Genetic parameters and response to selection for growth in tambaqui.

Although the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is the most cultivated native fish species in Brazil, estimated breeding values for growth traits are rarely used for selection of superior individuals in commercial fingerling production. This study aimed to estimate the (co)variance components of growth traits. Body weight, length and width of 2500 tambaqui were determined at tagging and at 6 and 12 months after tagging in a commercial breeding programme in Brazil. Heritability estimates were low for traits measured at tagging (0.10 to 0.19) and moderate to high for traits measured at 6 and 12 months (0.23 to 0.81). Common full-sib effects were high at tagging (>73%), low at 6 months and negligible at 12 months. Positive genetic correlations were found among growth traits at 12 months (0.84 to 0.99) and between growth traits at 6 and 12 months (0.80 to 0.92). These results show that animal selection can be performed at 6 months after tagging. Expected genetic gains for growth traits ranged from 8% to 31%. A simulation of the sex ratio was performed, as individuals did not reach sexual maturity during the experimental period. Because of the sexual dimorphism, more accurate heritability estimates were obtained when considering the female proportion to be 90% in the high-weight group. The findings indicate that it is possible to obtain considerable genetic gains in growth by selecting for growth traits. The development of a tool to determine the sex of animals at early stages can improve the response to selection in tambaqui.

Development and growth of digestive system organs of European and Japanese quail at 14 days post-hatch.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the development and growth of the digestive system organs, from the 11th day of incubation until the 14 d post-hatch in European and Japanese quail. On days 11, 13 and 15 of incubation at hatch and at 4, 7, 10 and 14 d post-hatch, embryos or chicks of European and Japanese quail were analyzed. After 15 d of incubation, samples from stomach and small intestine were analyzed by microscopy. European quail had significantly heavier body weight at 15 d of incubation and after 4 d post-hatch. The digestive system weight progressively increased with age and was similar between European and Japanese quail at 11, 13, and 15 d of incubation and 10 d post-hatch, while relative weight of digestive system was similar between quail type with great values at 4 d post-hatch. For relative weight of the small intestine + pancreas, the weight of the proventriculus and of the gastric ventricle increased significant by among ages analyzed in both types of quail. At hatch, proventriculus had functional secretory cells and mucosa of gastric ventricle had a thin coilin membrane. In small intestine segments, at 15 d of incubation the height of the villi was similar among duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (80 µm). Villi had elongated shape towards the intestinal lumen, covered by enterocytes and dispersed goblet cells with PAS+ and AB+ contend in all segments. The number of goblet cell/villi increased in segments until 7 to 10 d post-hatch. Duodenum increases the villi up to 14 d, while the jejunum and ileum up to 10 and 4 d, respectively. Based on our data in digestive system growth, a shorter period of post-hatch fast and specific diets to quail during first days of growth is recommended to both quail types. It is concluded that the development and growth of different organs of the digestive system up to 14 d of age was similar between European and Japanese quail.

Aspirin prevents atrophy of esophageal nitrergic myenteric neurons in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease.

The consequences of using aspirin (ASA) for the pathogenesis of Chagas disease are unclear. This study evaluated the effects of treatment of Chagas disease with ASA on the esophageal nitrergic myenteric neuron population and esophageal wall in mice. We observed that treatment of chagasic infection with ASA protects the esophageal myenteric neurons from the atrophy caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The mice were infected with 1300 trypomastigotes of Y strain T. cruzi intraperitoneally. Part of infected mice was treated with ASA from fifth to twelfth day after inoculation. Our data support the hypothesis that eicosanoids given during the acute phase of the chagasic infection may act as immunomodulators aiding the transition to and maintenance of the chronic phase of the disease. Besides, ASA treatment did not provoke alterations in the esophageal wall and the myenteric neurons in infected mice.

