Descripción de la Morfología del Sistema de Canales Radiculares en Premolares Maxilares Mediante Tomografía Computarizada Cone Beam en una Población Chilena

El tratamiento endodóntico requiere detallados conocimientos sobre la morfología radicular. En premolares maxilares, se ha reportado variabilidad en el número de raíces y morfología del sistema de canales radiculares (SCR). La causa más frecuente de fracaso endodóntico son los conductos no tratados. Por lo tanto, una mejor compresión de la morfología del SCR y sus variaciones es crucial para el tratamiento endodóntico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la frecuencia del número de raíces y morfología del SCR en premolares maxilares, mediante exámenes de tomografía computarizada Cone Beam (CBCT) en una población chilena. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal donde se observó la morfología del sistema de canales radiculares de primeros y segundos premolares maxilares a través de exámenes CBCT, agrupándolos de acuerdo con la Clasificación de Vertucci. Se observaron 228 exámenes CBCT, donde se incluyeron 268 primeros premolares superiores y 233 segundos premolares maxilares. Se determinó que en primeros premolares maxilares un 56,3 % presentó una raíz, un 43,3 %, siendo más frecuente una morfología del SCR tipo IV. En los segundos premolares maxilares, se determinó la presencia de una raíz en el 95,7 % de los casos, siendo más frecuente una morfología del SCR tipo I. Estos resultados pueden ser de interés para endodoncistas, ya que conocer la morfología del SCR de premolares maxilares permite mejorar la planificación de la terapia endodóntica realizada en estos dientes.

Endodontic treatment requires detailed knowledge of root morphology. In maxillary premolars, variability in root number and root canal system (RCS) morphology has been reported. The most frequent cause of endodontic failure is non treated canals. Therefore, a better understanding of RCS morphology and its variations is crucial for endodontic treatment. The aim of this research was to describe the frequency of root number and SCR morphology in maxillary premolars, by means of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) examinations in a Chilean population. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out in which the morphology of the root canal system of maxillary first and second premolars was observed through CBCT examinations, grouping them according to the Vertucci Classification. A total of 228 CBCT examinations were observed, which included 268 upper first premolars and 233 maxillary second premolars. It was determined that in maxillary first premolars 56.3 % presented one root, 43.3 %, being more frequent a SCR type IV morphology. In maxillary second premolars, the presence of one root was determined in 95.7 % of the cases, being more frequent a SCR type I morphology. These results may be of interest to endodontists, since knowing the morphology of the RCS of maxillary premolars allows improving the planning of endodontic therapy performed on these teeth.

Descripción de la morfología del sistema de canales radiculares del primer molar maxilar mediante tomografía computarizada cone-beam en una población chilena / Description of the morphology of the root canal system of the maxillary first molar using cone-beam computed tomography in a Chilean population

Describir la morfología del sistema de canales radiculares del primer molar maxilar en una población chilena mediante exámenes de tomografía computarizada Cone-Beam (CBCT). Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en el cual se utilizaron los exámenes CBCT de pacientes que fueron atendidos en un Centro de Radiología Maxilofacial privado durante el período comprendido entre Enero y Diciembre del año 2018 en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, los cuales fueron observados de manera independiente por dos investigadores previamente calibrados. Se observaron 199 exámenes CBCT. En la raíz mesiobucal,predominaron las morfologías tipo II, I y IV de Vertucci respectivamente, mientras que en la raíz distobucal y palatina predominó la morfología tipo I. El canal MB2 estuvo presente en el 62,3 % de los casos, con una prevalencia significativamente mayor en pacientes jóvenes. En la mayoría de los primeros molares maxilares de los habitantes de la ciudad de Temuco se observaron tres raíces separadas y la presencia de cuatro canales. Se determinó una alta frecuencia del canal MB2 en la raíz MB.

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to describe the morphology of the root canal system of the maxillary first molar in a Chilean population through Cone-Beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. A descriptive observational study was carried out in which the CBCT examinations of patients who were treated in a private maxillofacial radiology center during the period between January and December 2018 in Temuco, Chile, were used which were observed independently by two previously calibrated researchers. In this analysis 199 CBCT exams were observed. In the mesiobuccal root, Type II, I and IV morphologies predominated respectively, while in the distobuccal and palatal root, Type I morphology predominated. The MB2 canal was present in 62.3 % of cases, with a higher prevalence in young patients. Three separate roots and the presence of four canals were observed in most of the maxillary first molars of the patients in Temuco. A high frequency of the MB2 canal was determined in the root MB.

Primeras recomendaciones de consenso SLANH - COLABIOCLI / Primeiras Recomendações de Consenso SLANH - COLABIOCLI / (Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nefrología e Hipertensión - Confederación Latinoamericana de Bioquímica Clínica) / Informe de la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada junto a la determinación de la creatininemia en población adulta / First SLANH-COLABIOCLI Consensus Recommendations

