Unraveling the non-fitness status of NK cells: Examining the NKp30 receptor and its isoforms distribution in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.

BACKGROUND: HIV/HCV coinfection is associated with a rapid progression to liver damage. Specifically, NK cell population dysregulation is of particular interest, as these cells have been shown to block HCV replication effectively and have an anti-fibrogenic activity. The NKp30 receptor is linked to tumor cell lysis and has a crucial role during viral infections. In the present study, we determined the subpopulations of NK cells based on CD56 and CD16 expression, NKp30 receptor expression, its isoforms A, B, and C, along with the cytotoxicity molecules in patients with HIV/HCV. RESULTS: evidenced by the APRI and FIB-4 indices, the HCV-infected patients presented greater liver damage than the HIV and HIV/HCV groups. The HCV group presented a decreased expression of NKp30 isoform A, and NK cell frequency was not different between groups; however, CD56brigth subpopulation, NKp30 receptor, and CD247 adaptor chain were decreased in HIV/HCV patients; further, we described increased levels of soluble IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 in the serum of HIV/HCV patients. CONCLUSIONS: HCV and HIV/HCV patients have multiple parameters of non-fitness status in NK cells; awareness of these dysfunctional immunological parameters in HIV/HCV and HCV patients can elucidate possible novel therapeutics directed towards the improvement of NK cell fitness status, in order to improve their function against liver damage.

Engineering properties and optimization of the dehulling process for hairless canary seed.

 This work aimed to determine the engineering properties of hairless canary seeds (Phalaris canariensis L.) of the variety "CDC Maria" and the optimum combination of operating conditions of the dehulling process with a pilot-scale centrifugal dehuller. The engineering properties analyzed in this study were the principal dimensions, length (4.8 mm), width (1.95 mm) and thickness (1.41 mm); geometric mean diameter (2.36 mm); the sphericity (49.2%); apparent and true densities (752 and 1191.47 kg/m3, respectively); the porosity (0.37); 1000 grains weight (7.28 g); angle of repose (15.89°) and the static coefficient of friction (galvanized steel, 0.325; plywood, 0.372; aluminium, 0.316). For the process optimization, a two-variable Doehlert design was used, analyzing the effect of impact dehuller rotor speed (peripheral speed 30.4 to 47.1 m/s) and seed moisture content (10 to 14% d.b.) by maximizing the dehulling ability (DA) and maintaining the production of fines by 3%. Under the experimental conditions of 36.7 m/s (peripheral speed) and 10% d.b. (seed moisture), with a double pass through the dehuller, the optimum value of DA (94%) was obtained, with a fine production of 3%. The optimized dehulling process allows removing a large percentage (98%) of the canary seed hull.

Post-infectious hydrocephalus complicating Listeria meningitis in a healthy newborn.

Listeria monocytogenes is a relatively uncommon cause of foodborne infection in the general population. Most cases of Listeriosis occur among newborns, pregnant women, the elderly and those with impairment of cellular immunity. Neonatal Listeria meningitis is rare. We present a case of Listeria meningitis at the age of 15 days in a previously healthy neonate who presented with acute onset of fever, poor feeding and lethargy. Sepsis workup revealed L. monocytogenes identified in cerebrospinal fluid PCR and culture. The infant's course was complicated by transient syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and subsequent hydrocephalus that required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Though rare, neonatal infections due to Listeria can present with meningitis leading to serious and devastating complications. Our case emphasises the importance of considering Listeria in cases of neonatal meningitis and the value of close follow-up of such cases through early detection and management of acute and long-term complications.

Intestinal Dysbiosis in Subjects with Obesity from Western Mexico and Its Association with a Proinflammatory Profile and Disturbances of Folate (B9) and Carbohydrate Metabolism.

Obesity is a public health problem with a growing prevalence worldwide. In Mexico, it is estimated that one out of three adults suffer from obesity. In these patients, the intestinal microbiota (IM) undergoes pathological changes that are associated with a dysbiotic state; however, the microbiota profile of adult subjects with obesity from western Mexico has not been described. To assess this, fecal samples were obtained from 65 participants (Obese = 38; Control = 27). The microbial composition was characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The IM of the group with obesity revealed a clear decrease in richness and diversity (p < 0.001), as well as a significant increase in proinflammatory bacterial groups, mainly genera belonging to the Negativicutes class, Escherichia/Shigella, and Prevotella. Likewise, an increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria was found, especially the genus Lachnoclostridium. Additionally, PICRUSt2 analysis showed a depletion of vitamin B9 metabolism and an increase in saccharolytic pathways. The IM of patients with obesity possesses a dysbiotic, proinflammatory environment, possibly contributing to lipogenesis and adiposity. Thus, assessing the IM will allow for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases of high prevalence, such as obesity. These findings are described for the first time in the adult population of western Mexico.

