Fish Oil Supplementation Improves the Repeated-Bout Effect and Redox Balance in 20-30-Year-Old Men Submitted to Strength Training.

Herein, we investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation combined with a strength-training protocol, for 6 weeks, on muscle damage induced by a single bout of strength exercise in untrained young men. Sixteen men were divided into two groups, supplemented or not with fish oil, and they were evaluated at the pre-training period and post-training period. We investigated changes before and 0, 24, and 48 h after a single hypertrophic exercise session. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the redox imbalance were increased in response to the single-bout session of hypertrophic exercises at baseline (pre-training period) and decreased during the post-training period in the control group due to the repeated-bout effect (RBE). The fish oil supplementation exacerbated this reduction and improved the redox state. In summary, our findings demonstrate that, in untrained young men submitted to a strength-training protocol, fish oil supplementation is ideal for alleviating the muscle injury, inflammation, and redox imbalance induced by a single session of intense strength exercises, highlighting this supplementation as a beneficial strategy for young men that intend to engage in strength-training programs.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in tissue-specific metabolic modulation by SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by the SARS-CoV-2, which is able to infect and cause dysfunction not only in lungs, but also in multiple organs, including central nervous system, skeletal muscle, kidneys, heart, liver, and intestine. Several metabolic disturbances are associated with cell damage or tissue injury, but the mechanisms involved are not yet fully elucidated. Some potential mechanisms involved in the COVID-19-induced tissue dysfunction are proposed, such as: (a) High expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α IL-6, IL-1ß, INF-α and INF-ß, increasing the systemic and tissue inflammatory state; (b) Induction of oxidative stress due to redox imbalance, resulting in cell injury or death induced by elevated production of reactive oxygen species; and (c) Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, exacerbating the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. In this review, we discuss the main metabolic disturbances observed in different target tissues of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential mechanisms involved in these changes associated with the tissue dysfunction.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in tissue-specific metabolic modulation by SARS-CoV-2

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by the SARS-CoV-2, which is able to infect and cause dysfunction not only in lungs, but also in multiple organs, including central nervous system, skeletal muscle, kidneys, heart, liver, and intestine. Several metabolic disturbances are associated with cell damage or tissue injury, but the mechanisms involved are not yet fully elucidated. Some potential mechanisms involved in the COVID-19-induced tissue dysfunction are proposed, such as: (a) High expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α IL-6, IL-1β, INF-α and INF-β, increasing the systemic and tissue inflammatory state; (b) Induction of oxidative stress due to redox imbalance, resulting in cell injury or death induced by elevated production of reactive oxygen species; and (c) Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, exacerbating the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. In this review, we discuss the main metabolic disturbances observed in different target tissues of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential mechanisms involved in these changes associated with the tissue dysfunction.

Impaired brown adipose tissue is differentially modulated in insulin-resistant obese wistar and type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential target to treat obesity and diabetes, dissipating energy as heat. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with obesogenic diets; however, T2D was also reported in lean individuals to be associated with genetic factors. We aimed to investigate the differences between obese and lean models of insulin resistance (IR) and elucidate the mechanism associated with BAT metabolism and dysfunction in different IR animal models: a genetic model (lean GK rats) and obese models (diet-induced obese Wistar rats) at 8 weeks of age fed a high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) diet, or high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. At 15 weeks of age, BAT glucose uptake was evaluated by 18F-FDG PET under basal (saline administration) or stimulated condition (CL316,243, a selective ß3-AR agonist). After CL316, 243 administrations, GK animals showed decreased glucose uptake compared to HC animals. At 16 weeks of age, the animals were euthanized, and the interscapular BAT was dissected for analysis. Histological analyses showed lower cell density in GK rats and higher adipocyte area compared to all groups, followed by HFHS and HF compared to HC. HFHS showed a decreased batokine FGF21 protein level compared to all groups. However, GK animals showed increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (CPT1 and CPT2), BAT metabolism (Sirt1 and Pgc1-α), and obesogenic genes (leptin and PAI-1) but decreased gene expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) compared to other groups. Our data suggest impaired BAT function in obese Wistar and GK rats, with evidence of a whitening process in these animals.

