Reformas, relatos de vida e identidades profesionales en educación especial: una aproximación a partir de las voces de educadores especiales en Medellín (Colombia), 1965-2002 / Reform, life stories and professional identity in special education: an approach from the voices of special educators in Medellin (Colombia)

El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación biográfico narrativo sobre las conexiones, relacionamientos y entrecruzamientos entre relatos de vida de maestros y maestras especiales y los procesos de reforma educativa a la educación especial en una ciudad de Colombia. Parte del reconocimiento de las historias de la educación especial en Colombia y América Latina, pero señalando la ausencia de investigaciones desde las voces y vivencias de los educadores especiales en el tiempo reciente, lo cual se corresponde con lo encontrado en el estado del arte. Posteriormente, se presentan parte de los resultados sobre el análisis de la identidad profesional docente especial y unas reflexiones para pensar el presente del educador especial/diferencial en América Latina.

The article presents the results of a narrative biographical study on the connections, relationships and crosslinks between life stories of special teachers and educational special education reform process carried out in a city of Colombia . The paper first acknowledges the history of special education in Colombia and Latin America , while pointing out the lack of research on the voices and experiences of special educators in recent times, which corresponds with what is found in current studies. Next, partial results are presented: the analysis of special teacher professional identities and some reflections to enable us to think about special/differential educators in Latin America .

Long-term cyclic stretch controls pulmonary endothelial permeability at translational and post-translational levels.

We have previously described differential effects of physiologic (5%) and pathologic (18%) cyclic stretch (CS) on agonist-induced pulmonary endothelial permeability. This study examined acute and chronic effects of CS on agonist-induced intracellular signaling and cell morphology in the human lung macro- and microvascular endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. Endothelial permeability was assessed by analysis of morphological changes, parameters of cell contraction and measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance. Exposure of both microvascular and macrovascular EC to 18% CS for 2-96 h increased thrombin-induced permeability and monolayer disruption. Interestingly, the ability to promote thrombin responses was present in EC cultures exposed to 48-96 h of CS even after replating onto non-elastic substrates. In turn, physiologic CS preconditioning (72 h) attenuated thrombin-induced paracellular gap formation and MLC phosphorylation in replated EC cultures. Long-term preconditioning at 18% CS (72 h) increased the content of signaling and contractile proteins including Rho GTPase, MLC, MLC kinase, ZIP kinase, PAR1, caldesmon and HSP27 in the pulmonary microvascular and macrovascular cells. We conclude that short term CS regulates EC permeability via modulation of agonist-induced signaling, whereas long-term CS controls endothelial barrier at both post-translational level and via magnitude-dependent regulation of pulmonary EC phenotype, signaling and contractile protein expression.

Algunos modos de historiar la educación especial en Colombia: una mirada crítica desde la historia de la práctica pedagógica / Modes of making special education history in Colombia: a critical view about the history of pedagogic practices

Teniendo en cuenta el desprecio aparente hacia la historia en algunas investigaciones y en la mayoría de la formación de educadores especiales, se presenta un análisis sobre el lugar de la historia de la educación especial en el conjunto de historias de la educación y la pedagogía, y un estado del arte sobre los diferentes modos de historiar la educación especial en Colombia. Para finalizar, se propone un análisis crítico desde la historia de la práctica pedagógica posibilitando pensar los aportes de las distintos modos de historiar a futuras formas de investigación histórica que contribuyan a ponerle un alto al incremento y expansión de la des-memorización de la cultura, la historia, la pedagogía y, para nuestro caso, de la educación especial.

Keeping in mind the apparent scorn toward the history in some investigations and in most special educator's formation, an analysis is presented on the place of the history of the special education in the group of education and pedagogy's histories, and a state of the art on the different ways to make history the special education in Colombie. To conclude, it intends a critical analysis from the history of the pedagogic practice facilitating to think the contributions from the different ways to make history to future forms of historical investigation that contribute to put a high one to the increment and expansion of the give-memorization of the culture, the history, the pedagogy and, for our case, of the special education.

Differential regulation of pulmonary endothelial monolayer integrity by varying degrees of cyclic stretch.