Insights into estrogen impact in oral health & microbiome in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 and has occasioned more than 765 millions cumulative cases and 6.9 millions of deaths globally. Notably, around 70% of patients with severe COVID-19 are men. Therefore, it is to be presumed that women have a hormonal protector factor in inflammation and ACE2 expression. On the other hand, oral health status, and local microbiome can be key factors to respiratory viral infections control. Nevertheless, it has been poorly investigated. In our study 20 premenopausal, 18 postmenopausal and 22 men with COVID-19 were included. Oral health status, viral load, lingual ACE2 expression, as well as microbiome, estrogens and cytokines in saliva were analyzed. RESULTS: Our results showed a lower expression of ACE2 in tongue cells of postmenopausal compared with premenopausal (p = 0.05), and a strong negative correlation between saliva estrogen and viral load (r = -0.76; p = 0.001). Respect to IFN-γ (p = 0.05), IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-23 levels were increased in postmenopausal. Oral microbiome signature of premenopausal was characterized by Prevotella melaninogenica (Log2 = 26.68; p = 1.34e-10), Haemophilus (Log2 = 23.99; p = 2.96e-9), and Alloprevotella (Log2 = 7.92; p = 0.0001). On the other hand, Leptotrichia (Log2 = -18.74; p = 0.001), Tanerella (Log2 = -17.08; p = 0.004), and Clostridiales (Log2 = -2.88; p = 0.04) represented the poor oral health group compared with the adequate group which was enriched with the commensal microorganism Neisseria perflava (Log2 = 26.70; p = 1.74e-7). Furthermore, the high viral load group was characterized by Prevotella nanceiensis (Log2 = 19.60; p = 6.06e-8), Prevotella melaninogenica (Log2 = 21.45; p = 9.59e-6), Alloprevotella (Log2 = 23.50; p = 2.70e-7) and bacteria from the red complex Porphyromonas endodentalis (Log2 = 21.97; p = 1.38e-7). CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal and men have a poor oral health status which could be related to a detrimental progression of COVID-19 also linked to a lower expression of ACE2, lower saliva estrogen levels and oral dysbiosis. Nevertheless, functional studies are required for a deeper knowledge.

Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Complications of Cirrhosis Are Linked With Distinct Gut Microbial Bacteriophage and Eukaryotic Viral-Like Particle Signatures in Cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) modulate the progression of cirrhosis to hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and can affect the bacterial microbiome. However, the impact of PPI on the virome in cirrhosis using viral-like particle (VLP) analysis is unclear. METHODS: We determined the VLP in the stool microbiome in patients with cirrhosis cross-sectionally (ascites, HE, and PPI use analyzed) who were followed up for 6-month hospitalizations and through 2 clinical trials of PPI withdrawal and initiation. RESULTS: In a cross-sectional study, PPI users had greater ascites prevalence and 6-month hospitalizations, but VLP α diversity was similar. Among phages, PPI users had lower Autographviridae and higher Streptococcus phages and Herelleviridae than nonusers, whereas opposite trends were seen in ascites and HE. Trends of eukaryotic viruses (higher Adenoviridae and lower Virgaviridae/Smacoviridae) were similar for PPI, HE, and ascites. Twenty-one percent were hospitalized, mostly due to HE. α Diversity was similar in the hospitalized/nonhospitalized/not groups. Higher Gokushovirinae and lower crAssphages were related to hospitalizations such as HE-related cross-sectional VLP changes. As part of the clinical trial, PPIs were added and withdrawn in 2 different decompensated groups over 14 days. No changes in α diversity were observed. Withdrawal reduced crAssphages, and initiation reduced Gokushovirinae and Bacteroides phages. DISCUSSION: In cirrhosis, PPI use has a gut microbial VLP phage signature that is different from that in HE and ascites, and VLP changes are linked with hospitalizations over 6 months, independent of clinical biomarkers. Eukaryotic viral patterns were consistent across PPI use, HE, and ascites, indicating a relationship with the progression of cirrhosis. PPIs alone showed modest VLP changes with withdrawal or initiation. Distinct phage and eukaryotic viral patterns are associated with the use of PPIs in cirrhosis.