Prebiotics mannan-oligosaccharides accelerate sexual maturity in rats: A randomized preclinical study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The prebiotics, mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), demonstrate the ability to increase probiotic microorganisms and fixation and removal of pathogens associated with chronic systemic inflammation in the digestive system. Inflammatory processes play an important role in modulating the brain-intestinal axis, including maintaining male reproductive function and spermatogenesis and regulating stress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the action of MOS on testosterone and corticosterone concentrations and the reproductive system development of rats in the growth phase as an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 128 male rats were used, randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=32): Control; MOS 1; MOS 2; and MOS 3. From each group, eight animals were sacrificed in four experimental moments (14, 28, 42, and 56 days, respectively, moments 1, 2, 3, and 4) and hormonal measurements and histological evaluations were performed. RESULTS: The results revealed the effect of diet, MOS, and timing on testicle weight (p<0.05). At moments 3 and 4, the groups supplemented with MOS showed higher concentrations of testosterone and decreased corticosterone levels throughout the experimental period. Groups supplemented with MOS showed an increase in the frequency of relative sperm and sperm scores. The radii of the seminiferous tubules presented a significant statistical effect of the diet, moments, and diet + moment interaction. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the three different MOS prebiotics brought forward sexual maturity.

Who is in charge when I have a headache? Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale.

BACKGROUND: Headache-Specific Locus of Control (LOC) refers to individuals' beliefs about their control over the onset, course and consequences of headaches. LOC beliefs have been associated with depression, coping strategies, headache-related disability and treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To test the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale (HSLC). METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four migraine outpatients completed the HSLC and provided measurements of psychopathological symptoms, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, quality of life and headache-related disability. RESULTS: The three-factor structure of the HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I) was confirmed in the Brazilian sample. The instrument showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of 0.77 for total HSLC and 0.70, 0.83 and 0.87, for LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I, respectively. LOC-C correlated with headache frequency and headache intensity. Along with headache intensity, depression and pain catastrophizing, LOC-I accounted for 45% of the variance (adjusted R2=0.45; F=12.97; p<0.01) in headache-related disability. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the HSLC is a valid and reliable measure of headache-specific LOC beliefs. It is important to consider the balance between the three LOCs for each individual, instead of interpreting them separately.

Who is in charge when I have a headache? Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale / Quem está no comando quando tenho uma cefaleia? Versão brasileira de Escala de Lócus de Controle Específica para Cefaleia

ABSTRACT Background: Headache-Specific Locus of Control (LOC) refers to individuals' beliefs about their control over the onset, course and consequences of headaches. LOC beliefs have been associated with depression, coping strategies, headache-related disability and treatment outcomes. Objective: To test the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale (HSLC). Methods: One hundred and thirty-four migraine outpatients completed the HSLC and provided measurements of psychopathological symptoms, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, quality of life and headache-related disability. Results: The three-factor structure of the HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I) was confirmed in the Brazilian sample. The instrument showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of 0.77 for total HSLC and 0.70, 0.83 and 0.87, for LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I, respectively. LOC-C correlated with headache frequency and headache intensity. Along with headache intensity, depression and pain catastrophizing, LOC-I accounted for 45% of the variance (adjusted R2=0.45; F=12.97; p<0.01) in headache-related disability. Conclusions: The Brazilian version of the HSLC is a valid and reliable measure of headache-specific LOC beliefs. It is important to consider the balance between the three LOCs for each individual, instead of interpreting them separately.

RESUMO Introdução: O lócus de controle específico para a dor de cabeça (LOC) refere-se às crenças dos indivíduos acerca de seu controle sobre o início, o curso e as consequências das dores de cabeça. As crenças sobre LOC têm sido associadas à depressão, às estratégias de enfrentamento, à incapacidade relacionada às dores de cabeça e aos resultados do tratamento. Objetivo: Testar a adaptação transcultural e as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão brasileira da Escala de Lócus de Controle Específico para Dor de Cabeça (HSLC). Método: Cento e trinta e quatro pacientes ambulatoriais com enxaqueca completaram a HSLC e medidas de sintomas psicopatológicos, catastrofização da dor, depressão, ansiedade, qualidade de vida e incapacidade relacionada à dor de cabeça. Resultados: A estrutura de 3 fatores da HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C e LOC-I) foi confirmada na amostra brasileira. O instrumento demonstrou boa consistência interna, com α de Cronbach de 0,77 para HSLC total e de 0,70, 0,83 e 0,87 para LOC-P, LOC-C e LOC-I, respectivamente. LOC-C correlacionou-se com a frequência e a intensidade da dor de cabeça. Acompanhado de intensidade da dor de cabeça, depressão e catastrofização da dor, o LOC-I foi responsável por 45% da variância (R2 ajustado=0,45; F=12,97; p<0,01) na incapacidade relacionada à dor de cabeça. Conclusões: A versão brasileira da HSLC é uma medida válida e confiável de crenças de LOC específicas para dor de cabeça. É importante considerar o equilíbrio entre os três LOCs para cada indivíduo, em vez de interpretá-los separadamente.

