The deadly impact of COVID-19 among children from Latin America: The case of Ecuador.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains a critical global health concern, with older adults being the most vulnerable group. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize that COVID-19 has caused numerous deaths in children worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that infants and breastfeeding children, particularly those aged below one year, face a greater risk of hospitalization and mortality than older children with COVID-19. Objective: This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 among children during the early phase of the pandemic in Ecuador. Methods: We conducted a country-wide population-based analysis of the epidemiology of COVID-19, using incidence and mortality data reported from Ecuador between February 15, 2020 and May 14 2021. Measurements of frequency, central tendency, dispersion, and absolute differences were calculated for all categorical and continuous variables. Results: At least 34,001 cases (23,587 confirmed cases, 5,315 probable and 5,099 suspected) and 258 COVID-19 related deaths have been reported among children in Ecuador during the first 16 months of the pandemic. The overall incidence rate was 612 cases per 100,000 children, the mortality rate was 3 per 100,000, while the case fatality rate was 0.76%. The highest risk group for infection was children and adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age; however, the highest mortality rate occurred in children under one year of age. The largest provinces, such as Pichincha, Guavas and Manabí, were the ones that reported the highest number of cases, 27%, 12.1% and 10.8%, respectively. Conclusions: This study is the first to report on COVID-19 epidemics among children in Ecuador. Our findings reveal that younger children have a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but a higher risk of mortality compared to older children and adolescents. Additionally, we observed significant disparities in infection rates and outcomes among children living in rural areas, those with comorbidities, and those from indigenous ethnic groups.

[Evolution and impact of the infodemic on the child population in times of COVID-19Evolução e impacto da infodemia na população infantil em tempos de COVID-19]. / Evolución e impacto de la infodemia en la población infantil en tiempos de COVID-19.

The provision of timely, clear, correct information is an important strategy for controlling panic and containing a pandemic outbreak. However, as this task has not been prioritized in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a new lethal enemy has emerged that now poses another crisis, namely, the "infodemic", with consequences that have affected the entire population worldwide. In particular, it has increased the vulnerability of a group that is not often discussed: children, who constitute our study population.This article provides an analysis aimed at demystifying false constructs about the low impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the child population. It gives a chronological description of the different events that were the building blocks of the infodemic, affecting this population in three phases: first, at the onset of the pandemic, when its effects on children were ignored altogether; second, when children were stigmatized as "super-spreaders"; and third, when the crisis resulting from a failure to transmit information to this population group became evident.The world is facing both the pandemic and a pressing need for communicative justice, which includes children as a primary target group. Taking a social determinants approach, this article proposes a new normal that includes using accurate and clear information to empower children to combat the infodemic virus from an early age.

Fornecer informações claras, corretas e oportunas constitui uma importante estratégia para controlar o pânico e conter uma pandemia. Porém, por não ser prioritário, dá origem a mais um inimigo mortal que atualmente configura outra crise dentro da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, a infodemia. A infodemia tem consequências que repercutem em toda a população mundial, prejudicando sobretudo um grupo pouco falado e que é a nossa população de estudo: as crianças.Este artigo propõe uma análise reflexiva para desmitificar falsos constructos sobre o baixo impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, com a descrição cronológica dos diferentes eventos ocorridos que foram edificando os pilares da infodemia na população infantil. São considerados três momentos: o primeiro, no início da pandemia, com a invisibilização das crianças diante do vírus; o segundo, a estigmatização das crianças como "supertransmissores"; e o terceiro momento em que se evidencia a crise decorrente da falha em comunicar informações sobre este grupo populacional.O mundo enfrenta a pandemia e também uma necessidade atual de justiça comunicativa que englobe as crianças como grupo primário de atenção. Com uma abordagem de uma perspectiva de determinação social, propõe-se uma nova normalidade que inclua o empoderamento infantil com a divulgação de fatos claros para combater, desde a tenra idade, o vírus da infodemia.

15q Duplication Syndrome: Report on the First Patient from Ecuador with an Unusual Clinical Presentation.