[Numerical expression of the clinical course of the disease. Data management]. / Expresión numérica del curso clínico de la enfermedad. Manejo de datos.

Data management "behind the scenes" refers to collection, cleaning, imputation, and demarcation; and despite of being indispensable processes, they are usually neglected and thus, generate erroneous information. During the collection are errors: omission of covariates, deviation from the objective, and insufficient quality. The omission of covariates distorts the result attributed to the main manoeuvre. Deviation from the primary objective commonly occurs when the outcome is rare, delayed, or subjective and promotes substitution by non-equivalent surrogate variables. Moreover, insufficient quality occurs due to inadequate instruments, omission of the measurement procedure, or measurements out of context, such as attribution at the wrong time or equivalent. Furthermore, cleaning implies identifying erroneous, extreme, and missing values, which may or may not be imputed, depending on the percentage. The values of the manoeuvre or the outcome are never imputed, nor are patients eliminated due to a lack of values. Finally, the demarcation of each variable seeks to give it a clinical meaning about the outcome, for which a hierarchical sequence of criteria is followed: 1) previous clinical study, 2) expert agreement, 3) clinical judgment of the investigator/investigators, and 4) statistics. Acting without quality controls in data management frequently causes involuntary lies and confuses instead of clarifying.

El manejo de datos "tras bambalinas" se refiere a los procesos de recopilación, limpieza, imputación y demarcación; los cuales, aun siendo indispensables, usualmente suelen ser descuidados, por lo que generan información errónea. Durante la recopilación son errores: omisión de covariables, desvío del objetivo, y calidad insuficiente. La omisión de covariables distorsiona el resultado atribuido a la maniobra principal. El desvío del objetivo primario es común cuando el desenlace es raro, tardado o subjetivo y promueve la sustitución por variables subrogadas no equivalentes. Además, la calidad insuficiente, sucede por instrumentos inadecuados, omisión del procedimiento de medición, o medición fuera de contexto -como atribución a destiempo o equivalente-. Por otro lado, la limpieza implica identificar valores erróneos, extremos y faltantes, que podrán ser o no imputados, dependiendo del porcentaje se imputará comúnmente por la medida de resumen. Nunca se imputan los valores de la maniobra ni del desenlace, ni se eliminan pacientes por falta de valores. Finalmente, la demarcación de cada variable busca un significado clínico en referencia al desenlace, para ello se sigue una secuencia jerárquica de criterios: 1) estudio clínico previo, 2) acuerdo de expertos, 3) juicio clínico del investigador/investigadores y 4) estadística. Actuar sin controles de calidad en el manejo de datos provoca frecuentemente mentiras involuntarias y confunde en lugar de esclarecer.

Wearables for Stress Management: A Scoping Review.

In recent years, wearable devices have been increasingly used to monitor people's health. This has helped healthcare professionals provide timely interventions to support their patients. In this study, we investigated how wearables help people manage stress. We conducted a scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) standard to address this question. We searched studies in Scopus, IEEE Explore, and Pubmed databases. We included studies reporting user evaluations of wearable-based strategies, reporting their impact on health or usability outcomes. A total of 6259 studies were identified, of which 40 met the inclusion criteria. Based on our findings, we identified that 21 studies report using commercial wearable devices; the most common are smartwatches and smart bands. Thirty-one studies report significant stress reduction using different interventions and interaction modalities. Finally, we identified that the interventions are designed with the following aims: (1) to self-regulate during stress episodes, (2) to support self-regulation therapies for long-term goals, and (3) to provide stress awareness for prevention, consisting of people's ability to recall, recognize and understand their stress.

Diet Quality, Physical Activity, and Weight Changes and Their Association With 6-Year Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults.

