Perspectivas comunitarias e institucionales acerca del cáncer cervicouterino en indígenas del Amazonas colombiano / Community and Institutional Perspectives on Cervical Cancer in Indigenous People of the Colombian Amazon / Perspectivas comunitárias e institucionais sobre o câncer de colo de útero em indígenas da Amazônia colombiana

Introducción: la información en cáncer en poblaciones indígenas colombianas es escasa; de ahí que el objetivo de este estudio sea conocer las perspectivas comunitarias y de los prestadores de servicios de salud acerca del cáncer de cuello uterino (CaCU) en mujeres indígenas del Amazonas colombiano. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo, derivado de una investigación de métodos mixtos de triangula-ción convergente. Se realizaron 40 entrevistas semiestructuradas que incluían profesionales de la salud y actores clave comunitarios representados en curacas, médicos tradicionales o chamanes, parteras, pro-motores de salud, auxiliares de salud pública, líderes y lideresas, abuelos, abuelas y mujeres indígenas en general. Para el análisis se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: emergieron cuatro categorías:1) concepciones y factores de riesgo alrededor del cáncer en general y el CaCU, 2) prácticas de cuidado y de atención occidentales y ancestrales para el CaCU, 3) dificultades socioculturales y del sistema de salud para la prevención y atención del CaCU y 4) recomendaciones para el fortalecimiento de la de prevención del CaCU. Conclusión: los participantes reconocen la citología cervicouterina como una forma de prevenir el cáncer y aunque los participantes mencionaron algunos aspectos culturales y personales que podrían constituirse en una barrera para la prevención y control del CaCU, se hizo hinca-pié en los problemas estructurales del sistema de salud, la falta de integración cultural y las dificultades de acceso al tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Introduction: Information on cancer in Colombian indigenous populations is scarce, the objective of this study was to know the community and health care providers' perspectives on cervical cancer (CaCU) in indigenous women of the Colombian Amazon. Materials and methods: Qualitative study, derived from a mixed methods research of convergent triangulation, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted, including health professionals and key community actors represented by curacas, traditional doctors or shamans, midwives, health promoters, public health assistants, leaders, grandfathers, grandmothers, and indigenous women in general. The content analysis technique was used for the analysis. Results:Four categories emerged: (a) conceptions and risk factors surrounding cancer in general and CaCU; (b) western and ancestral care and attention practices for CaCU; (c) sociocultural and health system diffi-culties for the prevention and attention of CaCU, and (d) recommendations for strengthening CaCU pre-vention. Conclusion: Participants recognize cervical cytology as a way to prevent cancer and although participants mentioned some cultural and personal aspects that could constitute a barrier to cervical cancer prevention and control, the greatest emphasis was given to structural problems of the health system, lack of cultural integration and difficulties of access to screening, diagnosis and treatment.

Introdução: a informação sobre o câncer nas populações indígenas colombianas são escassas, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as perspectivas da comunidade e dos prestadores de serviços de saúde sobre o câncer do colo do útero (CaCU), em mulheres indígenas da Amazônia colombiana. Materiais e méto-dos: estudo qualitativo, derivado de uma investigação de métodos mistos de triangulação convergente. Foram realizadas 40 entrevistas semiestruturadas que incluíram profissionais de saúde e principais atores comunitários representados em curacas, médicos tradicionais ou xamãs, parteiras, promotores de saúde, assistentes de saúde pública, lideranças, avôs, avós e mulheres indígenas em geral. Para a análise foi uti-lizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: emergiram quatro categorias, a) concepções e fatores de risco em torno do câncer em geral e do CaCU; b) cuidados e práticas de cuidado ocidentais e ancestrais para CaCU; c) dificuldades socioculturais e do sistema de saúde para a prevenção e cuidado do CaCU, e d) recomendações para fortalecer a prevenção de CaCU. Conclusão: as participantes reconhecem a citolo-gia cervical como forma de prevenção do câncer e embora as participantes tenham mencionado alguns aspectos culturais e pessoais que poderiam constituir uma barreira para a prevenção e controle do câncer do colo do útero, a maior ênfase foi dada aos problemas estruturais do sistema de saúde, a falta de integra-ção cultural e as dificuldades de acesso ao rastreio, ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento

Multiomic screening of invasive GBM cells reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations.

While the poor prognosis of glioblastoma arises from the invasion of a subset of tumor cells, little is known of the metabolic alterations within these cells that fuel invasion. We integrated spatially addressable hydrogel biomaterial platforms, patient site-directed biopsies, and multiomics analyses to define metabolic drivers of invasive glioblastoma cells. Metabolomics and lipidomics revealed elevations in the redox buffers cystathionine, hexosylceramides, and glucosyl ceramides in the invasive front of both hydrogel-cultured tumors and patient site-directed biopsies, with immunofluorescence indicating elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) markers in invasive cells. Transcriptomics confirmed upregulation of ROS-producing and response genes at the invasive front in both hydrogel models and patient tumors. Among oncologic ROS, H2O2 specifically promoted glioblastoma invasion in 3D hydrogel spheroid cultures. A CRISPR metabolic gene screen revealed cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH), which converts cystathionine to the nonessential amino acid cysteine in the transsulfuration pathway, to be essential for glioblastoma invasion. Correspondingly, supplementing CTH knockdown cells with exogenous cysteine rescued invasion. Pharmacologic CTH inhibition suppressed glioblastoma invasion, while CTH knockdown slowed glioblastoma invasion in vivo. Our studies highlight the importance of ROS metabolism in invasive glioblastoma cells and support further exploration of the transsulfuration pathway as a mechanistic and therapeutic target.

Analyzing Linguistic Disparities in Telehealth Care Outcomes at a Multidisciplinary Craniofacial Center.