Inferência bayesiana da conversão alimentar em diferentes experimentos animais / Bayesian Inference of feed conversion in different animal experiments

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conversão alimentar (CA) por meio da inferência bayesiana considerando-se análises bivariadas. Foram utilizadas diferentes espécies animais de experimentos conduzidos na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O modelo proposto mostrou ser apropriado, uma vez que possibilitou a detecção de diferenças significativas entre níveis de fatores não detectados por procedimentos frequentistas em ANOVA tradicional, principalmente em pequenas amostras. No experimento com codornas, evidenciou-se que aves cujos níveis de proteína bruta eram de 23% e 29%, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas, apresentaram uma melhor CA, de 2,83±0,03 e 2,66±0,03, respectivamente. No experimento com frangos, no grupo sem o aditivo antibiótico, a inclusão de 0,02% de extrato de ésteres naturais foi o que promoveu a melhor CA (1,72±0,01), e, de modo geral, o uso de antibiótico e a ausência de ésteres naturais promoveram CA de 1,63±0,02. Em caprinos, verificou-se que o aleitamento, seja com leite de cabra ou de vaca, promove igualmente uma melhor CA, respectivamente, no grupo de 60 e 90 dias, de 1,29±0,14 e 1,79±0,11, sugerindo que o aleitamento seja feito até os 60 dias. Em suínos, a dieta com maior nível de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos foi a que promoveu a melhor CA (2,86±0,07), quando comparada a uma dieta com nível nutricional mais baixo. Já o uso de enzimas na dieta com menor nível energético e de aminoácidos proporcionou resultado intermediário (2,90±007). Em bovinos, observou-se que o uso de 1% de concentrado na dieta promoveria uma melhor CA estimada de 7,33±0,35 entre os Nelores e que essa promoção seria de 7,40±0,58 entre os cruzados com o uso de 2% de concentrado na dieta.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feed conversion (CA) by Bayesian inference in bivariate considering analyzes in real and simulated data. Different animal species experiments conducted at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil are used. The proposed model proved to be appropriate once it enabled the detection of significant differences between levels of factors not detected by frequentist procedures with traditional ANOVA, especially in small samples. In the experiment with quails, it became clear that the birds' brute protein levels were 23% and 29%, respectively, for males and females, which presented better CA, 2.83±0.03 and 2.66±0.03, respectively. In the experiment with chickens, the group without additive antibiotic, including 0.02% extract natural esters promoted the best CA (1.72±0.01) and in general antibiotic absence of esters natural promoted 1.63±0.02 of the CA. In goats, it has been found that feeding milk from cows or goats also promotes better CA, respectively, in groups milked up to 60 and 90 days, being 1.29±0.14 and 1.79±0.11, suggesting that suckling done until 60 days. Pigs fed the highest level of metabolizable energy and aminoacids promoted the best CA (2.86±0.07) compared to a diet with lower nutritional level. But the use of enzymes in the diet with lower energy level and amino acid provided intermediate result (2.90±007). In cattle, it was observed that the use of 1% concentrate diet, CA, promotes a better estimate of 7.33±0.35 between Nellore and this promotion would be 7.40±0.58 between the cross breeds using 2% concentrate diet.(AU)

Inferência bayesiana da conversão alimentar em diferentes experimentos animais / Bayesian Inference of feed conversion in different animal experiments