Background. Among lifestyle factors, obesity has been postulated as the most important risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MS). Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA), diet quality, and weight management are so closely related, it is not clear if the role of lifestyle factors is exclusively through its effect on weight, or if they contribute independently. Objective. To examine the effect of lifestyle factors such as diet quality, weight change, and leisure time PA on MS occurrence in lean and overweight/obese (OW/OB) adults over a 6-year period. Methods. This was a longitudinal analysis of data from adults participating in the Health Workers Cohort Study. Results. A total of 1046 participants were included; 37.2% of the OW/OB group and 16.2% of the lean participants developed MS. Becoming overweight had a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.06 for developing MS compared with remaining lean (95% CI = 1.98, 4.74). Going from OW/OB to lean was associated with lower risk of MS (HR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.79). Among OW/OB, becoming active was associated with lower risk (HR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.95) in comparison with an inactive pattern; diet quality was not associated with occurrence of MS. Conclusion. Weight change was the most relevant factor predicting MS over a 6-year period.

[Public, private, and public-private partnerships to implement One Health as an action to address antimicrobial resistance in ColombiaParcerias públicas, privadas e público-privadas para a implementação da Saúde Única como uma ação contra a resistência a antimicrobianos na Colômbia]. / Alianzas públicas, privadas y público-privadas para implementar Una Salud como acción contra la resistencia antimicrobiana en Colombia.

This article describes the importance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and public-private coordination to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the One Health approach. These partnerships are developed between governmental actors, private companies, and social organizations to build agendas, decision-making, and the management of projects of common interest. A case study from Colombia is presented. It describes examples of response from the public sector when the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a colistin resistance alert in 2016; from the animal protein production sector under an industry partnership for the rational use of antimicrobials; and, finally, from a public-private partnership in the swine sector, with governmental institutions and international cooperation, to take action to mitigate the risk of AMR. In Colombia, the establishment of partnerships with organizations representing agricultural producers has generated impactful actions such as strengthening ongoing communication channels between the public and private sectors; characterizing the conditions of the agricultural production chain; establishing mechanisms for consultation and validation of health policies related to AMR; obtaining a baseline of indicator pathogens and identification of possible flows of AMR spread; and, finally, achieving knowledge transfer and capacity-building with national and international experts, with actions to raise awareness about the problem of AMR and its impact on public health. The strategic model developed in Colombia through public-private collaboration can inspire other low- and middle-income countries to optimize their use of resources to obtain results that contribute to the national AMR mitigation plan.

Este artigo descreve a importância das parcerias públicas e das parcerias privadas (PPP) e da articulação público-privada no enfrentamento da resistência a antimicrobianos (RAM) utilizando a abordagem de Saúde Única. Essas parcerias são formadas entre atores governamentais, empresas privadas e organizações sociais para elaborar agendas, tomar decisões e gerir projetos de interesse comum. Este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso da Colômbia, no qual são apresentados exemplos do setor público diante do alerta de resistência à colistina emitido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 2016, a formação de uma aliança intersetorial pelos setores de produção de proteína animal para promover o uso racional de antimicrobianos e, por último, a formação de uma parceria público-privada composta pelo setor suinícola e por instituições governamentais e cooperação internacional para que a implementação de medidas de mitigação do risco de RAM. Na Colômbia, a criação de parcerias com organizações representantes dos setores de produção agropecuária geraram ações de impacto, como o fortalecimento de canais permanentes de comunicação entre os setores público e privado, a caracterização das condições da cadeia de produção agropecuária, o estabelecimento de mecanismos de consulta e validação das políticas de saúde voltadas para a RAM, a obtenção de uma linha de base de patógenos indicadores e identificação de possíveis fluxos de propagação de RAM e, por fim, a transferência de conhecimentos e capacitação envolvendo especialistas nacionais e internacionais, com ações de conscientização sobre o problema e seu impacto na saúde pública. O modelo estratégico desenvolvido na Colômbia por meio da colaboração público-privada pode inspirar outros países de baixa e média renda a obter resultados, pela otimização de recursos, que contribuam para o plano nacional de mitigação da RAM.

The HRA2pl fusion peptide exerts in vitro antiviral activity against human respiratory paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses.