OBJECTIVE: To examine linguistic disparities between English- and Spanish-speaking patients in access to care, satisfaction, and telehealth appointment attendance. DESIGN: Retrospective study recording demographics for non-attendance analysis and conducting phone surveys assessing satisfaction with telehealth. SETTING: Data was collected between March and December 2020 at the UCSF Craniofacial Center (CFC), a multidisciplinary pediatric clinic. Patients: English- and Spanish-speaking patients with a telehealth appointment. Interventions: The CFC offered language-concordant outreach, assistance with the telehealth platform, and interpreters at all telehealth appointments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics and patient-reported satisfaction with telehealth, barriers, and instruction clarity. RESULTS: Medicaid insurance was the only predictor of non-attendance. Surveys revealed that Spanish-speakers had 12.4 times the odds of lacking access to telehealth technology and 10.7 times the odds of needing help with logging on compared to English-speakers. There were no significant differences in satisfaction outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: We attribute this equity in satisfaction to our language-concordant outreach efforts.

Educación dirigida a personas con diabetes: abordajes pedagógicos, teóricos y prácticos en tensión / Education aimed at people with Diabetes Mellitus: pedagogical, theoretical and practical approaches in tension / Educação para pessoas com diabetes: abordagens pedagógicas, teóricas e práticas em tensão

Resumen La educación para personas con Diabetes Mellitus (DM) representa un desafío en el campo de la salud pública. Presentamos una propuesta teórica que orienta el análisis pedagógico de la educación para la salud en personas con DM, a partir de un proceso de investigación documental. Los hallazgos evidenciaron la existencia de diferentes perspectivas teóricas en tensión sobre la educación en personas con DM que luchan por la legitimación, que pueden agruparse en dos tendencias, una tradicional y la otra crítica. Se presenta una propuesta guiada desde la teoría pedagógica y la salud pública para explicar los hallazgos. La teoría construida pretende evidenciar la configuración de corrientes educativas como resultado de los debates y las luchas teóricas, políticas y epistemológicas que se dan en la intersección de los campos de la salud pública y la pedagogía. (AU)

Abstract Education for people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents a challenge in the field of public health. We present a theoretical proposal that guides the pedagogical analysis of health education for people with DM, based on a documentary research process. The findings evidenced the existence of different theoretical perspectives in tension about education in people with DM that struggle for legitimacy, which can be grouped into two tendencies, one traditional and the other critical. A proposal guided by pedagogical theory and public health is presented to explain the findings. The theory constructed intends to evidence the configuration of educational currents as a result of the debates and theoretical, political and epistemological struggles that occur at the intersection of the fields of public health and pedagogy. (AU)

Resumo A educação para pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) representa um desafio no campo da saúde pública. Apresentamos uma proposta teórica que orienta a análise pedagógica da educação em saúde em pessoas com DM, a partir de um processo de pesquisa documental. Os achados evidenciaram a existência de diferentes perspectivas teóricas em tensão sobre a educação em pessoas com DM que lutam por legitimação, que podem ser agrupadas em duas correntes, uma tradicional e outra crítica. Uma proposta pautada na teoria pedagógica e na saúde pública é apresentada para explicar os achados. A teoria construída visa mostrar a configuração das correntes educacionais como resultado dos debates e lutas teóricas, políticas e epistemológicas que ocorrem na intersecção dos campos da saúde pública e da pedagogia. (AU)

Neonatal infrared thermography images in the hypothermic ruminant model: Anatomical-morphological-physiological aspects and mechanisms for thermoregulation.

Hypothermia is one factor associated with mortality in newborn ruminants due to the drastic temperature change upon exposure to the extrauterine environment in the first hours after birth. Ruminants are precocial whose mechanisms for generating heat or preventing heat loss involve genetic characteristics, the degree of neurodevelopment at birth and environmental aspects. These elements combine to form a more efficient mechanism than those found in altricial species. Although the degree of neurodevelopment is an important advantage for these species, their greater mobility helps them to search for the udder and consume colostrum after birth. However, anatomical differences such as the distribution of adipose tissue or the presence of type II muscle fibers could lead to the understanding that these species use their energy resources more efficiently for heat production. The introduction of unconventional ruminant species, such as the water buffalo, has led to rethinking other characteristics like the skin thickness or the coat type that could intervene in the thermoregulation capacity of the newborn. Implementing tools to analyze species-specific characteristics that help prevent a critical decline in temperature is deemed a fundamental strategy for avoiding the adverse effects of a compromised thermoregulatory function. Although thermography is a non-invasive method to assess superficial temperature in several non-human animal species, in newborn ruminants there is limited information about its application, making it necessary to discuss the usefulness of this tool. This review aims to analyze the effects of hypothermia in newborn ruminants, their thermoregulation mechanisms that compensate for this condition, and the application of infrared thermography (IRT) to identify cases with hypothermia.

Multistakeholder perspectives on the mistreatment of indigenous women during childbirth in Colombia: drivers and points for intervention.

BACKGROUND: Abusive and disrespectful treatment of women during childbirth is a critical global issue that threatens women's sexual rights and reproductive rights and access to quality maternal care. This phenomenon has been documented in Colombia. However, little emphasis has been placed on identifying the drivers of and potential interventions against disrespect and abuse against particularly vulnerable populations in the country, including internally displaced indigenous women. METHODS: This report is a sub-analysis of a larger project. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with indigenous (Embera) women with childbirth experience (n = 10), maternal healthcare workers (n = 6), and community stakeholders (n = 5) in Medellín, Colombia. Qualitative analysis techniques, consisting of inductive and deductive approaches, were used to identify and characterize the drivers of disrespect and abuse against indigenous women during childbirth and points for intervention. Existing frameworks were adapted to thematically organize drivers and potential solutions into four interrelated subsystems: individual and community factors, clinician factors, facility factors, and national health system factors. RESULTS: Participants highlighted disrespect and abuse as stemming from (within the individual and community level) its normalization, lack of autonomy and empowerment among indigenous women, lacking antenatal care, (within the clinician level) prejudice, linguistic or cultural barriers to communication, lack of understanding of indigenous culture, medical culture and training, burnout and demoralization, (within the facility level) inadequate infrastructure, space, and human resources, and (within the national systems level) lack of clear policies and the devaluing of respectful maternity care. They called for interventions specific to these drivers, grounded in dignity and respect for indigenous culture. CONCLUSION: This paper expands upon the growing literature on global mistreatment during childbirth by highlighting drivers of mistreatment and identifying points for intervention in a previously unstudied population. Our data show that indigenous women are especially vulnerable to mistreatment due to cultural and linguistic barriers and prejudice. Broad and meaningful action is urgently needed to realize these women's rights to respectful maternity care. Interventions must be multifaceted and locally specific, taking into account the needs and wants of the women they serve.