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conversão alimentar (CA) por meio da inferência bayesiana considerando-se análises bivariadas. Foram utilizadas diferentes espécies animais de experimentos conduzidos na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O modelo proposto mostrou ser apropriado, uma vez que possibilitou a detecção de diferenças significativas entre níveis de fatores não detectados por procedimentos frequentistas em ANOVA tradicional, principalmente em pequenas amostras. No experimento com codornas, evidenciou-se que aves cujos níveis de proteína bruta eram de 23% e 29%, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas, apresentaram uma melhor CA, de 2,83±0,03 e 2,66±0,03, respectivamente. No experimento com frangos, no grupo sem o aditivo antibiótico, a inclusão de 0,02% de extrato de ésteres naturais foi o que promoveu a melhor CA (1,72±0,01), e, de modo geral, o uso de antibiótico e a ausência de ésteres naturais promoveram CA de 1,63±0,02. Em caprinos, verificou-se que o aleitamento, seja com leite de cabra ou de vaca, promove igualmente uma melhor CA, respectivamente, no grupo de 60 e 90 dias, de 1,29±0,14 e 1,79±0,11, sugerindo que o aleitamento seja feito até os 60 dias. Em suínos, a dieta com maior nível de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos foi a que promoveu a melhor CA (2,86±0,07), quando comparada a uma dieta com nível nutricional mais baixo. Já o uso de enzimas na dieta com menor nível energético e de aminoácidos proporcionou resultado intermediário (2,90±007). Em bovinos, observou-se que o uso de 1% de concentrado na dieta promoveria uma melhor CA estimada de 7,33±0,35 entre os Nelores e que essa promoção seria de 7,40±0,58 entre os cruzados com o uso de 2% de concentrado na dieta.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feed conversion (CA) by Bayesian inference in bivariate considering analyzes in real and simulated data. Different animal species experiments conducted at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil are used. The proposed model proved to be appropriate once it enabled the detection of significant differences between levels of factors not detected by frequentist procedures with traditional ANOVA, especially in small samples. In the experiment with quails, it became clear that the birds' brute protein levels were 23% and 29%, respectively, for males and females, which presented better CA, 2.83±0.03 and 2.66±0.03, respectively. In the experiment with chickens, the group without additive antibiotic, including 0.02% extract natural esters promoted the best CA (1.72±0.01) and in general antibiotic absence of esters natural promoted 1.63±0.02 of the CA. In goats, it has been found that feeding milk from cows or goats also promotes better CA, respectively, in groups milked up to 60 and 90 days, being 1.29±0.14 and 1.79±0.11, suggesting that suckling done until 60 days. Pigs fed the highest level of metabolizable energy and aminoacids promoted the best CA (2.86±0.07) compared to a diet with lower nutritional level. But the use of enzymes in the diet with lower energy level and amino acid provided intermediate result (2.90±007). In cattle, it was observed that the use of 1% concentrate diet, CA, promotes a better estimate of 7.33±0.35 between Nellore and this promotion would be 7.40±0.58 between the cross breeds using 2% concentrate diet.

Oocyte aspiration and in vitro embryo production in Jersey cows with selenium-supplemented diet / Aspiração de oócitos e produção de embriões in vitro de vacas Jersey suplementadas com selênio na dieta

The effects of selenium (Se) in Jersey cows' diet on the aspiration of oocytes and production of embryos in vitro were studied. Groups with five Jersey cows received 3.2mg or 9.6mg Se daily, provided in the feed concentrate. Six follicular aspirations were carried out every 15 days, using only the last 5. The oocytes were classified, and standard procedures were carried out for maturation, fertilization and cultivation. The total number of oocytes (35.11±2.65 vs 23.10±2.16) and degree 1 oocytes (11.61±2.65 vs 4.75±0.97) were higher in the group that received 9.6mg Se and the quantity of naked oocytes (3.23±0.87 vs 6.22±1.18) was lower in this group. The aspirated oocytes from the cows treated with 9.6mg Se/day resulted in higher (P<0.05) embryo production 21.98±2.37 vs 13.12±1.59). No difference was observed in serum Se concentration between the two groups. It is recommended that the daily diet be supplemented with 100g mineral salt containing 9.6mg Se, since this rate rendered a larger production of oocytes, higher quantity of degree 1 oocytes and greater production of embryos in the process of in vitro fertilization.

