Purification, structural elucidation, antioxidant capacity and neuroprotective potential of the main polyphenolic compounds contained in Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) D.C. (Compositae).

Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) D.C (Compositae) is a native medicinal plant of South America traditionally utilized for its anti-inflammatory, sedative and anti-atherosclerotic properties among others. Neuroprotective effects have been reported in vivo and could be associated to its elevated content of flavonoid aglycones. In the present study we performed the isolation and structure elucidation of the major individual flavonoids of A. satureioides along with the in vitro characterization of their individual antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in order to see their putative relevance for treating neurodegeneration. Exact mass, HPLC-MS/MS and 1H NMR identified dicaffeoyl quinic acid isomers, quercetin, luteolin, isoquercitrin, and 3-O-methylquercetin as the mayor polyphenols. Flavonoids intrinsic redox properties were evaluated in the presence of the endogenous antioxidants GSH and Ascorbate. Density Functional Theory (DFT) molecular modeling and electron density studies showed a theoretical basis for their different redox properties. Finally, in vitro neuroprotective effect of each isolated flavonoid was evaluated against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity in a primary neuronal culture paradigm. Our results showed that quercetin was more efficacious than luteolin and isoquercitrin, while 3-O-methylquercetin was unable to afford neuroprotection significantly. This was in accordance with the susceptibility of each flavonoid to be oxidized and to react with GSH. Overall our results shed light on chemical and molecular mechanisms underlying bioactive actions of A. satureioides main flavonoids that could contribute to its neuroprotective effects and support the positive association between the consumption of A. satureioides as a natural dietary source of polyphenols, and beneficial health effect.

Quercetin in brain diseases: Potential and limits.

Quercetin is a ubiquitous flavonoid present in beverages, food and plants that has been demonstrated to have a role in the prevention of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. In neuronal culture, quercetin increases survival against oxidative insults. Antioxidation appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for its neuroprotective action and modulation of intracellular signaling and transcription factors, increasing the expression of antioxidant and pro survival proteins and modulating inflammation, appears as important for neuronal protection. Quercetin also regulates the activity of kinases, changing the phosphorylation state of target molecules, resulting in modulation of cellular function and gene expression. Concentrations of quercetin higher than 100 µM consistently show cytotoxic and apoptotic effects by its autoxidation and generation of toxic quinones. In vivo, results are controversial with some studies showing neuroprotection by quercetin and others not, requiring a drug delivery system or chronic treatments to show neuroprotective effects. The blood and brain bioavailability of free quercetin after ingestion is a complex and controversial process that produces final low concentrations, a fact that has led to suggestions that metabolites would be active by themselves and/or as pro-drugs that would release the active aglycone in the brain. Available studies show that in normal or low oxidative conditions, chronic treatments with quercetin contributes to re-establish the redox regulation of proteins, transcription factors and survival signaling cascades that promote survival. In the presence of highly oxidative conditions such as in an ischemic tissue, quercetin could become pro-oxidant and toxic. At present, evidence points to quercetin as a preventive molecule for neuropathology when administered in natural matrices such as vegetables and food. More research is needed to support its use as a lead compound in its free form in acute treatments, requiring new pharmaceutical formulations and/or structural changes to limit its pro-oxidant and toxic effects.

Reduction of ischemic brain damage and increase of glutathione by a liposomal preparation of quercetin in permanent focal ischemia in rats.

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia injury, and the flavonoids have shown to be neuroprotective in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. Previously, we have shown that an aqueous preparation of quercetin did not reach the brain while a liposomal preparation produced measurable cerebral amounts of quercetin that reduced significantly the cerebral damage provoked by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) of rats. In this context, the protective effects of liposomal quercetin (LQ) were investigated in the same model after 1 and 4 hours of arterial occlusion. LQ was administered in a single dose (30 mg/kg), at 30 min, 1 and 4 h after pMCAo, and the brain was studied 24 h later. Cerebral damage and the oedema volume were assessed with a tetrazolium salt (TTC). The status of brain tissue, the neuronal population, the global motor behaviour as well as the antioxidant, endogenous reduced glutathione (GSH), were also assessed in the brain. Thirty min after LQ there was a significantly protective effect against ischemic lesion demonstrated by a significant increase in numbers of cells in striatum and cortex, together with a partial reversal of motor deficits. GSH levels decreased after ischemia in ipsilateral striatum and cortex, and the LQ preparation reversed these effects 24 h after the occlusion. Our results suggest that endogenous brain GSH is critical in the defense mechanisms after ischemia, as a significant mediator of the protective effects of the LQ preparation.

Some aspects of the in vivo neuroprotective capacity of flavonoids: bioavailability and structure-activity relationship.