RESUMEN: CONTEXTO: El trato abusivo recibido por mujeres durante el parto es un problema mundial que amenaza los derechos de las mujeres y el acceso a una atención materna de calidad. Este fenómeno ha sido documentado en Colombia, pero poco énfasis se ha hecho en poblaciones vulnerables, como las mujeres indígenas desplazadas. METODOLOGíA: Se presentan resultados derivados de un proyecto macro. Se realizaron entrevistas con mujeres indígenas Emberas que tuvieron experiencia de parto en Medellín (n = 10), profesionales de salud (n = 6) y líderes comunitarios (n = 5). Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis cualitativo de enfoques inductivos y deductivos, para identificar aspectos que generan el maltrato contra las mujeres indígenas durante el parto y posibles intervenciones para evitar su ocurrencia. Los modelos teóricos existentes se adaptaron para organizar temáticamente los generadores del maltrato y soluciones en cuatro subsistemas: factores individuales y comunitarios, factores clínicos, factores relacionados a los hospitales y factores asociados al sistema nacional. RESULTADOS: Los participantes destacaron como factores a nivel individual y comunitario la normalización de tratos irrespetuosos y abusivos de parte de los profesionales de salud con las mujeres indígenas, así como su falta de autonomía y empoderamiento. A nivel clínico, se identificó la falta de atención prenatal, barreras para la comunicación, falta de comprensión de la cultura indígena, la cultura y formación médica, la desmoralización de los médicos. Sobre los servicios de salud, se encontraron infraestructuras, espacios y recursos humanos inadecuados. En el nivel del sistema, se identifican la falta de políticas y poca valoración de la atención respetuosa. Los participantes señalaron la importancia de realizar intervenciones sobre estos generadores, basados en la dignidad y el respeto por la cultura indígena. CONCLUSIONES: Este artículo amplía la creciente literatura global sobre el maltrato dirigido a las maternas durante el parto y muestra que las mujeres indígenas son especialmente vulnerables debido a las barreras y prejuicios culturales y lingüísticos. Se necesitan urgentemente acciones amplias para hacer realidad los derechos de las mujeres frente a la atención materna respetuosa. Las intervenciones deben ser multifacéticas y específicas a nivel local, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades y deseos de las mujeres a las que sirven.

Consumo de productos de tabaco y factores asociados en mujeres en Antioquia, Colombia / Tobacco product use and associated factors among women in Antioquia, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El uso del tabaco en mujeres está aumentando significativamente a pesar de los alarmantes peligros para la salud. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en mujeres del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, con una muestra representativa de mujeres mayores de 18 años en las nueve subregiones del departamento, se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico multietápico, estratificado por región. Resultados: De 4377 mujeres, 10,8% eran fumadoras, 13,1% exfumadoras, y 75,9% nunca habían fumado. Variables relacionadas con mayor reporte de tabaquismo: tener más de 45 años (OR=3,2, IC 2,6-3,9); no tener educación o primaria incompleta (OR=2,2, IC 1,5-3,1), secundaria incompleta (OR=1,5, IC 1,1-2,2), consumir licor (OR=2,3, IC 1,9-2,7), no consumir verduras (OR=1,4, IC 1,02,0), no consumir frutas (OR=1,6, IC 1,2-2,1). Variables relacionadas con menor reporte de tabaquismo: estar casada (OR=0,6, IC 0,5-0,8), y vivir en algunas de las subregiones. Conclusiones: Se evidencia la importancia de programas enfocados a prevenir el consumo de productos nuevos como el cigarrillo electrónico, especialmente en población joven.

Abstract Introduction: Tobacco use among women is increasing significantly despite alarming health hazards. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with tobacco consumption in women from the department of Antioquia, Colombia. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, with a representative sample of women over 18 years of age in the nine subregions of the department, using multistage probabilistic sampling, stratified by region. Results: Of the 4,377 women, 10.8% were smokers, 13.1% were ex-smokers, and 75.9% were women who had never smoked. Variables related to the highest reported smokers: having more than 45 years of age (OR=3.2, CI 2.6-3.9); not having an education or an incomplete primary education (OR=2.2, IC 1.5-3.1), incomplete secondary education (OR=1.5, CI 1.1-2.2), consuming liquor (OR=2.3, CI 1.9-2.7), not consuming vegetables (OR=1.4, IC 1.0-2.0), not consuming fruit (OR=1,6, CI 1,2-2,1). Variables related to less reported smoking: being married (OR=0.6, CI 0.5-0.8) and living in some of the subregions. Conclusions: The importance of programs focused on preventing the consumption of new products such as e-cigarettes is evident, especially in young people.