Acute respiratory infections are a group of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites that mainly affect children until the age of 5 and immunocompromised senior adults. In Mexico, these infections are the main cause of morbidity in children, with more than 26 million cases of respiratory infections reported by the Secretariat of Health, in 2019. The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), the human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and the human parainfluenza-2 (hPIV-2) are responsible for many respiratory infections. Currently, palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the fusion protein F, is the treatment of choice against hRSV infections. This protein is being studied for the design of antiviral peptides that act by inhibiting the fusion of the virus and the host cell. Therefore, we examined the antiviral activity of the HRA2pl peptide, which competes the heptad repeat A domain of the F protein of hMPV. The recombinant peptide was obtained using a viral transient expression system. The effect of the fusion peptide was evaluated with an in vitro entry assay. Moreover, the effectiveness of HRA2pl was examined in viral isolates from clinical samples obtained from patients with infections caused by hRSV, hMPV, or hPIV-2, by evaluating the viral titer and the syncytium size. The HRA2pl peptide affected the viruses' capacity of entry, resulting in a 4-log decrease in the viral titer compared to the untreated viral strains. Additionally, a 50% reduction in the size of the syncytium was found. These results demonstrate the antiviral potential of HRA2pl in clinical samples, paving the way toward clinical trials.

Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, and reinfections in individuals infected with Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2, Delta, or Omicron variants: a comparative study in western Mexico.

Introduction: The variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been classified into variants of interest (VOIs) or concern (VOCs) to prioritize global monitoring and research on variants with potential risks to public health. The SARS-CoV-2 high-rate mutation can directly impact the clinical disease progression, epidemiological behavior, immune evasion, vaccine efficacy, and transmission rates. Therefore, epidemiological surveillance is crucial for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we aimed to describe the prevalence of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and Delta and Omicron variants in Jalisco State, Mexico, from 2021 to 2022, and evaluate the possible association of these variants with clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Methods: Four thousand and ninety-eight patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by real-time PCR (COVIFLU, Genes2Life, Mexico) from nasopharyngeal samples from January 2021 to January 2022 were included. Variant identification was performed by the RT-qPCR Master Mut Kit (Genes2Life, Mexico). A study population follow-up was performed to identify patients who had experienced reinfection after being vaccinated. Results and Discussion: Samples were grouped into variants according to the identified mutations: 46.3% were Omicron, 27.9% were Delta, and 25.8% were WT. The proportions of dry cough, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, conjunctivitis, fast breathing, diarrhea, anosmia, and dysgeusia were significantly different among the abovementioned groups (p < 0.001). Anosmia and dysgeusia were mainly found in WT-infected patients, while rhinorrhea and sore throat were more prevalent in patients infected with the Omicron variant. For the reinfection follow-up, 836 patients answered, from which 85 cases of reinfection were identified (9.6%); Omicron was the VOC that caused all reported reinfection cases. In this study, we demonstrate that the Omicron variant caused the biggest outbreak in Jalisco during the pandemic from late December 2021 to mid-February 2022 but with a less severe form than the one demonstrated by Delta and WT. The co-analysis of mutations and clinical outcomes is a public health strategy with the potential to infer mutations or variants that could increase disease severity and even be an indicator of long-term sequelae of COVID-19.

Biosensing strategies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids.

The COVID-19 pandemic had devastating effects throughout the world, producing a severe crisis in the health systems and in the economy of a long list of countries, even developed ones. Therefore, highly sensitive and selective analytical bioplatforms that allow the descentralized and fast detection of the severe acute respiratory síndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are extremely necessary. Since 2020, several reviews have been published, most of them focused on the different strategies to detect the SARS-CoV-2, either from RNA, viral proteins or host antibodies produced due to the presence of the virus. In this review, the most relevant biosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are particularly addressed, with special emphasis on the discussion of the biorecognition layers and the different schemes for transducing the hybridization event.

Risk Assessment of Dyslipidemias, Hyperglycemia, Hyperuricemia, and Hypertension Utilizing Self-Reported Body Silhouettes.

Objective: Self-reported body silhouette is an anthropometric instrument that has been utilized as a screening tool for underweight, overweight, obesity, and other abnormal anthropometric variables. Herein, we analyzed the risk associated with the self-reported body silhouette in the scope of dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension. Methods: Adult participants of the Health Workers Cohort Study enrolled between March 2004 and April 2006 were included. Then, risk analysis was performed considering dyslipidemias as serum triglycerides, high total cholesterol, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension. Results: A total of 2,297 males and 5,003 females were analyzed. The median ages of the studied population was 39 (30-49) and 41 (31-50) years for males and females, respectively. Overall, there is a stepwise increase in the risk of presenting dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension as the self-reported body silhouette number increases, this tendency was observed in both males and females. Conclusion: Self-reported body silhouette is a useful risk assessment tool for dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension in Mexican adults. Applications of questioners containing this silhouette might be considered a valuable public health instrument due to their low cost, relative simplicity, and absence of specialized equipment, training, or respondent knowledge.