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es de alta prevalencia en América Latina y en todo el mundo. Se estima que entre 10 y 20% de la población adulta es portadora de ERC y su prevalencia va en aumento. La ERC progresa en forma silenciosa. Su diagnóstico temprano y oportuno permite iniciar un tratamiento efectivo, en la mayoría de los casos, para detener la enfermedad. Desde hace mucho tiempo, el análisis de la creatininemia es la principal prueba utilizada para valorar la función renal, pero su confiabilidad es limitada. De acuerdo con las recomendaciones de las GUIAS KDOQI del año 2002 la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGe) obtenida a través de fórmulas, se estableció como una de las herramientas principales para detectar la enfermedad renal de manera precoz, ya que alerta de forma precisa al médico y al equipo de salud sobre el nivel de función renal del paciente. La detección de una TFGe disminuida (menor de 60 mL/min/1,73 m2) es clínicamente relevante, ya que permite establecer el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal en adultos. En el año 2022, en una encuesta realizada por SLANH y COLABIOCLI dirigida a los laboratorios de análisis clínicos de América Latina (n: 237), el 49% de los mismos no informaban la TFGe rutinariamente. En base a esta realidad SLANH y COLABIOCLI elaboraron estas recomendaciones de consenso en referencia al uso de la TFGe.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high prevalence worldwide and in Latin America (10 to 20% of the adult population) and is increasing. CKD progresses silently. Opportune diagnosis and treatment are effective in most cases to improve outcomes. Serum creatinine was the main test to assess kidney function, but its reliability is limited. Through the KDOQI Guidelines 2002, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) obtained from equations was established as one of the main tools for the early detection of kidney disease in clinical practice. The detection of a decreased eGFR (less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) is clinically relevant. This cut-off level establishes the diagnosis of kidney disease in adults. In 2022 SLANH and COLABIOCLI conducted a survey among the clinical laboratories from Latin America. The survey included 237 laboratories, 49% of which did not routinely report the eGFR. Based on this situation, SLANH and COLABIOCLI have elaborated the following consensus recommendations regarding the use of eGFR.

Resumo A doença renal crônica (DRC) é altamente prevalente na América Latina e em todo o mundo. Estima-se que entre 10 e 20% da população adulta seja portadora de DRC e sua prevalência esteja aumentando. A DRC progride silenciosamente. Seu diagnóstico precoce e oportuno permite iniciar um tratamento eficaz, na maioria dos casos, para estancar a doença. Faz muito tempo, a análise da creatinina tem sido o principal teste usado para avaliar a função renal mas sua confiabilidade é limitada. De acordo com as recomendações dos GUIAS KDOQI do ano de 2002, a estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular (eGFR), obtida por meio de fórmulas, consolidou-se como uma das principais ferramentas para a detecção precoce da doença renal, visto que alerta com precisão ao médico e ao equipe de saúde sobre o nível de função renal do paciente. A detecção de uma eGFR diminuída (inferior a 60 mL/min/1,73 m2) é clinicamente relevante, pois permite estabelecer o diagnóstico de doença renal em adultos. No ano de 2022, em pesquisa realizada pela SLANH e COLABIOCLI dirigida a laboratórios de análises clínicas da América Latina (n: 237), 49% deles não relataram rotineiramente eGFR. Com base nessa realidade, SLANH e COLABIOCLI prepararam essas recomendações de consenso sobre o uso de eGFR.

Adherence to multidisciplinary care in a prospective chronic kidney disease cohort is associated with better outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The Renal Healthcare Program Uruguay (NRHP-UY) is a national, multidisciplinary program that provides care to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. In this study, we report the global results of CKD patient outcomes and a comparison between those treated at the NRHP-UY Units, with those patients who were initially included in the program but did not adhere to follow up. METHODS: A cohort of not-on dialysis CKD patients included prospectively in the NRHP-UY between October 1st 2004 and September 30th 2017 was followed-up until September 30th 2019. Two groups were compared: a) Nephrocare Group: Patients who had at least one clinic visit during the first year on NRHP-UY (n = 11174) and b) Non-adherent Group: Patients who were informed and accepted to be included but had no subsequent data registered after admission (n = 3485). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and all patients signed an informed consent. Outcomes were studied with Logistic and Cox´s regression analysis, Fine and Gray competitive risk and propensity-score matching tests. RESULTS: 14659 patients were analyzed, median age 70 (60-77) years, 56.9% male. The Nephrocare Group showed improved achievement of therapeutic goals, ESKD was more frequent (HR 2.081, CI 95%1.722-2.514) as planned kidney replacement therapy (KRT) start (OR 2.494, CI95% 1.591-3.910), but mortality and the combined event (death and ESKD) were less frequent (HR 0.671, CI95% 0.628-0.717 and 0.777, CI95% 0.731-0.827) (p = 0.000) compared to the Non-adherent group. Results were similar in the propensity-matched group: ESKD (HR 2.041, CI95% 1.643-2.534); planned kidney replacement therapy (KRT) start (OR 2.191, CI95% 1.322-3.631) death (HR 0.692, CI95% 0.637-0.753); combined event (HR 0.801, CI95% 0.742-0.865) (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary care within the NRHP-UY is associated with timely initiation of KRT and lower mortality in single outcomes, combined analysis, and propensity-matched analysis.

Mineral and bone disorder and longterm survival in a chronic kidney disease grade 3b-4cohort.

Mineral and bone disorder biomarkers 'normal ranges' are controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and 25(OH) vitamin D levels and mortality risk, in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) grade (G) 3b-4 cohort. The Uruguayan National Renal Healthcare Program (NRHP-UY) CKD patients' cohort, included between 1 October 2004 and 1 March 2020 and followed-up until 1 March 2021, was analyzed with the Ethics Committee approval. A total of 6473 patients were analyzed: 56% men, median age 73 (65-79) years, 55% on CKD G3b. At the end of the follow-up, 2459 (37.7%) patients had died (6.4/100 patient-year). There were iPTH data on 2013 patients (younger, with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lesser comorbidities). By bivariate Cox analysis the lowest death risk was observed with mean Ca between 9.01 and 10.25 mg/dl, P between 2.76 and 4.0 mg/dl, iPTH ≤ 105 pg/ml, and 25(OH) vitamin D >10 ng/ml. The multivariate Cox regression mortality risk adjusted to age, sex, CKD etiology, diabetes, smoking, cardiovascular comorbidity, blood pressure, proteinuria, eGFR, renin-angiotensin system blockers and vitamin D treatments, serum Ca, P, iPTH, and 25(OH) vitamin D (n = 964) showed that a higher mortality risk was associated with p > 4.00 mg/dl (HR 1.668, CI 95%: 1.201-2.317), iPTH >105 pg/ml (HR 1.386, CI 95%: 1.012-1.989), and 25(OH) vitamin D ≤ 10 ng/ml (HR 1.958, CI 95%: 1.238-3.098) and a lower mortality risk with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D treatment (HR 0.639, CI 95%: 0.451-0.906). These data may contribute to the precise G3b-4 CKD-MBD biomarkers levels definition.