Aproximación a la intersección entre comunicación y psicología desde los términos concepto y mediación / Approach to the intersection between communication and psychology from the terms concept and mediation

Resumen Se presenta una aproximación al entrecruzamiento de la psicología y la comunicación desde los términos "mediación" y "concepto", los cuales se interpretan como categorías de afinidad. En el contexto general se puede rastrear diversidades semánticas respecto a los términos indicados; esto es complejizado en la comprensión y operacionalización de tales nociones al ser abordadas desde las áreas del saber, en este caso, a partir de la teorización de lo comunicativo y lo psicológico. Por ello, el objetivo para este trabajo es reflexionar respecto a las intersecciones que se dan entre psicología y comunicación por medio de las nociones concepto y mediación. La metodología empleada para este trabajo fue desde lo cualitativo (Hernández-Sampieri y Mendoza-Torres, 2018), en el marco de lo hermenéutico y el corpus se establece desde la localización de discurso delimitado en la intertextualidad de diferentes autores (Aristóteles, 1995; Ausubel, Novak y Hanesian, 1997; Husserl, 1995; Martín-Barbero, 1991; Perrce, 1958; Platón, 1872; Vygotski, 1987, y Wittgenstein, 1999) como referentes de los campos de saber indicados. Este proceso de argumentación se teje a partir de comprender teóricamente la dimensión individual (subjetiva) y social para dar pistas sobre la bisagra que permita mostrar la intersección entre los campos de conocimientos nombrados en relación con las categorías concepto y mediación. Desde ese ámbito se establecen conexiones a partir de las dinámicas textuales, arrojando como inferencias el papel que desde lo general juega el lenguaje, y en particular el signo, como insumos para la comprensión de tales nociones a modo de objetos de estudio en los que convergen la psicología y la comunicación.

Abstract An approach to the intertwining of psychology and communication is presented from two terms, mediation and concept, which are interpreted as categories of affinity. In the general context, semantic diversities can be traced with respect to the terms indicated, this is complexified in the understanding and operationalization of such notions when approached from the areas of knowledge, in this case from the theorization of the communicative and the psychological. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to reflect on the intersections between psychology and communication through the notions of concept and mediation. The methodology for this paper was qualitative (Hernández-Sampieri y Mendoza-Torres, 2018), within the hermeneutic framework, and the corpus is established from the location of discourse delimited in the intertextuality of different authors (Aristotle, 1995; Ausubel, Novak and Hanesian, 1997; Husserl, 1995; Martín-Barbero, 1991; Peirce, 1958; Plato, 1872; Vygotski, 1987 and Wittgenstein, 1999) as referents of the indicated fields of knowledge. This process of argumentation is woven from a theoretical understanding of the individual (subjective) dimension, as well as the social dimension, in order to give clues about the hinge that allows showing the intersection between the named fields of knowledge in relation to the categories: concept and mediation. From this field, connections are established from the textual dynamics, throwing as inferences the role played by language and in particular the sign, as inputs for the understanding of such notions as objects of study in which psychology and communication converge.

Perspectivas comunitarias alrededor de la desnutrición infantil en tres comunidades wayúus de La Guajira (Colombia) / Community Perspectives around Child Malnutrition in Three Wayuu Communities in La Guajira (Colombia) / Perspectivas da comunidade sobre a desnutrição infantil em três comunidades wayuus de La Guajira (Colômbia)

Resumen Introducción: la desnutrición infantil es un problema de salud pública que afecta la supervivencia de algunas comunidades indígenas. Varios estudios la han abordado desde la visión biomédica, pero son pocos desde la mirada de dichas comunidades. El objetivo de este artículo es comprender las perspecti vas comunitarias relacionadas con la desnutrición en niños de 0 a 7 años de edad en las comunidades wayúus de Taiguaicat, Pañarrer y Limunaka del resguardo Manaure (La Guajira, Colombia). Desarrollo: se realizó un estudio cualitativo como parte de una investigación participativa basada en la comunidad. Se llevaron a cabo 21 entrevistas semiestructuradas, 3 foros comunitarios y un ejercicio de fotovoz con 12 participantes. Se analizó la información con herramientas analíticas de la teoría fundamentada. Los hallazgos alrededor de las perspectivas comunitarias de la desnutrición infantil se agruparon en dos categorías analíticas: a) las prácticas arijunas (o las realizadas por los que no son indígenas), de la pér dida de lo ancestral a la enfermedad del hambre, y b) la enfermedad del hambre: su relación con la ali mentación del binomio madre-hijo, durante la gestación y después de esta. Conclusiones: la desnutrición infantil en los wayúus es un fenómeno complejo e histórico, con un trasfondo de desigualdades sociales y de estructuras de poder injustas. De acuerdo con los participantes, la supervivencia de la niñez wayúu está siendo amenazada por la desnutrición, la cual afecta principalmente al binomio madre-hijo, ocasio nada por el poco acceso y disponibilidad a los alimentos, por las inadecuadas prácticas occidentales en el territorio y por la pérdida de las prácticas tradicionales como la siembra y el pastoreo.

Abstract Introduction: Child malnutrition is a public health problem that has affected the survival of some indige nous communities. Several studies have approached it from the biomedical perspective, although only a few have analyzed it from these communities' perspective. The objective of the present article is to under stand the community perspectives related to malnutrition in children aged 0-7 years in the Wayuu commu nities of Taiguaicat, Pañarrer, and Limunaka del Resguardo Manaure, La Guajira, Colombia. Development: A qualitative study was performed. Additionally, as a part of a participatory community-based research, 21 semi-structured interviews, 3 community forums, and a photovoice exercise were performed with 12 participants. The information was analyzed with analytical tools of the grounded theory. The findings around the community perspectives of child malnutrition were grouped into two analytical categories: (a) the Arijuna practices (or those carried out by non-indigenous people), from the loss of the ancestral to the disease of hunger, and (b) the disease of hunger and its relationship with the feeding of the moth er-child binomial during and after pregnancy. Conclusions: Child malnutrition in the Wayuu is a complex historical phenomenon, with a background of social inequalities and unjust power structures. According to the participants' responses, the survival of Wayuu children is threatened by malnutrition, which mainly affects the mother-child relationship caused by poor access to food and its limited availability, inadequate western practices in the territory, and the loss of traditional practices, such as planting and grazing.