On the basis of previous work showing that flavonoids structurally related to quercetin are neuroprotective for cells in culture, this work was directed towards determining if several flavonoids (quercetin, fisetin and catechin) could acutely and by an intraperitoneal (IP) route reach significant cerebral concentrations and either prevent or facilitate recovery from a brain lesion induced by focal ischemia in rats. Aqueous and liposomal preparations of quercetin, fisetin and catechin were administered IP in a single dose and assessed in the brain by HPLC at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h. Ischemic damage from focal middle cerebral artery occlusion was assessed spectrophotometrically with 2,3,5,-triphenylltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Infarct volume was assessed by an image analysis system following perfusion with TTC. The status of the cerebral tissue was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin. Flavonoids administered in aqueous preparations were undetected in the brain. Cerebral concentrations of catechin (10.5 ng/g), fisetin (8.23 ng/g) and quercetin (509 ng/g) were detected in the brain only after IP injection of the liposomal preparations. Spectrophotometric analysis of brain tissue with the TTC-technique showed that liposomal quercetin reduced ischemic damage and infarct volume after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (ischemic: 41.3 mm3 vs liposomal quercetin: 17 mm3). In liposomal quercetin-treated animals there was also recovery of the cytoarchitecture in ischemic areas of striatum and cortex. Although a liposomal preparation of fisetin had similar effects, catechin failed to protect brain tissue. In conclusion, early administration of liposomal preparations of quercetin and structurally related flavonoids are beneficial and neuroprotective in experimental focal ischemia.

Studies on the toxicity of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts.

Current investigation focuses on the toxicity evaluation of whole fruit hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), used in Cuban traditional medicine a.o. for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Previous findings on the anti-influenza activity of Punica granatum extracts has given support to the ethnopharmacological application. In our study, in chick embryo model, it was found that doses of the extract of less than 0.1 mg per embryo are not toxic. The LD50 of the extract, determined in OF-1 mice of both sexes after intraperitoneal administration, was 731 mg/kg. Confidence limits were 565-945 mg/kg. At the doses of 0.4 and 1.2 mg/kg of extract, the repeated intranasal administration to Wistar rats produced no toxic effects in terms of food intake, weight gain, behavioural or biochemical parameters, or results of histopathological studies. We conclude that toxic effects of Punica granatum fruit extract occurred at higher doses than those effective in the models where the anti-viral activity has been studied or than those doses used in Cuban folk medicine.

Cell culture protection and in vivo neuroprotective capacity of flavonoids.

Flavonoids are an important group of recognized antioxidants ubiquitous in fruits, vegetables and herbs. There are epidemiological evidences for the stroke-protecting capacity of flavonoids and while the neuroprotective power of complex extracts rich in flavonoids like those of Ginkgo biloba, green tea or lyophilized red wine have been demonstrated in several studies, neuroprotection by individual flavonoids has been poorly studied in vivo. The neuroprotective capacity of individual flavonoids was studied in PC12 cells in culture and in a model of permanent focal ischemia (permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion - pMCAO). In the in vivo experiments, flavonoids were administered in lecithin preparations to facilitate the crossing of the blood brain barrier. The simultaneous incubation of PC12 cells with 200 micro M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and different flavonoids for 30 min resulted in a conspicuous profile: quercetin, fisetin, luteolin and myricetin significantly increased cell survival while catechin, kaempherol and taxifolin did not. Quercetin was detected in brain tissue 30 min and 1 h after intraperitoneal administration. When one of the protective flavonoids (quercetin) and one of those that failed to increase PC12 cell survival (catechin) were assessed for their protective capacity in the pMCAO model, administered i.p. 30 min after vessel occlusion, quercetin significantly decreased the brain ischemic lesion while catechin did not. It is concluded that when administered in liposomal preparations, flavonoids structurally related to quercetin could become leads for the development of a new generation of molecules to be clinically effective in human brain ischemia.

Estudio de los niveles de triglicéridos en pacientes con Síndrome de Down / Triglyceride levels in patients with Down's syndrome

Se realiza un estudio comparativo de los niveles de concentración de triglicéridos en 38 niños afectados por trisomía del par cromosómico 21 y una muestra control de niños normales, ambas fueron analizadas por grupos de edad, peso corporal y sexo. Se realizó la determinación de triglicéridos por el método químico indirecto. Se encuentran diferencias significativas entre los niveles de triglicéridos de niños normales y trisómicos y fueron más elevados en estos últimos, mientras que el análisis entre normales y trisômicos para igual rango de peso corporal no dio diferencias significativas. Se señala que los niveles de triglicéridos en niños con síndrome de Down no están correlacionados significativamente con los niveles en sus padres

Estudio de los niveles de triglicéridos en pacientes con Síndrome de Down / Triglyceride levels in patients with Down's syndrome

Se realiza un estudio comparativo de los niveles de concentración de triglicéridos en 38 niños afectados por trisomía del par cromosómico 21 y una muestra control de niños normales, ambas fueron analizadas por grupos de edad, peso corporal y sexo. Se realizó la determinación de triglicéridos por el método químico indirecto. Se encuentran diferencias significativas entre los niveles de triglicéridos de niños normales y trisómicos y fueron más elevados en estos últimos, mientras que el análisis entre normales y trisômicos para igual rango de peso corporal no dio diferencias significativas. Se señala que los niveles de triglicéridos en niños con síndrome de Down no están correlacionados significativamente con los niveles en sus padres (AU)