Methodology for the identification of relevant loci for milk traits in dairy cattle, using machine learning algorithms.

Machine learning methods were considered efficient in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) underlying a trait of interest. This study aimed to construct predictive models using machine learning algorithms, to identify loci that best explain the variance in milk traits of dairy cattle. Further objectives involved validating the results by comparison with reported relevant regions and retrieving the pathways overrepresented by the genes flanking relevant SNPs. Regression models using XGBoost (XGB), LightGBM (LGB), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms were trained using estimated breeding values for milk production (EBVM), milk fat content (EBVF) and milk protein content (EBVP) as phenotypes and genotypes on 40417 SNPs as predictor variables. To evaluate their efficiency, metrics for actual vs. predicted values were determined in validation folds (XGB and LGB) and out-of-bag data (RF). Less than 4500 relevant SNPs were retrieved for each trait. Among the genes flanking them, signaling and transmembrane transporter activities were overrepresented. The models trained:•Predicted breeding values for animals not included in the dataset.•Were efficient in identifying a subset of SNPs explaining phenotypic variation. The results obtained using XGB and LGB algorithms agreed with previous results. Therefore, the method proposed could be applied for future association studies on milk traits.

Recomendaciones sobre la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad renal y trasplante renal / Recommendations for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of patients with kidney disease and transplant recipients / Recomendações sobre vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 em pacientes com doença renal e transplante renal

Resumen: Este documento de recomendaciones tiene como objetivo orientar a médicos nefrólogos y no nefrólogos que asisten a pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en todas las etapas de la misma, en el proceso de vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2. Como consecuencia de la situación epidemiológica y de los tiempos del proceso de elaboración de las vacunas disponibles, no se ha generado evidencia lo suficientemente potente, por lo que las recomendaciones no se acompañan del nivel de evidencia. Se fundamenta la necesidad de priorizar la vacunación en este grupo de pacientes en el mayor riesgo de adquirir la infección por SARS-CoV-2, desarrollar la enfermedad COVID-19 con mayor gravedad y presentar una mortalidad más elevada que la población general. Las recomendaciones se organizan por grupos de pacientes considerando pacientes con ERC no dialítica, diálisis y trasplante renal, y pacientes bajo tratamiento inmunosupresor.

Summary The objective of this document containing recommendations is to provide guidelines for nephrologists and non-nephrologists who assist patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages of the disease on the vaccination process against SARS-CoV-2. As a consequence of the current epidemiological situation and the timing of the COVID-19 vaccine development -for available vaccines- there is no solid evidence, and thus, recommendations are not accompanied by the due medical proof. The need to prioritize vaccination in this group of patients is based on the increased risk of acquiring the SARS-CoV-2 infection, developing the COVID-19 disease with greater severity and presenting higher mortality rates than the general population. The recommendations are organized by groups of patients, considering patients with non-dialytic CKD, dialysis and kidney transplantation, and patients under immunosuppressive treatment.

Resumo: O objetivo deste documento de recomendações é orientar os nefrologistas e não nefrologistas que atendem pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em todas as fases da doença, no processo de vacinação contra a SARS-CoV-2. Como consequência da situação epidemiológica e do momento do processo de produção das vacinas disponíveis, não foram geradas evidências suficientemente potentes, de modo que as recomendações não são acompanhadas de seu nível de evidência. A necessidade de priorizar a vacinação neste grupo de pacientes baseia-se no maior risco de adquirir a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2, desenvolver a doença COVID-19 com maior gravidade e apresentar mortalidade superior à da população em geral. As recomendações são organizadas por grupos de pacientes, considerando pacientes com DRC não dialítica, em diálise, com transplante renal, e pacientes em tratamento imunossupressor.

Assessment of knowledge of oral cancer in dentists in the Los Ríos region, Chile, in 2017 / Evaluación del conocimiento del cáncer oral en dentistas en la región de Los Ríos, Chile, en 2017

Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of Oral Cancer (OC) of dental surgeons in Los Rios Region in the year 2017. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study consisting of a survey containing 24 multiple-choice questions was conducted and applied in person to 102 public practice dentists of Los Ríos Region, between March-July 2017. Participants were previously informed that the survey was voluntary, anonymous and confidential. Characterization data from the population was collected and the variable "Knowledge of Oral Cancer" along with its subsections on OC epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment/complications and prognosis/prevention were measured. Tabulated data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results were presented through a passing percentage (60% minimum for approval). Results: 100 surveys were answered (with a 98% response rate). Knowledge of OC averaged a 77% passing rate among the participants: 63% for the epidemiology section, 78% for etiopathogenesis, 86.5% for diagnosis, 64% for treatment/complications, while OC prevention resulted in a 75% passing rate. Conclusion: A high percentage of dental surgeons in Los Rios Region demonstrated a satisfactory knowledge of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of OC. However, a low percentage responded correctly regarding the epidemiological factors, treatment and complications. It is highly recommended to follow the same research methodology in other regions across Chile in order to analyze results at a national level with a new approach, so as to properly guide future professional training programs.

Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos acerca de cáncer oral (CO) que poseen los odontólogos de la Región de los Ríos en el año 2017. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo mediante encuestas de preguntas de selección múltiple aplicadas a 102 odontólogos de práctica pública de la Región de los Ríos. Se informó previamente a los participantes el carácter voluntario, anónimo y confidencial de la encuesta y se entregó un consentimiento informado. Se recopilaron datos de caracterización de la población y se midió la variable "Conocimientos acerca del Cáncer Oral" en sus dimensiones de epidemiología, etiopatogenia, diagnóstico, tratamiento/complicaciones y pronóstico/prevención. A los datos tabulados se les realizó estadística descriptiva. Los resultados se presentaron mediante porcentaje de aprobación y nota equivalente al 60% en escala continua. Resultados: Se respondieron 100 encuestas (tasa de respuesta del 98%). El Conocimiento acerca de CO promedió una aprobación de 77% entre los participantes, equivalente a una nota 5,29. La dimensión de epidemiología alcanzó un 63%, etiopatogenia un 78%, diagnóstico un 86,5%, tratamiento/complicaciones un 64% y prevención 75% de aprobación. Conclusión: Un alto porcentaje de los cirujanos dentistas de la Región de los Ríos demostró conocimientos adecuados acerca de la etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y prevención del CO. Sin embargo, un bajo porcentaje respondió asertivamente en lo que respecta a factores epidemiológicos, tratamiento y complicaciones. Se sugiere seguir la misma línea investigativa en otras regiones, para analizar resultados a nivel nacional y orientar, con un nuevo enfoque, los programas educativos para profesionales.

Is Chronic Kidney Disease Progression Influenced by the Type of Renin-Angiotensin-System Blocker Used?

INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce proteinuria and slow renal disease progression more effectively than other therapies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, differences regarding efficacy and safety between these therapies remain controversial. OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study was to analyze the different treatment effect of ACEI, ARB, and non-ACEI/ARB in CKD progression. The primary outcome was survival to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and/or death and to ESRD censored by all-cause death, secondary outcomes were proteinuria reduction and hyperkalemia. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1,120 patients extracted from the National Renal Healthcare Program cohort, which included 17,238 CKD nondialysis subjects who were successively monitored between -September 1, 2004 and August 31, 2016. Inclusion criteria were at least a 1-year follow-up, 3 clinical visits, and no previous treatment with ACEI or ARB. From the baseline visit onward, patients continued with 3 different treatment schemes: no ACEI/ARB, started on ACEI or ARB, but while avoiding both treatments in combination. Chi2, t test, binary logistic regression, and multivariate regression models (Cox proportional Hazard model and competing risk Fine and Gray model were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean age and follow-up were 67.9 (± 15) and 3.8 (± 2) years, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate averaged 42.1 ± 23 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 300 (27%) patients were diabetics. Progression to ESRD was significantly worse in the no ACEI/ARB group (hazard ratio [HR] 4.23, 95% CI 1.28-13.92) versus ACEI (reference group; p = 0.01). The analysis by competing-risks' regression showed significantly higher risk of ESRD in the no ACEI/ARB group (HR 3.63, 95% CI 1.34-9.85) versus ACEI (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences between ACEI and ARB groups (HR 1.31, 95% CI 0.37-4.66) regarding the risk of progression to ESRD. Survival was similar in all 3 groups (p = 0.051). Statistically significantly more patients experienced reductions in proteinuria/albuminuria in ACEI and ARB groups (together) versus no ACEI/ARB group (p = 0.016, OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.12-2.94). No difference in hyperkalemia frequency was found between them (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CKD, treatment with ACEI or ARB had a superior effect than no ACEI or ARB treatment on slowing kidney disease progression and on proteinuria reduction. Efficacy of ACEI and ARB was comparable.

Obesidad y Enfermedad Renal Crónica / Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease / Obesidade e doença renal crônica

Resumen: La obesidad y el sobrepeso son una pandemia. Algo más de la mitad de los adultos de América Latina tiene sobrepeso y uno de cada cuatro es obeso. En Uruguay la situación es también preocupante. Uno de cada dos adultos tiene sobrepeso y uno de cada cinco obesidad. Sobrepeso y obesidad se vinculan al desarrollo y progresión de enfermedad renal crónica. Esto es consecuencia directa de la obesidad a través de factores mecánicos como la hiperfiltración o el aumento de las presiones cavitarias, o por medio de múltiples mediadores endócrinos e inflamatorios regulados por el tejido adiposo. De forma indirecta la obesidad se vincula al desarrollo de factores de riesgo para enfermedad renal como lo son la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión arterial, la hiperuricemia y el hígado graso no alcohólico. Por último, algunas patologías como la nefrolitiasis y el desarrollo de neoplasias son más frecuentes en el escenario del sobrepeso y la obesidad, y se vinculan al desarrollo de enfermedad renal. Las medidas tendientes al descenso de peso y la incorporación de hábitos saludables se han vinculado a una reducción en la prevalencia y progresión de la enfermedad renal, así como a mejoría de los marcadores de lesión renal como la proteinuria. La inhibición del eje renina-angiotensina-aldosterona es otra medida eficaz tendiente a disminuir la progresión de la enfermedad renal en esta población.

Abstract: Obesity and being overweight are a pandemic. More than half of adults in Latin America are overweight and one in four are obese. In Uruguay, the situation is also worrying. One in two adults is overweight and one in five is obese. Overweight and obesity are linked to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. This is a direct consequence of obesity through mechanical factors such as hyperfiltration or increased cavitary pressures, or through multiple endocrine and inflammatory mediators regulated by adipose tissue. Indirectly obesity is linked to the development of risk factors for kidney disease such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperuricemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Finally, some pathologies such as nephrolithiasis and the development of neoplasias are more frequent in the scenario of overweight and obesity, and are linked to the development of renal disease. Measures leading to weight loss and the incorporation of healthy habits have been linked to a reduction in the prevalence and progression of renal disease, as well as to an improvement in markers of renal injury such as proteinuria. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is another effective measure to decrease the progression of renal disease in this population.