Resumo Introdução: a desnutrição infantil é um problema de saúde pública que afeta a sobrevivência de algumas comunidades indígenas. Vários estudos têm abordado o tema a partir da perspectiva biomédica, mas pou cos são os estudos baseados na perspectiva dessas comunidades. O objetivo deste artigo é compreender as perspectivas da comunidade em relação à desnutrição em crianças de 0 a 7 anos nas comunidades Wayuu de Taiguaicat, Pañarrer e Limunaka del Resguardo Manaure, em La Guajira, na Colômbia. Desenvolvimento: foi realizado um estudo qualitativo no âmbito de uma pesquisa participativa de base comunitária, foram realizadas 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas, 3 fóruns comunitários e um exercício de fotovoz com 12 par ticipantes. As informações foram analisadas com ferramentas analíticas da Teoria Fundamentada. As des cobertas em torno das perspectivas da comunidade sobre a desnutrição infantil foram agrupadas em duas categorias analíticas: a) as práticas arijunas, da perda do ancestral à doença da fome, e b) a doença da fome: sua relação com a alimentação do binômio mãe-filho, durante e após a gestação. Conclusões: a desnutrição infantil nos wayuu é um fenômeno complexo e histórico, com um pano de fundo de desigualdades sociais e estruturas de poder injustas. Segundo os participantes, a sobrevivência das crianças wayuu está sendo ameaçada pela desnutrição, que atinge principalmente o binômio mãe-filho, causada pelo pouco acesso e disponibilidade de alimentos, pelas práticas ocidentais inadequadas no território e pela perda de práticas tradicionais como a semeadura e o pastejo.

Elderly traumatic central cord syndrome in the USA: a review of management and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: As the incidence of elderly spinal cord injury rises, improved understanding of risk profiles and outcomes is needed. This review summarizes clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes specific to the elderly (≥65-years) with acute traumatic central cord syndrome in the USA. EVIDENCE AQUISITION: Literature review of the PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases (01/2007-03/2020) regarding elderly subjects with acute traumatic central cord syndrome. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Nine studies met inclusion criteria. Acute traumatic central cord syndrome was more common among married (50%), Caucasian (22-71%) males (63-86%) with an annual income <40,999 USA dollars (30%). Mechanisms consisted predominantly of traumatic falls (32-55%) and motor vehicle collisions (15-34%), with admission American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grades D (25-79%) and C (21-51%). Mortality was 2-3%. American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale motor score, maximum canal compromise, and extent of parenchymal damage were predictors of one-year recovery. Greater comorbidities (heart failure, weight loss, coagulopathy, diabetes), lower income (<51,000 USA dollars), and age ≥80 were predictors of mortality. A substantial cohort underwent surgery (40-45%). Elderly patients were less likely to receive surgical intervention, and surgery timing had variable effects on recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with acute traumatic central cord syndrome are uniquely at risk due to cumulative comorbidities, protracted recovery times, and unclear effects of surgical timing on outcomes. Prospective research should focus on validating age-specific risk factors, formalizing surgical indications, and delineating the impact of time to surgery on acute and long-term outcomes for this condition.

Potential for community based surveillance of febrile diseases: Feasibility of self-administered rapid diagnostic tests in Iquitos, Peru and Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have the potential to identify infectious diseases quickly, minimize disease transmission, and could complement and improve surveillance and control of infectious and vector-borne diseases during outbreaks. The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency's Joint Science and Technology Office (DTRA-JSTO) program set out to develop novel point-of-need RDTs for infectious diseases and deploy them for home use with no training. The aim of this formative study was to address two questions: 1) could community members in Iquitos, Peru and Phnom Penh, Cambodia competently use RDTs of different levels of complexity at home with visually based instructions provided, and 2) if an RDT were provided at no cost, would it be used at home if family members displayed febrile symptoms? Test kits with written and video (Peru only) instructions were provided to community members (Peru [n = 202]; Cambodia [n = 50]) or community health workers (Cambodia [n = 45]), and trained observers evaluated the competency level for each of the several steps required to successfully operate one of two multiplex RDTs on themselves or other consenting participant (i.e., family member). In Iquitos, >80% of residents were able to perform 11/12 steps and 7/15 steps for the two- and five-pathogen test, respectively. Competency in Phnom Penh never reached 80% for any of the 12 or 15 steps for either test; the percentage of participants able to perform a step ranged from 26-76% and 23-72%, for the two- and five-pathogen tests, respectively. Commercially available NS1 dengue rapid tests were distributed, at no cost, to households with confirmed exposure to dengue or Zika virus; of 14 febrile cases reported, six used the provided RDT. Our findings support the need for further implementation research on the appropriate level of instructions or training needed for diverse devices in different settings, as well as how to best integrate RDTs into existing local public health and disease surveillance programs at a large scale.

El frente discursivo biomédico, neoliberal y tradicional de la educación: debate en la educación para la salud crítica / The biomedical, neoliberal and traditional discursive front of education: debate in critical health education / Frente discursiva biomédica, neoliberal e discursiva tradicional da educação: o debate na educação crítica em saúde