Avaliou-se o efeito do selênio (Se) adicional na dieta de vacas Jersey na aspiração de oócitos e produção de embriões in vitro. Dez vacas Jerseys receberam 3,2mg de Se por dia ou 9,6mg, vinculado ao concentrado. Realizaram-se seis aspirações foliculares, com intervalo médio de 15 dias, aproveitando as cinco últimas. Os oócitos foram classificados e realizaram-se os procedimentos padrões de maturação, fertilização e cultivo in vitro. O total de oócitos, 35,11±2,65 vs 23,10±2,16, e oócitos de qualidade 1, 11,61±1,58 vs 4,75±0,97, foram mais elevados no grupo que recebeu 9,6mg de Se e a quantidade de oócitos desnudos mais baixa, 3,21±0,87 vs 6,22±1,18. A produção de embriões foi maior no grupo tratado com 9,6mg de Se/vaca/dia, 21,98±2,37 vs 13,12±1,59. Não se observou diferença na concentração de Se no soro entre os dois grupos. Conclui-se que é possível recomendar o fornecimento de 100g de sal mineral, contendo 9,6mg de Se, adicionado à dieta, pois resultou em maior produção de oócitos, maior quantidade de oócitos de grau 1 e maior produção de embriões no processo de fecundação in vitro.

Oocyte aspiration and in vitro embryo production in Jersey cows with selenium-supplemented diet / Aspiração de oócitos e produção de embriões in vitro de vacas Jersey suplementadas com selênio na dieta

The effects of selenium (Se) in Jersey cows' diet on the aspiration of oocytes and production of embryos in vitro were studied. Groups with five Jersey cows received 3.2mg or 9.6mg Se daily, provided in the feed concentrate. Six follicular aspirations were carried out every 15 days, using only the last 5. The oocytes were classified, and standard procedures were carried out for maturation, fertilization and cultivation. The total number of oocytes (35.11±2.65 vs 23.10±2.16) and degree 1 oocytes (11.61±2.65 vs 4.75±0.97) were higher in the group that received 9.6mg Se and the quantity of naked oocytes (3.23±0.87 vs 6.22±1.18) was lower in this group. The aspirated oocytes from the cows treated with 9.6mg Se/day resulted in higher (P<0.05) embryo production 21.98±2.37 vs 13.12±1.59). No difference was observed in serum Se concentration between the two groups. It is recommended that the daily diet be supplemented with 100g mineral salt containing 9.6mg Se, since this rate rendered a larger production of oocytes, higher quantity of degree 1 oocytes and greater production of embryos in the process of in vitro fertilization.(AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito do selênio (Se) adicional na dieta de vacas Jersey na aspiração de oócitos e produção de embriões in vitro. Dez vacas Jerseys receberam 3,2mg de Se por dia ou 9,6mg, vinculado ao concentrado. Realizaram-se seis aspirações foliculares, com intervalo médio de 15 dias, aproveitando as cinco últimas. Os oócitos foram classificados e realizaram-se os procedimentos padrões de maturação, fertilização e cultivo in vitro. O total de oócitos, 35,11±2,65 vs 23,10±2,16, e oócitos de qualidade 1, 11,61±1,58 vs 4,75±0,97, foram mais elevados no grupo que recebeu 9,6mg de Se e a quantidade de oócitos desnudos mais baixa, 3,21±0,87 vs 6,22±1,18. A produção de embriões foi maior no grupo tratado com 9,6mg de Se/vaca/dia, 21,98±2,37 vs 13,12±1,59. Não se observou diferença na concentração de Se no soro entre os dois grupos. Conclui-se que é possível recomendar o fornecimento de 100g de sal mineral, contendo 9,6mg de Se, adicionado à dieta, pois resultou em maior produção de oócitos, maior quantidade de oócitos de grau 1 e maior produção de embriões no processo de fecundação in vitro.(AU)

Thyroid cancer.

The management of patients with thyroid cancer can be optimized by developing multidisciplinary groups of highly specialized individuals. The completeness of surgery and its morbidity are mostly surgeon-dependent. Similarly, the decisions regarding selection of adjuvant treatments, doses, follow-up schemes, and so forth require depth of knowledge and understanding of the disease; its variables; factors that govern its course; and the values, limitations, and side effects of alternative therapies.