Resumo: A obesidade e o excesso de peso são uma pandemia. Mais de metade dos adultos na América Latina estão acima do peso e um em cada quatro é obeso. No Uruguai, a situação também é preocupante. Um em cada dois adultos tem excesso de peso e um em cada cinco é obeso. Sobrepeso e obesidade estão ligados ao desenvolvimento e progressão da doença renal crônica. Esta é uma conseqüência direta da obesidade através de fatores mecânicos como hiperfiltração ou aumento das pressões cavitárias, ou através de múltiplos mediadores endocrinos e inflamatórios regulados pelo tecido adiposo. Indiretamente, a obesidade está ligada ao desenvolvimento de fatores de risco para doenças renais como diabetes mellitus, hipertensão, hiperuricemia e fígado gordo não alcoólico. Finalmente, algumas patologias como nefrolitíase e desenvolvimento de neoplasias são mais freqüentes no cenário de sobrepeso e obesidade e estão ligadas ao desenvolvimento de doença renal. As medidas que levaram à perda de peso e à incorporação de hábitos saudáveis ​​têm sido associadas a uma redução na prevalência e progressão da doença renal, bem como a uma melhora nos marcadores de lesão renal, como a proteinúria. A inibição do eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona é outra medida efetiva para diminuir a progressão da doença renal nesta população.

Prevalencia de queilitis actínica en pescadores artesanales,Valdivia, Chile / Prevalence of actinic cheilitis in artisanal fishermen, Valdivia, Chile

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en determinar la prevalencia de Queilitis Actínica en pescadores artesanales de la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal durante los meses de noviembre 2014 a abril 2015. La muestra fueron 180 pescadores previamente seleccionados a través de una muestra aleatoria simple, quienes fueron evaluados mediante un examen clínico y además completaron un cuestionario referente a datos personales y hábitos de salud. El 38,8 % de los pescadores artesanales presentó Queilitis Actínica. El 64,4 % de los pescadores revisados no utiliza protección solar mientras trabaja y todos los casos se ubicaron en el labio inferior. Los pescadores artesanales de la ciudad de Valdivia presentaron una prevalencia de Queilitis Actínica superior a las reportadas a nivel nacional. Nuestros resultados sugieren la implementación de políticas de salud pública centrados en la prevención de Queilitis Actínica en pescadores artesanales de la ciudad de Valdivia.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of actinic cheilitis in fishermen in the city of Valdivia, Chile 2015. A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was realized from November 2014 to April 2015. The sample included 180 fishermen, previously selected through a simple random sample. The subjects were evaluated by clinical examination and also completed a questionnaire on personal data and health habits. Of the total fishermen surveyed 38.8 % presented Actinic cheilitis. Furthermore, 64.4 % of the fishermen interviewed reported they do not use sun protection while working and all cases were located in the lower lip. The fishermen in Valdivia showed a higher prevalence of Actinic cheilitis than that found nationally. Our results suggest the implementation of public health policies focusing on the prevention of actinic cheilitis in artisanal fishermen in the city of Valdivia.

Estimating the likelihood of success with the initial empiric antimicrobial therapy in patients with nosocomial infections.

In order to estimate the likelihood of success (SL) with the initial empiric antimicrobial therapy, the following formula was constructed with data subjected to prior clinical validation in real time: SL (%) = (Nº isolates susceptible to IEAT/Nº patients with MDI) × 100. Where the numerator of the formula represents the total number of isolates recovered from the assessed type of infection, that was susceptible to any component of empiric antimicrobial therapy (IEAT) used, and the denominator represents the total number of patients with the same assessed, but microbiologically documented infection (MDI). For male hospital-acquired urinary tract infection, only imipenem reached a suitable SL value (i.e. ≥80%). In patients with hospital-acquired peritonitis, imipenem and tigecycline-ceftazidime showed the highest coverage rates. For ventilator-associated pneumonia only imipenem yielded acceptable coverage as a single drug. Implementing the present formula instead of the regular global antibiograms used to guide the selection of the initial treatment may benefit the patient outcome and improve antimicrobial usage.

Riesgo cardiovascular en la enfermedad renal crónica / Cardiovascular risk in chronic renal disease

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene elevada prevalencia y morbimortalidad cardiovascular (CV). Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo y tratamientos en la población del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay (PSRU) y su asociación con eventos CV y supervivencia. Método: estudio retrospectivo de la cohorte del registro del PSRU, que representa 58% de la población del país, entre 29/9/2006 y 31/12/2014. Los criterios de inclusión son: personas ³ 20 años, con alteraciones renales por más de tres meses, filtrado glomerular estimado (FGe) < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 o proteinuria >300 mg/día o albuminuria >30 mg/día en diabéticos, con seis o más meses en control. Se incluye registro de nuevos eventos cardiovasculares (NECV), ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal (TSR) y fallecimientos. Resultados: se incluyeron 8.407 individuos, edad 68 ± 14 años, 56% hombres, 66,6% > 65 años. Se observó elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo CV. Se reportaron 2.245 NECV no fatales en 1.439 individuos (18,9%), tasa 10,1 por 100 pacientes-año (pac-año). Fallecieron 1.380 pacientes, 32,7% de causa CV. La tasa de ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal (TSR) fue de 1,94, la de mortalidad global de 6,2 y de causa CV de 2,03 por 100 pac-año. Se demostró la asociación de NECV y mortalidad con factores de riesgo tradicionales y vinculados a ERC, así como disminución con control glucídico y tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA). Conclusiones: la población con ERC presenta múltiples factores de riesgo CV con elevada morbimortalidad, lo que amerita detección precoz y tratamiento.