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los debates teóricos alrededor de la educación para la salud (EpS) identificados en artículos científicos de cinco países de América anglosajona, Europa y Australia, con el fin de aportar a la fundamentación pedagógica de la EpS y su vínculo con la salud pública. Metodología: Estudio documental que utiliza como fuentes de información artículos científicos de investigaciones desarrolladas en Australia, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá y España. Resultados: Se identificaron debates teóricos desarrollados en tres ámbitos de discusión: el estructural, en que se denuncia el mantenimiento de una EpS tradicional, sustentada en una perspectiva biomédica de la salud y un modelo neoliberal imperante; el de las prácticas pedagógicas, desarrollado por una educación débil y funcional al mantenimiento de la reproducción del orden social imperante, y el de las propuestas, desde las cuales se promueven perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas con respecto a la conceptualización de la salud y de la EpS. Conclusiones: Existe un frente discursivo que perpetúa una concepción de salud basada en el modelo biomédico, la hegemonía del modelo neoliberal y la idea tradicional de la EpS, en el marco de una salud pública clásica. Pero también se reconocen perspectivas críticas de la EpS y de la salud pública, que conforman otro frente discursivo contrahegemónico, que busca la transformación del orden social injusto.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the theoretical debates around health education (SPS) identified in scientific articles from five countries of Anglo-Saxon America, Europe and Australia, in order to contribute to the pedagogical base of EpS and its link with public health. Methodology: A documentary study that uses scientific articles from research carried out in Australia, the United States, England, Canada and Spain as sources of information. Results: The theoretical debates developed in three axes of discussion were identified: the structural one, in which the maintenance of a traditional HE is denounced, from a biomedical perspective of health and a current neoliberal model; that of pedagogical practices, developed by a fragile and functional education to maintain the reproduction of the current social order, and that of proposals, from which alternative pedagogical perspectives are promoted around the conceptualization of health and HE. Conclusions: There is a discursive front that perpetuates a conception of health based on the biomedical model, on the hegemony of the neoliberal model and on the traditional idea of HE, within the framework of classical public health. But the critical perspectives of HE and public health are also recognized, which constitute another counter-hegemonic discursive front, which seeks to transform the unjust social order.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os debates teóricos em torno da educação em saúde identificados em artigos científicos de cinco países da América Anglo-Saxônica, Europa e Austrália, a fim de contribuir para a fundamentação pedagógica da EpS e sua vinculação com a saúde pública. Metodologia: Estudo documental que utiliza como fontes de informação artigos científicos oriundos de pesquisas realizadas na Austrália, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá e Espanha. Resultados: Foram identificados os debates teóricos desenvolvidos em três eixos de discussão: o estrutural, em que se denuncia a manutenção de um educação em saúde tradicional, com base em uma perspectiva biomédica da saúde e num modelo neoliberal vigente; a das práticas pedagógicas, desenvolvida por uma educação frágil e funcional para manter a reprodução da ordem social vigente, e a das propostas, a partir das quais se promovem perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas no que diz respeito à conceituação de saúde e educação em saúde . Conclusões: Há uma frente discursiva que perpetua uma concepção de saúde baseada no modelo biomédico, na hegemonia do modelo neoliberal e na ideia tradicional de educação em saúde , no marco de uma saúde pública clássica. Mas também são reconhecidas as perspectivas críticas da educação em saúde e da saúde pública, que constituem outra frente discursiva contra-hegemônica, que busca a transformação da ordem social injusta.

Estrategias comunitarias para la seguridad alimentaria en indígenas wayuu, La Guajira, Colombia / Community strategies for food security in indigenous wayuu, la guajira, colombia

Fundamentos: La desnutrición infantil como problema de inseguridad alimentaria aflige principalmente a las poblaciones más vulnerables, entre ellas las comunidades indígenas. El objetivo fue dar a conocer los microproyectoscreados con tres comunidades indígenas Wayuu sobre su seguridad alimentaria y evaluar la implementación de dichas estrategias. Métodos: investigación participativa basada en la comunidad (Community Based Participatory ResearchCBPR), incluyó la participación de 46 familias (204 personas). Se aplicaron técnicas de recolección como foros comunitarios, círculos de saberes, fotovoz, observación participante y recorridos del territorio. Resultados: La seguridad alimentaria de estas comunidades está atravesada por estrategias como a) creación dehuertas comunitarias como una alternativa sostenible para su autonomía y el rescate de sus prácticas ancestrales, b) educación nutricional intercultural al propiciar una articulación de saberes propios y académicos alrededor de la alimentación y la nutrición y c) fortalecimiento comunitario que a partir de los planes de vida fomenta el equilibrio, la armonía y el bienestar dentro del territorio. Conclusiones: La seguridad alimentaria debe ser concebida como un pilar en el plan de vida de las comunidades indígenas en tanto fomenta su autonomía y la restauración de sus vidas en el territorio, en su cultura y en sus conocimientos. (AU)

Background: Child malnutrition as a problem of food insecurity mainly afflicts the most vulnerable populations among them, indigenous communities. The objective was to publicize the microprojects created with three Wayuuindigenous communities on their food security and to evaluate the implementation of these strategies.Methods: Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR), included the participation of 46 families (204 people).Collection techniques such as community forums, circles of knowledge, photo voice, participant observation and tours ofthe territory were applied. Results: The food security of these communities is crossed by strategies such as a) creation of community gardens as a sustainable alternative for their autonomy and the rescue of their ancestral practices, b) intercultural nutritional educationby promoting an articulation of their own and academic knowledge about food and nutrition and c) community strengthening that, based on life plans, promotes balance, harmony and well-being within the territory. Conclusions: Food security must be conceived as a pillar in the life plan of indigenous communities as it fosters their autonomy and the restoration of their lives in the territory, in their culture and in their knowledge. (AU)

["Giving birth is not a matter of ethnicity, it is a matter of humanity": experiences of obstetric violence during childbirth among indigenous women]. / "Parir no es un asunto de etnia, es un asunto de humanidad": experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica durante la atención al parto en mujeres indígenas.

This study aims to understand the experiences of obstetric violence experienced by Embera women during childbirth at healthcare facilities in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Employing a qualitative, ethnographic approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine indigenous Embera women between February and March of 2020. The data indicate these women, members of the largest indigenous community in Medellín, experience similar forms of obstetric violence to non-indigenous women, which might be explained by the authoritarian medical habitus and a health system that prioritizes market forces. However, the data also reveal that indigenous women experience a specific form of this phenomenon: a lack of respect or cultural sensitivity, stemming from the process of colonialism to which indigenous peoples have been subjected. This dynamic continues to be expressed during delivery in healthcare childbirth settings via ignorance and disregard for indigenous ancestral knowledge, which can be understood as microaggressions that occur frequently but are difficult to identify.