BACKGROUND: The 15q11.1-13.1 duplication, also known as Dup15q syndrome, is a rare congenital disease affecting 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 60,000 children worldwide. This condition is characterized by the presence of at least one extra copy of genetical material within the Prader-Willi/Angelman Critical Region (PWACR) of the referred 15q11.2-q13.1 chromosome. Case Report. Our study presents the clinical and genetical features of the first patient with a denovo 15q11.2 interstitial duplication on the maternal allele (inv Dup15q) that mimics a milder Prader-Willi syndrome probably due to an atypical disruption of the SNHG14 gene. Methylation-specific MLPA analysis has confirmed the presence of a very unlikely duplication that lies between breakpoint 1 (BP1) and the middle of BP2 and BP3 (BP3). This atypical alteration might be linked to the milder patient's clinical phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first Dup15q patient reported in Ecuador and of the very few in South America. This aberration has never been described in a patient with Dup15q, and the unusual clinical presentation is probably due to the atypical distal breakpoint occurring within the gene SNHG14 which lies between BP2 and BP3 and does not therefore contain the whole PWACR. If the duplication disrupted the gene, then it is possible that it is the cause of, or contributing to, the patient's clinical phenotype.

Evolución e impacto de la infodemia en la población infantil en tiempos de COVID-19

[RESUMEN]. La provisión de información oportuna, clara y correcta constituye una importante estrategia de control del pánico y de contención de un brote pandémico; sin embargo, al no ser una de las tareas prioritarias, da lugar a otro de los enemigos letales, que hoy en día enmarca otra crisis dentro de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 como lo es la infodemia, cuyas consecuencias han afectado a toda la población a nivel mundial, vulnerando especialmente a un grupo del que poco se habla, y que constituye nuestra población de estudio, los niños. En este artículo se propone un análisis reflexivo que desmitifique falsos constructos acerca del bajo impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19, a través de una descripción cronológica de los diferentes eventos alrededor de la población infantil, que fueron construyendo los pilares de la infodemia en esta población, planteando tres momentos: el primero, al inicio de la pandemia, con una invisibilización de los niños ante el virus; el segundo momento de estigma bajo la figura de “super contagiadores” y el tercer momento donde se evidencia la crisis consecuencia del fracaso en la comunicación de información en este grupo poblacional. El mundo se enfrenta a la pandemia y además a la necesidad actual de una justicia comunicativa, que incluya a los niños como grupo primario de atención. Con un abordaje desde la determinación social, se plantea una nueva normalidad que incluya el empoderamiento de los niños con información real y clara para combatir, desde su corta edad, el virus de la infodemia.

[ABSTRACT]. The provision of timely, clear, correct information is an important strategy for controlling panic and containing a pandemic outbreak. However, as this task has not been prioritized in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a new lethal enemy has emerged that now poses another crisis, namely, the "infodemic", with consequences that have affected the entire population worldwide. In particular, it has increased the vulnerability of a group that is not often discussed: children, who constitute our study population. This article provides an analysis aimed at demystifying false constructs about the low impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the child population. It gives a chronological description of the different events that were the building blocks of the infodemic, affecting this population in three phases: first, at the onset of the pandemic, when its effects on children were ignored altogether; second, when children were stigmatized as "superspreaders"; and third, when the crisis resulting from a failure to transmit information to this population group became evident. The world is facing both the pandemic and a pressing need for communicative justice, which includes children as a primary target group. Taking a social determinants approach, this article proposes a new normal that includes using accurate and clear information to empower children to combat the infodemic virus from an early age.

[RESUMO]. Fornecer informações claras, corretas e oportunas constitui uma importante estratégia para controlar o pânico e conter uma pandemia. Porém, por não ser prioritário, dá origem a mais um inimigo mortal que atualmente configura outra crise dentro da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, a infodemia. A infodemia tem consequências que repercutem em toda a população mundial, prejudicando sobretudo um grupo pouco falado e que é a nossa população de estudo: as crianças. Este artigo propõe uma análise reflexiva para desmitificar falsos constructos sobre o baixo impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, com a descrição cronológica dos diferentes eventos ocorridos que foram edificando os pilares da infodemia na população infantil. São considerados três momentos: o primeiro, no início da pandemia, com a invisibilização das crianças diante do vírus; o segundo, a estigmatização das crianças como “supertransmissores”; e o terceiro momento em que se evidencia a crise decorrente da falha em comunicar informações sobre este grupo populacional. O mundo enfrenta a pandemia e também uma necessidade atual de justiça comunicativa que englobe as crianças como grupo primário de atenção. Com uma abordagem de uma perspectiva de determinação social, propõe-se uma nova normalidade que inclua o empoderamento infantil com a divulgação de fatos claros para combater, desde a tenra idade, o vírus da infodemia.