Alianzas públicas, privadas y público-privadas para implementar Una Salud como acción contra la resistencia antimicrobiana en Colombia

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se describe la importancia de las alianzas públicas y las alianzas privadas (APP) y de la articulación público-privada para hacer frente a la resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) mediante el enfoque Una Salud. Estas alianzas se tejen entre actores gubernamentales, empresas privadas y organizaciones sociales para la construcción de agendas, la toma de decisiones y la gestión de proyectos de interés común. Se presenta un estudio de caso de Colombia, en el que se describen ejemplos del sector público ante la alerta de resistencia a la colistina que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) informó en el 2016, los sectores productores de proteína animal bajo una alianza intergremial para el uso racional de los antimicrobianos y, por último, una alianza público-privada del sector porcícola con instituciones gubernamentales y cooperación internacional para lograr la implementación de acciones que mitiguen el riesgo de RAM. En Colombia, el establecimiento de alianzas con las organizaciones que representan a los sectores de productores agropecuarios ha generado acciones de impacto, como estrechar canales de comunicación permanente entre el sector público y el privado, caracterizar las condiciones de la cadena de producción agropecuaria, establecer mecanismos de consulta y validación de las políticas de salud en RAM, obtener una línea base de patógenos indicado- res e identificación de los posibles flujos de propagación de RAM y, por último, lograr la transferencia de conocimiento y construcción de capacidades con expertos nacionales e internacionales, con acciones de concienciación de la problemática y su impacto en la salud pública. El modelo estratégico desarrollado en Colombia en colaboración público-privada puede inspirar a otros países de bajos y medianos ingresos para obtener resultados, con la optimización de recursos, que contribuyan al plan nacional de mitigación de la RAM.

[ABSTRACT]. This article describes the importance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and public-private coordination to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the One Health approach. These partnerships are developed between governmental actors, private companies, and social organizations to build agendas, decision- making, and the management of projects of common interest. A case study from Colombia is presented. It describes examples of response from the public sector when the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a colistin resistance alert in 2016; from the animal protein production sector under an industry partnership for the rational use of antimicrobials; and, finally, from a public-private partnership in the swine sector, with governmental institutions and international cooperation, to take action to mitigate the risk of AMR. In Colombia, the establishment of partnerships with organizations representing agricultural producers has generated impactful actions such as strengthening ongoing communication channels between the public and private sectors; characterizing the conditions of the agricultural production chain; establishing mechanisms for consultation and validation of health policies related to AMR; obtaining a baseline of indicator pathogens and identification of possible flows of AMR spread; and, finally, achieving knowledge transfer and capacity- building with national and international experts, with actions to raise awareness about the problem of AMR and its impact on public health. The strategic model developed in Colombia through public-private collaboration can inspire other low- and middle-income countries to optimize their use of resources to obtain results that contribute to the national AMR mitigation plan.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo descreve a importância das parcerias públicas e das parcerias privadas (PPP) e da articulação público-privada no enfrentamento da resistência a antimicrobianos (RAM) utilizando a abordagem de Saúde Única. Essas parcerias são formadas entre atores governamentais, empresas privadas e organizações sociais para elaborar agendas, tomar decisões e gerir projetos de interesse comum. Este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso da Colômbia, no qual são apresentados exemplos do setor público diante do alerta de resistência à colistina emitido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 2016, a formação de uma aliança intersetorial pelos setores de produção de proteína animal para promover o uso racional de antimicrobianos e, por último, a formação de uma parceria público-privada composta pelo setor suinícola e por instituições governamentais e cooperação internacional para que a implementação de medidas de mitigação do risco de RAM. Na Colômbia, a criação de parcerias com organizações representantes dos setores de produção agropecuária geraram ações de impacto, como o fortalecimento de canais permanentes de comunicação entre os setores público e privado, a caracterização das condições da cadeia de produção agropecuária, o estabelecimento de mecanismos de consulta e validação das políticas de saúde voltadas para a RAM, a obtenção de uma linha de base de patógenos indicadores e identificação de possíveis fluxos de propagação de RAM e, por fim, a transferência de conhecimentos e capacitação envolvendo especialistas nacionais e internacionais, com ações de conscientização sobre o problema e seu impacto na saúde pública. O modelo estratégico desenvolvido na Colômbia por meio da colaboração público-privada pode inspirar outros países de baixa e média renda a obter resultados, pela otimização de recursos, que contribuam para o plano nacional de mitigação da RAM.