El objetivo de este estudio es comprender las experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica que vivieron las mujeres emberas durante la atención del parto en servicios de salud de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. A través de un abordaje cualitativo de tipo etnográfico, con entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a nueve mujeres indígenas emberas entre febrero y marzo de 2020, se identificó que estas mujeres, representantes del grupo más grande de los pueblos indígenas en Medellín, experimentan formas de violencia obstétrica similares a las vividas por mujeres occidentalizadas, que pueden ser explicadas por el habitus médico autoritario, y por un sistema de salud que privilegia las lógicas del mercado. Sin embargo, esta investigación amplía la comprensión de la violencia obstétrica al identificar que las mujeres indígenas experimentan otra forma particular de este fenómeno: la falta de respeto o sensibilidad cultural, lo cual deviene del proceso de colonialidad vivido por los pueblos originarios, y que hoy en día se expresa en el contexto de la atención al parto, bajo formas como el desconocimiento y desprecio de los saberes ancestrales que las mujeres de las comunidades indígenas aún conservan y que podemos comprender como microagresiones comunes y ambiguas.

"Parir no es un asunto de etnia, es un asunto de humanidad": experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica durante la atención al parto en mujeres indígenas / "Giving birth is not a matter of ethnicity, it is a matter of humanity": experiences of obstetric violence during childbirth among indigenous women

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es comprender las experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica que vivieron las mujeres emberas durante la atención del parto en servicios de salud de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. A través de un abordaje cualitativo de tipo etnográfico, con entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a nueve mujeres indígenas emberas entre febrero y marzo de 2020, se identificó que estas mujeres, representantes del grupo más grande de los pueblos indígenas en Medellín, experimentan formas de violencia obstétrica similares a las vividas por mujeres occidentalizadas, que pueden ser explicadas por el habitus médico autoritario, y por un sistema de salud que privilegia las lógicas del mercado. Sin embargo, esta investigación amplía la comprensión de la violencia obstétrica al identificar que las mujeres indígenas experimentan otra forma particular de este fenómeno: la falta de respeto o sensibilidad cultural, lo cual deviene del proceso de colonialidad vivido por los pueblos originarios, y que hoy en día se expresa en el contexto de la atención al parto, bajo formas como el desconocimiento y desprecio de los saberes ancestrales que las mujeres de las comunidades indígenas aún conservan y que podemos comprender como microagresiones comunes y ambiguas.

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the experiences of obstetric violence experienced by Embera women during childbirth at healthcare facilities in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Employing a qualitative, ethnographic approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine indigenous Embera women between February and March of 2020. The data indicate these women, members of the largest indigenous community in Medellín, experience similar forms of obstetric violence to non-indigenous women, which might be explained by the authoritarian medical habitus and a health system that prioritizes market forces. However, the data also reveal that indigenous women experience a specific form of this phenomenon: a lack of respect or cultural sensitivity, stemming from the process of colonialism to which indigenous peoples have been subjected. This dynamic continues to be expressed during delivery in healthcare childbirth settings via ignorance and disregard for indigenous ancestral knowledge, which can be understood as microaggressions that occur frequently but are difficult to identify.

[Approaching the concept of mental health for indigenous peoples in Colombia]. / Aproximación a la concepción de la salud mental para los pueblos indígenas de Colombia.

This study sought to perceive the concept of mental health from the perspective of Colombian indigenous peoples. A qualitative survey from a historic-hermeneutical standpoint was conducted by means of interviews with a stratified intentional sample of 10 leaders with experience in indigenous mental health. After being duly transcribed, interview materials were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Findings were structured around four analytical categories: mental health perspectives, elements, scenarios, and challenges. It was revealed that some indigenous people do not perceive mental health as an indigenous concept. Some perceive it from a morbicentric western perspective and others from an ancestral holistic standpoint. They describe positive elements (good living, spirituality, harmony with mother earth) and negative aspects (acculturation, discrimination, violence, disobedience). Mental health scenarios included the land itself and the health care system, in particular the Intercultural Indigenous Health System (SISPI). Challenges include the need to conduct more research on this topic, consolidating SISPI, and fostering ancestral knowledge.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el concepto de salud mental desde la perspectiva de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia. Se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, de tipo histórico hermenéutico a través de entrevistas a una muestra intencional estratificada de 10 líderes con experiencia en el tema de salud indígena. Luego de transcritas, se realizó el análisis de las entrevistas con herramientas de la teoría fundada. Los hallazgos se centraron en cuatro categorías analíticas: perspectivas de la salud mental, elementos, escenarios y retos. Se encontró que algunos indígenas no asumen la salud mental como un concepto propio. Entre los restantes, algunos lo asumen desde una perspectiva occidental morbicéntrica y los demás desde una perspectiva ancestral holística. Se describen elementos positivos (buen vivir, espiritualidad, armonía con la madre tierra) y negativos (aculturación, discriminación, violencia, desobediencia). Los escenarios de la salud mental que mencionaron los participantes son el territorio y el sistema de salud, en particular el Sistema Indígena de Salud Propio e Intercultural- SISPI. Los retos incluyen la necesidad de generar más investigaciones en este tema, el avance en la consolidación del SISPI y el fortalecimiento de los saberes ancestrales.

Aproximación a la concepción de la salud mental para los pueblos indígenas de Colombia / Approaching the concept of mental health for indigenous peoples in Colombia

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el concepto de salud mental desde la perspectiva de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia. Se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, de tipo histórico hermenéutico a través de entrevistas a una muestra intencional estratificada de 10 líderes con experiencia en el tema de salud indígena. Luego de transcritas, se realizó el análisis de las entrevistas con herramientas de la teoría fundada. Los hallazgos se centraron en cuatro categorías analíticas: perspectivas de la salud mental, elementos, escenarios y retos. Se encontró que algunos indígenas no asumen la salud mental como un concepto propio. Entre los restantes, algunos lo asumen desde una perspectiva occidental morbicéntrica y los demás desde una perspectiva ancestral holística. Se describen elementos positivos (buen vivir, espiritualidad, armonía con la madre tierra) y negativos (aculturación, discriminación, violencia, desobediencia). Los escenarios de la salud mental que mencionaron los participantes son el territorio y el sistema de salud, en particular el Sistema Indígena de Salud Propio e Intercultural- SISPI. Los retos incluyen la necesidad de generar más investigaciones en este tema, el avance en la consolidación del SISPI y el fortalecimiento de los saberes ancestrales.