Evolución e impacto de la infodemia en la población infantil en tiempos de COVID-19 / Evolution and impact of the infodemic on the child population in times of COVID-19 / Evolução e impacto da infodemia na população infantil em tempos de COVID-19

RESUMEN La provisión de información oportuna, clara y correcta constituye una importante estrategia de control del pánico y de contención de un brote pandémico; sin embargo, al no ser una de las tareas prioritarias, da lugar a otro de los enemigos letales, que hoy en día enmarca otra crisis dentro de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 como lo es la infodemia, cuyas consecuencias han afectado a toda la población a nivel mundial, vulnerando especialmente a un grupo del que poco se habla, y que constituye nuestra población de estudio, los niños. En este artículo se propone un análisis reflexivo que desmitifique falsos constructos acerca del bajo impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19, a través de una descripción cronológica de los diferentes eventos alrededor de la población infantil, que fueron construyendo los pilares de la infodemia en esta población, planteando tres momentos: el primero, al inicio de la pandemia, con una invisibilización de los niños ante el virus; el segundo momento de estigma bajo la figura de "super contagiadores" y el tercer momento donde se evidencia la crisis consecuencia del fracaso en la comunicación de información en este grupo poblacional. El mundo se enfrenta a la pandemia y además a la necesidad actual de una justicia comunicativa, que incluya a los niños como grupo primario de atención. Con un abordaje desde la determinación social, se plantea una nueva normalidad que incluya el empoderamiento de los niños con información real y clara para combatir, desde su corta edad, el virus de la infodemia.

ABSTRACT The provision of timely, clear, correct information is an important strategy for controlling panic and containing a pandemic outbreak. However, as this task has not been prioritized in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a new lethal enemy has emerged that now poses another crisis, namely, the "infodemic", with consequences that have affected the entire population worldwide. In particular, it has increased the vulnerability of a group that is not often discussed: children, who constitute our study population. This article provides an analysis aimed at demystifying false constructs about the low impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the child population. It gives a chronological description of the different events that were the building blocks of the infodemic, affecting this population in three phases: first, at the onset of the pandemic, when its effects on children were ignored altogether; second, when children were stigmatized as "super-spreaders"; and third, when the crisis resulting from a failure to transmit information to this population group became evident. The world is facing both the pandemic and a pressing need for communicative justice, which includes children as a primary target group. Taking a social determinants approach, this article proposes a new normal that includes using accurate and clear information to empower children to combat the infodemic virus from an early age.

RESUMO Fornecer informações claras, corretas e oportunas constitui uma importante estratégia para controlar o pânico e conter uma pandemia. Porém, por não ser prioritário, dá origem a mais um inimigo mortal que atualmente configura outra crise dentro da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, a infodemia. A infodemia tem consequências que repercutem em toda a população mundial, prejudicando sobretudo um grupo pouco falado e que é a nossa população de estudo: as crianças. Este artigo propõe uma análise reflexiva para desmitificar falsos constructos sobre o baixo impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, com a descrição cronológica dos diferentes eventos ocorridos que foram edificando os pilares da infodemia na população infantil. São considerados três momentos: o primeiro, no início da pandemia, com a invisibilização das crianças diante do vírus; o segundo, a estigmatização das crianças como "supertransmissores"; e o terceiro momento em que se evidencia a crise decorrente da falha em comunicar informações sobre este grupo populacional. O mundo enfrenta a pandemia e também uma necessidade atual de justiça comunicativa que englobe as crianças como grupo primário de atenção. Com uma abordagem de uma perspectiva de determinação social, propõe-se uma nova normalidade que inclua o empoderamento infantil com a divulgação de fatos claros para combater, desde a tenra idade, o vírus da infodemia.

Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review.

Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least 7 coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms. Those that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of these viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 20 May 2020 show more than 5 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 330,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information received daily relating to COVID-19 is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19).