Riesgo cardiovascular en la enfermedad renal crónica / Cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene elevada prevalencia y morbimortalidad cardiovascular (CV). Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo y tratamientos en la población del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay (PSRU) y su asociación con eventos CV y supervivencia. Método: estudio retrospectivo de la cohorte del registro del PSRU, que representa 58% de la población del país, entre 29/9/2006 y 31/12/2014. Los criterios de inclusión son: personas ³ 20 años, con alteraciones renales por más de tres meses, filtrado glomerular estimado (FGe) < 60 ml/min/1,73 m² o proteinuria >300 mg/día o albuminuria >30 mg/día en diabéticos, con seis o más meses en control. Se incluye registro de nuevos eventos cardiovasculares (NECV), ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal (TSR) y fallecimientos. Resultados: se incluyeron 8.407 individuos, edad 68 ± 14 años, 56% hombres, 66,6% > 65 años. Se observó elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo CV. Se reportaron 2.245 NECV no fatales en 1.439 individuos (18,9%), tasa 10,1 por 100 pacientes-año (pac-año). Fallecieron 1.380 pacientes, 32,7% de causa CV. La tasa de ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal (TSR) fue de 1,94, la de mortalidad global de 6,2 y de causa CV de 2,03 por 100 pac-año. Se demostró la asociación de NECV y mortalidad con factores de riesgo tradicionales y vinculados a ERC, así como disminución con control glucídico y tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA). Conclusiones: la población con ERC presenta múltiples factores de riesgo CV con elevada morbimortalidad, lo que amerita detección precoz y tratamiento.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Objectives: the aim of the study was to analyze risk factors and treatments in the Uruguayan National Renal Healthcare Program (NRHP) and their association with cardiovascular events (CVE) and survival. Methods: this is a cohort study of patients included in the Uruguayan NRHP Registry, from 29/9/2006 to 31/12/2014. The inclusion criteria were age ³ 20 years, kidney disease for more than 3 months, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eFG) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² and/or proteinuria >300 mg/day or albuminuria >30 mg/day in diabetics, with ³ 6 months under surveillance. The end-points were a new CV event, renal replacement therapy (RRT) or death. Results: 8.407 patients were included, mean age 68 ± 14 years, 56% males, 66,6% >65 years. Cardiovascular risk factors were highly prevalent. 2.245 new CVE were registered in 1.439 (18.9%) patients who survived (10.1/100 patient-year (pt-yr). 1.380 patients died, 32.7% of them from a CVE. RRT rate was 1.94 / 100 pt-yr, global mortality rate 6.2 and CV mortality rate 2.03 / 100 pt-yr. There was significant association between new CVE and traditional and CKD related risk factors, as well as a better outcome with good glycemic control and treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition Conclusion: CKD patients have many CV risk factors and high mortality, so early detection and treatment strategies are important.

Impacto de la acidosis en la evolución de la cohorte de pacientes del Programade Salud Renal del Uruguay / Impact of acidosis in the evoluton of the patients cohort in the renal health program of Uruguay

Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia de acidosis metabólica en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y su impacto en la evolución. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay (octubre de 2004 a octubre de 2011) con dos controles separados porseis o más meses y al menos un dato de bicarbonatemia. Se analizaron: creatininemia, proteinuria, bicarbonatemia venosa y tratamiento alcalinizante. Se consideró evento final el ingreso a diálisis o trasplante y/o fallecimiento. Análisis estadístico: test de t, chi2, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier y análisis multivariado de Cox (significativo p < 0,05). Resultados: se analizaron 921 pacientes con al menos un dato de bicarbonatemia (232 pacientes con dos o más datos). La creatininemia fue mayor en las nefropatías túbulo intersticiales y en los grupos con bicarbonatemia menor a 23 mEq/l(acidosis) o mayor a 32 mEq/l versus grupo intermedio. La bicarbonatemia fue menor en los estadios IV-V versus I-II de ERC. En estadios I-II, la bicarbonatemia fue menor si teníaproteinuria. Recibían alcalinizantes al inicio 7,3% y al final 31%. En el grupo con acidosis, el aumento de creatininemia/año (n = 232) fue mayor y la sobrevida (combinada) fue menor. Los niveles de bicarbonatemia, creatininemia y proteinuria se correlacionaron independientemente con el evento final combinado (ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal /muerte). Conclusiones: la acidosis metabólica se puede observardesde estadios iniciales de ERC y es un factor independiente de progresión y muerte, por lo que se recomienda sudetección precoz y corrección. (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease and its impact on the evolution of the condition. Method:we conducted a retrospective study of patients in the Renal Health Program of Uruguay (from October, 2004 through October, 2011) with two controlgroups six months or longer apart, and at least one bicarbonatemia datum. We analysed: creatininemia, proteinuria, venous bicarbonatemia and alcalinizing treatment. The start of dialysis, transplant and/or death wereconsidered final events. Statistical analysis: t test, chi2, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis usingCox method (meaningful p < 0,05).Results: we analyzed 921 patients with at least one bicarbonatemia datum (232 patients with two or more data). Creatininemia was greater in the tubulo-interstitial nephritis and in the groups with bicarbonatemia lower than 23 mEq/l (acidosis) or greater than 32 mEq/l, rather than in the intermediate group. Bicarbonatemia was lower in the IV-V stages than in the I-II stages ofchronic kidney disease. In stages I-II bicarbonatemia was lower in the presence of proteinuria. Seven pointthree percent of patients received alkalinizers at the start, and 31% at the end. In the group with acidosis, increase of creatininemia/year (n = 232) was greater and survival (combined) was lower. Bicarbonatemia, creatininemia and proteinuria levels were independentlycorrelated with the combined final event (entering the renal substitution treatment/death). Conclusions:metabolic acidosis may be observedsince initial stages of the chronic kidney disease and it constitutes an independent factor of progression anddeath. Thus, early detection and correction are advisable. (AU)