Longitudinal transkingdom gut microbial approach towards decompensation in outpatients with cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: First decompensation development is a critical milestone that needs to be predicted. Transkingdom gut microbial interactions, including archaeal methanogens, may be important targets and predictors but a longitudinal approach is needed. DESIGN: Cirrhosis outpatients who provided stool twice were included. Group 1: compensated, group 2: 1 decompensation (decomp), group 3: >1 decompensationwere followed and divided into those who remained stable or decompensated. Bacteria, viral and archaeal presence, α/ß diversity and taxa changes over time adjusted for clinical variables were analysed. Correlation networks between kingdoms were analysed. RESULTS: 157 outpatients (72 group 1, 33 group 2 and 52 group 3) were followed and 28%-47% developed outcomes. Baseline between those who remained stable/developed outcome: While no α/ß diversity differences were seen, commensals were lower and pathobionts were higher in those who decompensated. After decompensation: those experiencing their first decompensation showed greater decrease in α/ß-diversity, bacterial change (↑Lactobacillus spp, Streptococcus parasanguinis and ↓ beneficial Lachnospiraceae and Eubacterium hallii) and viral change (↑Siphoviridae, ↓ Myoviridae) versus those with further decompensation. Archaea: 19% had Methanobacter brevii, which was similar between/within groups. Correlation networks: Baseline archaeal-viral-bacterial networks were denser and more homogeneous in those who decompensated versus the rest. Archaea-bacterial correlations collapsed post first decompensation. Lactobacillus phage Lc Nu and C2-like viruses were negatively linked with beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSION: In this longitudinal study of cirrhosis outpatients, the greatest transkingdom gut microbial changes were seen in those reaching the first decompensation, compared with subsequent decompensating events. A transkingdom approach may refine prediction and provide therapeutic targets to prevent cirrhosis progression.

[Diagnostic performance of the FINDRISC questionnaire to identify insulin resistance in adults]. / Certeza diagnóstica del instrumento FINDRISC para identificar resistencia a la insulina en adultos.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a state prior to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and it is reversible with lifestyle modification. However, it is underdiagnosed due to the difficulty in its measurement. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the FINDRISC questionnaire to identify IR. Material and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was performed in adults aged 20 to 60 years without previous diagnosis of T2D. Those using steroids and pregnant women were excluded. IR was diagnosed through the Triglycerides/glucose index. A ROC curve was used to establish the cut-off point for the diagnosis of IR. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios were calculated. Risk measurement for IR was performed with the FINDRISC instrument. Results: A total of 253 participants were included, with a prevalence of IR of 60.8%. The area under the curve of the FINDRISC instrument was 0.813 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.759-0.865), with a cut-off point of 8. Sensitivity was 94.8% and specificity was 48.5%, positive predictive value was 74% and negative 86%, with a positive likelihood ratio of 1.84 and a negative of 0.11. Conclusions: The FINDRISC instrument is a useful screening tool to identify subjects with IR at the first level of care. A score ≥ 8 identifies subjects with IR.

Introducción: la resistencia a la insulina (RI) es un estado previo al desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) y es reversible con modificación en el estilo de vida. Sin embargo, este estado se encuentra subdiagnosticado por la dificultad en su medición. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño diagnóstico del cuestionario FINDRISC para identificar RI. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en adultos de 20 a 60 años sin diagnóstico previo de DT2. Fueron excluidos quienes utilizaran esteroides y mujeres embarazadas. La RI fue diagnosticada mediante el índice triglicéridos/glucosa. Una curva ROC fue utilizada para establecer el punto de corte para el diagnóstico de RI. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos y razones de verosimilitud. La medición del riesgo para RI se realizó con el instrumento FINDRISC. Resultados: se incluyeron 253 participantes, con una prevalencia de RI de 60.8%. El área bajo la curva del instrumento FINDRISC fue de 0.813 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 0.759-0.865), con un punto de corte de 8. La sensibilidad fue de 94.8%, con una especificidad de 48.5%, valor predictivo positivo de 74% y negativo de 86%, con una razón de verosimilitud positiva de 1.84 y una negativa de 0.11. Conclusiones: el instrumento FINDRISC puede ser una herramienta útil para identificar a sujetos con resistencia a la insulina en el primer nivel de atención. Un puntaje igual o mayor que 8 identifica a sujetos con RI.