Motivos que levam praticantes e não praticantes de exercício físico do Distrito Federal a não se exercitarem em academias / Reasons that lead practitioners and non-practitioners of physical exercise in the Federal District (Brazil) not to exercise in gyms / Razones que llevan a practicantes y no practicantes de ejercicio físico del Distrito Federal (Brazil) a no ejercitarse en gimnasios

Objetivo: Identificar os motivos que levam praticantes e não praticantes de exercícios físicos do Distrito Federal (DF) a não procurarem uma academia para se exercitarem. Metodologia: Participaram 223 moradores do DF, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 66 anos, que não frequentam academias. Os voluntários foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o sexo e prática de atividades físicas. Foi utilizado um questionário estruturado, elaborado pelos próprios pesquisadores, que contém 16 perguntas. Resultados e discussão: De forma geral, os homens que não praticam exercícios físicos em academias não o fazem por falta de tempo (40,7%) e por indisposição (36,4%), seguido por questões financeiras, não gostar do ambiente de academia e outros motivos. Já as mulheres, os principais motivos foram não gostarem do ambiente da academia (45,7%) e indisposição (41,9%), seguido por falta de tempo, questões financeiras e outros motivos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, para homens praticantes de exercício, os principais motivos para não procurarem uma academia para se exercitar são as questões financeiras e a falta de tempo. Já para as mulheres praticantes de exercício, os principais motivos são não gostar do ambiente de academia e a indisposição.

Objective: Identify the reasons that lead practitioners and non-practitioners of physical exercises in the Federal District (DF, Brazil) not to look for a gym to exercise. Methodology: Participated 223 DF residentsof both sexes, aged between 18 and 66 years, who donot attend gyms. Volunteers were divided in four groups, according to sex and physical activity practice. A structured questionnaire, prepared by the researches, was used, contains 16 questions. Results and discussion: In general, men who do not practice physical exercise in gyms do not do it due to lack of time (40.7%) and indisposition (36.4%), followed by financial questions, not to like the gym environment and other reasons. As for women, the main reasons were not to like the gym environment (45.7%) and indisposition (41.9%) followed by lack of time, financial questions and other reasons. Conclusion: It is concluded that for men who exercise, the main reasons for not looking for a gym to exercise are financial questions and lack of time. For women who exercise, the main reasons are not to like the gym environment and the indisposition.

Objetivo: Identificar las razones que llevan a practicantes y no practicantes de ejercicios físicos del Distrito Federal (DF, Brazil) a no buscar un gimnasio para hacer ejercicio. Metodología: Participaron 223 residentes del DF, de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 66 años, que no asisten a gimnasios. Los voluntarios fueron divididos en cuatro grupos según el sexo y practica de la actividad física. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado, elaborado por los proprios investigadores, que contenía 16 preguntas. Resultados y discusión:En general, los hombres que no practican ejercicio físico en gimnasios no lo hacen por falta de tiempo (40,7%) y indisposición (36,4%), seguidos de cuestiones económicas, no les gustar el ambiente del gimnasio y otras razones.En cuanto a las mujeres, las principales razones fueron que no les gusta el ambiente del gimnasio (45,7%) y la indisposición (41,9%), seguidas de la falta de tiempo, problemas económicos y otras razones. Conclusión: Se concluye que, para los hombres que hacen ejercicio, las principales razones para no buscar un gimnasio para ejercitarse son las cuesiones económicas y la falta de tiempo. Para las mujeres que hacen ejercicio, las principales razones son que no les gusta el ambiente del gymnasio y la indisposición.