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência da acidose metabólica na doença renal crônica (DRC) e o impacto desta na evoluçäo dessa patologia. Material e método: um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes do Programa de Saúde Renal do Uruguai no período outubro de 2004 a outubro de 2011, como dois controles separados por seis ou mais meses e com pelo menos um dado de bicarbonatemia foi realizado. Foram analisados: creatininemia, proteinuria, bicarbonatemia venosa e tratamento alcalinizante. Foram consideradoscomo evento final a entrada a tratamento de substituiçäo da funçäo renal (diálise ou transplante) ou morte. A analise estatística foi realizada empregando teste de t, chi-quadrado, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier e análisemultivariado de Cox (significativo p < 0,05). Resultados: foram analisados 921 pacientes compelo menos uma bicarbonatemia, dos quais 232 tinham dois ou mais resultados. A creatininemia foi maior nasnefropatias túbulo intersticiales e nos grupos com bicarbonatemia menor a 23 mEq/l (acidose) ou maior a 32mEq/l comparado com o grupo intermediário. A bicarbonatemia foi menor nos estádios IV-V quando comparados com I-II de DRC. Nos estádios I-II a bicarbonatemia foi menor se havia proteinuria. No inicio 7,3 % receberam alcalinizantes e 31% ao final. No grupo com acidose, o aumento da creatininemia/ano (n=232) foi maiore a sobrevida (combinada) foi menor. Os níveis de bicarbonatemia, creatininemia e proteinuria estavam correlacionados de forma independente com o evento final combinado (ingresso a tratamento de substituiçäo renal/morte). Conclusões: a acidose metabólica pode ser observada desde estádios iniciais da DRC e é um fator independente de progressäo e morte, por essa razäo se recomenda sua detecçäo precoce e correçäo. (AU)

Impacto de la acidosis en la evolución de la cohorte de pacientes del Programade Salud Renal del Uruguay / Impact of acidosis in the evoluton of the patients cohort in the renal health program of Uruguay

Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia de acidosis metabólica en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y su impacto en la evolución. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay (octubre de 2004 a octubre de 2011) con dos controles separados porseis o más meses y al menos un dato de bicarbonatemia. Se analizaron: creatininemia, proteinuria, bicarbonatemia venosa y tratamiento alcalinizante. Se consideró evento final el ingreso a diálisis o trasplante y/o fallecimiento. Análisis estadístico: test de t, chi2, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier y análisis multivariado de Cox (significativo p < 0,05). Resultados: se analizaron 921 pacientes con al menos un dato de bicarbonatemia (232 pacientes con dos o más datos). La creatininemia fue mayor en las nefropatías túbulo intersticiales y en los grupos con bicarbonatemia menor a 23 mEq/l(acidosis) o mayor a 32 mEq/l versus grupo intermedio. La bicarbonatemia fue menor en los estadios IV-V versus I-II de ERC. En estadios I-II, la bicarbonatemia fue menor si teníaproteinuria. Recibían alcalinizantes al inicio 7,3% y al final 31%. En el grupo con acidosis, el aumento de creatininemia/año (n = 232) fue mayor y la sobrevida (combinada) fue menor. Los niveles de bicarbonatemia, creatininemia y proteinuria se correlacionaron independientemente con el evento final combinado (ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal /muerte). Conclusiones: la acidosis metabólica se puede observardesde estadios iniciales de ERC y es un factor independiente de progresión y muerte, por lo que se recomienda sudetección precoz y corrección.

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease and its impact on the evolution of the condition. Method:we conducted a retrospective study of patients in the Renal Health Program of Uruguay (from October, 2004 through October, 2011) with two controlgroups six months or longer apart, and at least one bicarbonatemia datum. We analysed: creatininemia, proteinuria, venous bicarbonatemia and alcalinizing treatment. The start of dialysis, transplant and/or death wereconsidered final events. Statistical analysis: t test, chi2, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis usingCox method (meaningful p < 0,05).Results: we analyzed 921 patients with at least one bicarbonatemia datum (232 patients with two or more data). Creatininemia was greater in the tubulo-interstitial nephritis and in the groups with bicarbonatemia lower than 23 mEq/l (acidosis) or greater than 32 mEq/l, rather than in the intermediate group. Bicarbonatemia was lower in the IV-V stages than in the I-II stages ofchronic kidney disease. In stages I-II bicarbonatemia was lower in the presence of proteinuria. Seven pointthree percent of patients received alkalinizers at the start, and 31% at the end. In the group with acidosis, increase of creatininemia/year (n = 232) was greater and survival (combined) was lower. Bicarbonatemia, creatininemia and proteinuria levels were independentlycorrelated with the combined final event (entering the renal substitution treatment/death). Conclusions:metabolic acidosis may be observedsince initial stages of the chronic kidney disease and it constitutes an independent factor of progression anddeath. Thus, early detection and correction are advisable.

