afectar la ingesta de alimentos. El objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre la actividad física y la percepción subjetiva de la ansiedad, y las diferencias de estas variables con los patrones disfuncionales de la ingesta en personas latinoamericanas que se encontraban en aislamiento. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 1.035 personas de diferentes países, a partir del cual se identificó que aquellas personas que realizaban actividad física presentaron una probabilidad 50% menor de percibir ansiedad. Adicionalmente, los sujetos que realizaban actividad física presentaron mayor restricción cognitiva y los que no realizaban actividad física, registraron mayor nivel de desinhibición e ingesta emocional. Finalmente, se concluye que la actividad física es una conducta reguladora de la ansiedad en esta época de aislamiento o cuarentena y tiene influencia positiva en los individuos, ya que reduce la desinhibición y la ingesta emocional, por lo que podría prevenir el incremento de peso y el posible desarrollo de patologías alimentarias. Este hallazgo es importante para la promoción de la actividad física en esta época de aislamiento y en situaciones similares, además es útil para las intervenciones en sujetos con alimentación emocional.

ABSTRACT Physical activity is considered an anxiety-regulating behavior and is effective in reducing this emotional condition. Due to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), governments of Latin America have applied isolation strategies to reduce the probability of contagion and thus control health effects; however, an unfavorable effect of this situation has been the increase in anxiety levels that can affect food intake. The objective of the current study was to analyze the association between physical activity and differences in dysfunctional patterns of intake in Latin American people who were in isolation. A questionnaire was applied to 1.035 people from different countries. We observed that those performing physical activity presented a 50% lower probability of perceived anxiety. Additionally, the subjects who performed physical activity presented greater cognitive restriction, and those who did not perform physical activity registered a higher level of disinhibition and emotional intake. We conclude that physical activity is an anxiety-regulating behavior in this time of isolation or quarantine and has a positive influence on individuals, since it reduces disinhibition and emotional intake, and could prevent weight gain and possible development of food pathologies. This finding is important for the promotion of physical activity in this time of confinement and similar situations, and it is also useful for interventions on subjects with emotional feeding.

The role of ghrelin and leptin in feeding behavior: Genetic and molecular evidence. / Papel de la grelina y la leptina en el comportamiento alimentario: evidencias genéticas y moleculares.

Feeding behavior is integrated within a wide variety of eating behaviors, which depend on psychosocial, biological and environmental factors. These types of behavior can cause nutrition-related diseases such as obesity, which affects more than 650 million people worldwide. Ghrelin and leptin are key hormones that regulate appetite, food intake and energy metabolism. Research in genetics suggests that genetic variants of both hormones are associated with complex forms of eating behavior, such as a preference for palatable food, making individuals susceptible to the modern obesogenic environment. This review analyses the scientific evidence around polymorphisms in the ghrelin and leptin genes and their association with eating behavior. The understanding of these mechanisms is relevant since it could impact on the objectives of pharmacological or behavioral interventions for their treatment.

Troublesome friends within us: the role of gut microbiota on rheumatoid arthritis etiopathogenesis and its clinical and therapeutic relevance.

The role of gut microbiota on immune regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an emerging research topic. Multiple studies have demonstrated alterations on gut microbiota composition and/or function (referred to as dysbiosis) both in early and established RA patients. Still, research delineating the molecular mechanisms by which gut microorganisms induce the loss of immune tolerance or contribute to disease progression is scarce. Available data indicate that gut microbiota alterations are involved in RA autoimmune response by several mechanisms including the post-translational modification of host proteins, molecular mimicry between bacterial and host epitopes, activation of immune system and polarization toward inflammatory phenotypes, as well as induction of intestinal permeability. Therefore, in this review we analyze recent clinical and molecular evidence linking gut microbiota with the etiopathogenesis of RA. The potential of the gut microbiota as a diagnostic or severity biomarker is discussed, as well as the opportunity areas for the development of complementary therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of gut microbiota in the rheumatic patient.

CD36 gene polymorphism -31118 G > A (rs1761667) is associated with overweight and obesity but not with fat preferences in Mexican children.

CD36 glycoprotein is a candidate receptor involved in the gustatory detection of lipids and emerging evidence has suggested that genetic variations in CD36 may modulate the oral perception threshold to fatty acids. Here, we analyzed the association of -31118 G > A polymorphism in CD36 gene with nutritional status and preferences for fatty foods in Mexican children. Genotyping of SNP rs1761667 was performed in school-age children (n = 63) in addition to sensory tests evaluating the preference and satisfaction score assigned to oil-based sauces of different fatty acid composition. The G allele was associated with high BMI z-score in children (OR = 2.43, 95% (CI 1.02-5.99); p = 0.02) but CD36 genotypes (AA, GA, and GG) did not show significant association with the preference and satisfaction scores assigned to oil-based sauces. The BMI z-score showed no association with the preference to oil-based sauces; however, children with normal weight gave higher satisfaction scores to sauces with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids than to sauces rich in saturated fatty acids (0.56 ± 1.26 vs. 0.06 ± 1.22; p = 0.02). Therefore, the G allele of -31118 G > A SNP in CD36 gene is associated with overweight and obesity in Mexican children but do not appear to modulate the preferences and satisfaction scores to fat.

The Relevance of Selenium Status in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that can cause joint damage. Among the environmental risk factors, diet plays an important role because it can aggravate or attenuate inflammation. Selenium (Se) is considered an essential trace element since it is a structural component of antioxidant enzymes; however, its concentration can be affected by diet, drugs and genetic polymorphisms. Studies have reported that RA patients have a deficient diet in some food groups that is associated with parameters of disease activity. Furthermore, it has been shown that there is an alteration in serum Se levels in this population. Although some clinical trials have been conducted in the past to analyze the effect of Se supplementation in RA, no significant results were obtained. Contrastingly, experimental studies that have evaluated the effect of novel Se nanoparticles in RA-induced models have shown promising results on the restoration of antioxidant enzyme levels. In particular, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is an important selenoprotein that could have a modulating effect on inflammation in RA. Considering that RA patients present an inflammatory and oxidative state, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the current knowledge about the relevance of Se status in RA.