Ventilator-induced lung injury is a life-threatening complication of mechanical ventilation at high-tidal volumes. Besides activation of proinflammatory cytokine production, excessive lung distension directly affects blood-gas barrier and lung vascular permeability. To investigate whether restoration of pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) monolayer integrity after agonist challenge is dependent on the magnitude of applied cyclic stretch (CS) and how these effects are linked to differential activation of small GTPases Rac and Rho, pulmonary ECs were subjected to physiologically (5% elongation) or pathologically (18% elongation) relevant levels of CS. Pathological CS enhanced thrombin-induced gap formation and delayed monolayer recovery, whereas physiological CS induced nearly complete EC recovery accompanied by peripheral redistribution of focal adhesions and cortactin after 50 minutes of thrombin. Consistent with differential effects on monolayer integrity, 18% CS enhanced thrombin-induced Rho activation, whereas 5% CS promoted Rac activation during the EC recovery phase. Rac inhibition dramatically attenuated restoration of monolayer integrity after thrombin challenge. Physiological CS preconditioning (5% CS, 24 hours) enhanced EC paracellular gap resolution after step-wise increase to 18% CS (30 minutes) and thrombin challenge. These results suggest a critical role for the CS amplitude and the balance between Rac and Rho in mechanochemical regulation of lung EC barrier.

Educación sensorial, educación física, gimnástica y pedagoría de anormales: Disciplinamiento y docilización de corporalídades anormales en Colombia, 1920-1940 / Sensory education, physical, gymnastic education and pedagoría of anormales: Disciplinamiento and docilización of corporalidades abnormal in Colombia, 1920-1940

Se muestran las formas en que la educación del cuerpo anormal (educación física, educación sensorial y gimnásticas), desde el discurso de la pedagogía de anormales, se dispusieron como mecanismos de docilización y disciplinamiento de las corporalidades o corporeidades anormales a principios del siglo XX en Colombia.

It shows the forms in that the education of the abnormal body (physical education, sensorial education andgymnastic), from the speech of the pedagogy of abnormal, they prepared as docilization and disciplining mechanisms of the "abnormals corporealities" at thebeginning of the XX century in Colombia.

Differential effects of shear stress and cyclic stretch on focal adhesion remodeling, site-specific FAK phosphorylation, and small GTPases in human lung endothelial cells.

Regulation of endothelial cell (EC) permeability by bioactive molecules is associated with specific patterns of cytoskeletal and cell contact remodeling. A role for mechanical factors such as shear stress (SS) and cyclic stretch (CS) in cytoskeletal rearrangements and regulation of EC permeability becomes increasingly recognized. This paper examined redistribution of focal adhesion (FA) proteins, site-specific focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, small GTPase activation and barrier regulation in human pulmonary EC exposed to laminar shear stress (15 dyn/cm2) or cyclic stretch (18% elongation) in vitro. SS caused peripheral accumulation of FAs, whereas CS induced randomly distributed FAs attached to the ends of newly formed stress fibers. SS activated small GTPase Rac without effects on Rho, whereas 18% CS activated without effect on Rac. SS increased transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) in EC monolayers, which was further elevated by barrier-protective phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate. Finally, SS induced FAK phosphorylation at Y576, whereas CS induced FAK phosphorylation at Y397 and Y576. These results demonstrate for the first time differential effects of SS and CS on Rho and Rac activation, FA redistribution, site-specific FAK phosphorylation, and link them with SS-mediated barrier enhancement. Thus, our results suggest common signaling and cytoskeletal mechanisms shared by mechanical and chemical factors involved in EC barrier regulation.

Epoxycyclopentenone-containing oxidized phospholipids restore endothelial barrier function via Cdc42 and Rac.

After an acute phase of inflammation or injury, restoration of the endothelial barrier is important to regain vascular integrity and to prevent edema formation. However, little is known about mediators that control restoration of endothelial barrier function. We show here that oxidized phospholipids that accumulate at sites of inflammation and tissue damage are potent regulators of endothelial barrier function. Oxygenated epoxyisoprostane-containing phospholipids, but not fragmented oxidized phospholipids, exhibited barrier-protective effects mediated by small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac and their cytoskeletal, focal adhesion, and adherens junction effector proteins. Oxidized phospholipid-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements resulted in a unique peripheral actin rim formation, which was mimicked by coexpression of constitutively active Cdc42 and Rac, and abolished by coexpression of dominant-negative Rac and Cdc42. Thus, oxidative modification of phospholipids during inflammation leads to the formation of novel regulators that may be critically involved in restoration of vascular barrier function.