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência da acidose metabólica na doença renal crônica (DRC) e o impacto desta na evolução dessa patologia. Material e método: um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes do Programa de Saúde Renal do Uruguai no período outubro de 2004 a outubro de 2011, como dois controles separados por seis ou mais meses e com pelo menos um dado de bicarbonatemia foi realizado. Foram analisados: creatininemia, proteinuria, bicarbonatemia venosa e tratamento alcalinizante. Foram consideradoscomo evento final a entrada a tratamento de substituição da função renal (diálise ou transplante) ou morte. A analise estatística foi realizada empregando teste de t, chi-quadrado, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier e análisemultivariado de Cox (significativo p < 0,05). Resultados: foram analisados 921 pacientes compelo menos uma bicarbonatemia, dos quais 232 tinham dois ou mais resultados. A creatininemia foi maior nasnefropatias túbulo intersticiales e nos grupos com bicarbonatemia menor a 23 mEq/l (acidose) ou maior a 32mEq/l comparado com o grupo intermediário. A bicarbonatemia foi menor nos estádios IV-V quando comparados com I-II de DRC. Nos estádios I-II a bicarbonatemia foi menor se havia proteinuria. No inicio 7,3 % receberam alcalinizantes e 31% ao final. No grupo com acidose, o aumento da creatininemia/ano (n=232) foi maiore a sobrevida (combinada) foi menor. Os níveis de bicarbonatemia, creatininemia e proteinuria estavam correlacionados de forma independente com o evento final combinado (ingresso a tratamento de substituição renal/morte). Conclusões: a acidose metabólica pode ser observada desde estádios iniciais da DRC e é um fator independente de progressão e morte, por essa razão se recomenda sua detecção precoce e correção.

Primer Consenso Nacional sobre Proteinuria en el diagnóstico y la evaluación de la enfermedad renal crónica en Adultos / First National Consensus on Proteinuria in the diagnosis and evaluation of chronic kidney disease in Adults

Mediante revisión de PubMed y opinión de expertos los autores concluyeron que proteinuria y albuminuria son marcadores de diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), son indicadores de progresión y por lo tanto un objetivo terapéutico y además son marcadores de riesgo de muerte y enfermedad CV tanto en población general como en pacientes con ERC. Estos resultados se confirmaron utilizando la tira reactiva, el cociente albuminuria/creatininuria (A/C) o el cociente proteinuria/creatininuria (P/C) en muestra de orina con referencia a la proteinuria en orina de 24 hs (gold standard). El índice A/C parece ser el método ideal porque será el más fácil de estandarizar, pero su costo es mayor y el índice P/C es buen predictor a un costo menor. Las tiras reactivas tienen 29% de falsos positivos pero si somos estrictos en la recolección de la muestra de orina y la lectura es automatizada se reduce la posibilidad de error y la variabilidad de resultados. Se establecen por consenso las etapas preanalíticas, analíticas y post-analíticas de la medición de proteinuria y albuminuria en laboratorio para precisar mejor el diagnóstico y evolución de ERC.

Síndrome metabólico en menopausia: implicaciones de la terapia hormonal / Menopause syndrome: implications of hormone therapy

Introducción: La incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en mujeres postmenopáusicas es de 35%. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la relación entre los diferentes parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos en pacientes con o sin terapia hormonal de reemplazo con síndrome metabólico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio en una cohorte retrospectiva, con el análisis de casos de la Coordinación de Peri y Postmenopausia del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes en el periodo comprendido entre 1998 y 2009; se incluyeron aquellas pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Las variables analizadas fueron: a) indicadores antropométricos; b) indicadores bioquímicos y c) niveles de tensión arterial. Se formaron dos grupos: pacientes con terapia de reemplazo hormonal (Grupo I) y el otro con pacientes sin terapia hormonal (Grupo II). El análisis estadístico se realizó dependiendo de la variable, con prueba de chi cuadrada y t de Student y se calculó OR (IC 95%). Resultados: Se incluyeron 310 casos; el Grupo I se conformó por 121 casos y el Grupo II por 189 casos. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a los índices antropométricos; de los indicadores bioquímicos, se encontraron diferencias en los valores de colesterol (p = 0. 024) y de la tensión arterial, las diferencias se encontraron en la diastólica con (p < 0.001) a favor de las pacientes que recibieron terapia hormonal de reemplazo. Se obtuvo un OR 5.27, IC 95% (2-13.87), para el Grupo II de presentar tensión arterial diastólica > de 90 mmHg. Conclusiones: Las pacientes con síndrome metabólico sin terapia hormonal tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar TAD > 90 mmHg y una tendencia a mantener rangos más elevados en el perfil de lípidos y mayor riesgo de desarrollar ECV, aunque la investigación sobre los diferentes factores de riesgo, así como las implicaciones de la terapia hormonal, aún son insuficientes para reconocer la dimensión del problema en el climaterio.

Introduction: The incidence of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome during the menopause is around 35%. The objective of this study was to establish the relation between anthropometric and biochemical values in those patients with metabolic syndrome with and without hormone replacement therapy during menopause. Methods: A retrospective cohort study with case analysis of the Coordination of Peri and Postmenopause at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes during the period between 1998 and 2009; the study included those patients with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The variables analyzed were: a) anthropometric, b) biochemical indicators and c) blood pressure levels, divided in two groups: patients with hormone replacement therapy (Group I) and patients without hormonal therapy (Group II). The statistical analysis were performed depending on the variable, with chi-square, Student t test and OR, CI (95%). Results: 310 cases were included: Group I, 121 cases and Group II 189 cases. There were no statistically significant differences on anthropometric and biochemical indicators, but significant differences in cholesterol (p=0.024) and diastolic blood pressure levels, were found (p <0.001) in patients receiving hormone replacement therapy. Group II had an OR 5.27, CI 95% (2-13.87) for diastolic blood pressure> 90 mmHg. Conclusions: Patients with metabolic syndrome without hormone replacement therapy have an increased risk for diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg and a tendency to maintain higher cholesterol levels and increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, although research on the different risk factors, and the implications of hormone therapy, are still insufficient to recognize the scale of the problem in the climacteric woman.