Non-fitness status of peripheral NK cells defined by decreased NKp30 and perforin, and increased soluble B7H6, in cervical cancer patients.

The NKp30 receptor is one of the three natural cytotoxic receptors reported in NK cells. This receptor is codified by the NCR3 gene, which encodes three isoforms, a consequence of the alternative splicing of exon 4. A greater expression of the three isoforms (A, B, and C), along with low levels of the NKp30 ligand B7H6, has been reported as a positive prognostic factor in different cancer types. Here, in patients with cervical cancer and precursor lesions, we report an altered immune-phenotype, characterized by non-fitness markers, that correlated with increased disease stage, from CIN 1 to FIGO IV. While overall NK cell numbers increased, loss of NKp30+ NK cells, especially in the CD56dim subpopulation, was found. Perforin levels were decreased in these cells. Decreased expression of the NKp30 C isoform and overexpression of soluble B7H6 was found in cervical cancer patients when compared against healthy subjects. PBMCs from healthy subjects downregulated NKp30 isoforms after co-culture with B7H6-expressing tumour cells. Taken together, these findings describe a unique down-modulation or non-fitness status of the immune response in cervical cancer, the understanding of which will be important for the design of novel immunotherapies against this disease.

Beyond SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological surveillance of respiratory viruses in Jalisco, Mexico.

Introduction: Respiratory viral infections represent a significant global health burden. Historically, influenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus have been the prevalent viruses; however, the landscape shifted with the widespread emergence of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of viral respiratory infections in Jalisco, Mexico. Methods: Data encompassing individuals with flu-like symptoms from July 2021 to February 2023 was scrutinized for viral diagnosis through PCR multiplex. The effect of social mobility on the increase in respiratory viral diagnosis infection was considered to estimate its impact. Additionally, sequences of respiratory viruses stored in public databases were retrieved to ascertain the phylogenetic classification of previously reported viruses in Mexico. Results: SARS-CoV-2 was the most detected virus (n = 5,703; 92.2%), followed by influenza (n = 479; 7.78%). These viruses were also found as the most common co-infection (n = 11; 50%), and for those with influenza, a higher incidence of severe disease was reported (n = 122; 90.4%; p < 0.001). Regarding comorbidities and unhealthy habits, smoking was found to be a risk factor for influenza infection but a protective factor for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 2.62; IC 95%: 1.66-4.13; OR = 0.65; IC 95%: 0.45-0.94), respectively. Furthermore, our findings revealed a direct correlation between mobility and the prevalence of influenza infection (0.214; p < 0.001). Discussion: The study presents evidence of respiratory virus reemergence and prevalence during the social reactivation, facilitating future preventive measures.

Results from the 2022 Mexican report card on physical activity for children and adolescents.

Introduction: The Mexican Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents aims to assess the prevalence of movement behaviors and opportunities to perform them. Methods: Data on 11 indicators were obtained from national health surveys, census data, government documents, websites, and published studies. Data were compared against established benchmarks, and a grade between 0 and 10 was assigned to each indicator. Results: For Daily Behaviors, we found 34.5% of Mexican children and adolescents meet Physical Activity recommendations (Grade 3), 48.4% participate in Organized Sports (Grade 5), 35-75.8% engage in Active Play outdoors (Grade 4), 54.1% use Active Transportation (Grade 5), 43.6% spend <2 h in Sedentary Behavior per day (Grade 4), and 65-91% meet Sleep recommendations (Grade 7). Girls have lower physical activity levels and sports participation than boys of the same age. For Physical Fitness, we found 56.2-61.8% of children and adolescents have an adequate body mass index for their age (Grade 6). For Sources of Influence, we found 65-67% of parents engage in physical activity or sports in a week (Grade 7), 32.2-53.3% of basic education schools have a physical education teacher (Grade 6), and 37% of neighborhoods in Mexico have sidewalks with trees (Grade 4). Regarding Government, several policies and programs aimed at improving children physical activity were launched but their impact and allocated implementation budget are unknown (Grade 6). Discussion: Mexican children and adolescents engage in low levels of movement behaviors and have limited opportunities to perform such behaviors. The grades and recommendations provided here should be considered to improve such opportunities.