Abstract This study sought to perceive the concept of mental health from the perspective of Colombian indigenous peoples. A qualitative survey from a historic-hermeneutical standpoint was conducted by means of interviews with a stratified intentional sample of 10 leaders with experience in indigenous mental health. After being duly transcribed, interview materials were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Findings were structured around four analytical categories: mental health perspectives, elements, scenarios, and challenges. It was revealed that some indigenous people do not perceive mental health as an indigenous concept. Some perceive it from a morbicentric western perspective and others from an ancestral holistic standpoint. They describe positive elements (good living, spirituality, harmony with mother earth) and negative aspects (acculturation, discrimination, violence, disobedience). Mental health scenarios included the land itself and the health care system, in particular the Intercultural Indigenous Health System (SISPI). Challenges include the need to conduct more research on this topic, consolidating SISPI, and fostering ancestral knowledge.

Acceptability of Aedes aegypti blood feeding on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in Iquitos, Peru.

As part of a study to investigate drivers of dengue virus (DENV) transmission dynamics, this qualitative study explored whether DENV-infected residents of Iquitos, Peru, considered it acceptable (1) to participate in direct mosquito feeding experiments (lab-reared Aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed directly on human volunteers) and (2) to provide blood meals indirectly (Ae. aegypti fed on blood drawn from participants by venipuncture). Twelve focus group discussions (FGDs; 94 participants: 82 females and 12 males) were conducted in January 2014 to explore six themes: (1) concerns and preferences regarding direct mosquito feeds and blood draws, (2) comprehension of and misconceptions about study procedures, (3) motivating factors for participation, (4) acceptability of children's participation, (5) willingness to provide multiple samples over several days, and (6) preference for direct feedings in homes versus the study laboratory. Results of FGDs, including one with 5 of 53 past direct mosquito feed participants, indicated that mosquito feeding procedures are acceptable to Iquitos residents when they are provided with information and a few key messages are properly reinforced. FGD participants' concerns focused primarily on safety issues rather than discomfort associated with mosquito bites. A video explaining the study dramatically increased comprehension of the study procedures. The majority of participants expressed a preference for mosquito feeding over venipuncture. Adults supported child participation if the children themselves assented. For most participants, home feedings were preferred over those in a laboratory. A major impetus for participation was the idea that results would contribute to an improved understanding of DENV transmission in Iquitos. Findings from our study will support future large-scale studies that employ direct mosquito feeding, a low-risk, non-invasive procedure that is experimentally superior to artificial mosquito feeding methods.

Visibilidad y tendencias teóricas de la educación para la salud en cuatro países de América Latina, 2003-2013 / Visibility and Theoretical Trends in the Education for Health in Four Latin-American Countries, 2003-2013 / Visibilidade e tendências teóricas da educação para a saúde em quatro países de América Latina, 2003-2013

Resumen Objetivo: analizar las investigaciones realizadas en América Latina sobre educación para la salud durante los últimos diez años, identificando los diferentes desarrollos conceptuales propuestos sobre el tema y las críticas que se le formulan. Método: investigación cualitativa mediante un estado del arte; se analizaron cuarenta artículos de Brasil, Colombia, Cuba y México derivados de las búsquedas realizadas en Pubmed, Lilacs, Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Science Direct, Oxford Journals y Dialnet. Resultado : la educación para la salud es un campo multifocal, polisémico, con diferentes propósitos y tendencias teóricas. Se encontró que la mayoría de los autores se ocuparon de asumir una postura frente a ella, pero pocos se dieron a la tarea de conceptualizar la educación y la salud. Conclusión: se perciben diferentes visiones sobre educación para la salud; sin embargo, se cuestiona la poca articulación que se vislumbra en los artículos entre la teoría y la práctica en el tema.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the researches conducted in Latin America on education for health during the last ten years, identifying the different conceptual developments proposed about this theme and the criticism made about it. Methods: This is a qualitative research describing the state of the art; forty articles from Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and Mexico, and retrieved from searches in Pubmed, Lilacs, Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Science Direct, Oxford Journals, and Dialnet were examined. Results: the education for health is a multifocal and polysemic field with different purposes and theoretical trends. It was found that most of the authors cared for assuming a stance regarding this field, though few of them undertake the task to conceptualize both education and health. Conclusion: Different visions about education for health were perceived; however, this work criticizes the poor articulation observed in the papers between theory and practice on this regard.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar as pesquisas feitas na América Latina sobre educação para a saúde durante os últimos dez anos, a identificar os diferentes desenvolvimentos conceituais propostos sobre o tema e as críticas que lhe são feitas. Método: pesquisa qualitativa através de um estado da arte; analisaram-se quarenta artigos do Brasil, Colômbia, Cuba e México derivados das buscas feitas em Pubmed, Lilacs, Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Science Direct, Oxford Journals e Dialnet. Resultado: a educação para a saúde é um campo multifocal, polissémico, com diferentes propósitos e tendências teóricas. Evidenciou-se que a maioria dos autores teve o cuidado de assumir uma posição frente a ela, mas poucos se arrogaram a tarefa de conceituar educação e saúde. Conclusão: diferentes visões.

Analysis of the complete organellar genomes of the rockweed Fucus spiralis (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae) supports its infraspecific recognition as Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis.

Fucus spiralis L. is a broadly distributed monoecious intertidal seaweed. The specific status of F. spiralis however is debatable. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and systematics of F. spiralis by analysing the complete mitochondrial and plastid genomes of a specimen from California, U.S.A. The F. spiralis mitogenome is 36,396 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 67 genes, and the plastid genome is 125,066 bp in length and contains 171 genes. The F. spiralis genomes are 99.7% and 99.8% similar in nucleotide sequence to F. vesiculosus, and support the revised classification of F. spiralis to Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis.