Kinetic features dictate sensorimotor alignment in the superior colliculus.

The execution of goal-oriented behaviours requires a spatially coherent alignment between sensory and motor maps. The current model for sensorimotor transformation in the superior colliculus relies on the topographic mapping of static spatial receptive fields onto movement endpoints1-6. Here, to experimentally assess the validity of this canonical static model of alignment, we dissected the visuo-motor network in the superior colliculus and performed in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings across layers, in restrained and unrestrained conditions, to assess both the motor and the visual tuning of individual motor and premotor neurons. We found that collicular motor units have poorly defined visual static spatial receptive fields and respond instead to kinetic visual features, revealing the existence of a direct alignment in vectorial space between sensory and movement vectors, rather than between spatial receptive fields and movement endpoints as canonically hypothesized. We show that a neural network built according to these kinetic alignment principles is ideally placed to sustain ethological behaviours such as the rapid interception of moving and static targets. These findings reveal a novel dimension of the sensorimotor alignment process. By extending the alignment from the static to the kinetic domain this work provides a novel conceptual framework for understanding the nature of sensorimotor convergence and its relevance in guiding goal-directed behaviours.

Comparative transcriptomics of seed nourishing tissues: uncovering conserved and divergent pathways in seed plants.

The evolutionary and ecological success of spermatophytes is intrinsically linked to the seed habit, which provides a protective environment for the initial development of the new generation. This environment includes an ephemeral nourishing tissue that supports embryo growth. In gymnosperms this tissue originates from the asexual proliferation of the maternal megagametophyte, while in angiosperms it is a product of fertilization, and is called the endosperm. The emergence of these nourishing tissues is of profound evolutionary value, and they are also food staples for most of the world's population. Here, using Orthofinder to infer orthologue genes among newly generated and previously published datasets, we provide a comparative transcriptomic analysis of seed nourishing tissues from species of several angiosperm clades, including those of early diverging lineages, as well as of one gymnosperm. Our results show that, although the structure and composition of seed nourishing tissues has seen significant divergence along evolution, there are signatures that are conserved throughout the phylogeny. Conversely, we identified processes that are specific to species within the clades studied, and thus illustrate their functional divergence. With this, we aimed to provide a foundation for future studies on the evolutionary history of seed nourishing structures, as well as a resource for gene discovery in future functional studies.

Correction to: VEIN STEP: A Prospective, Observational, International Study to Assess Effectiveness of Conservative Treatments in Chronic Venous Disease.

Video Abstract.

The S-REAL study: Spanish real-world data on unresectable stage III NSCLC patients treated with durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: The S-REAL study aimed to assess the effectiveness of durvalumab as consolidation therapy after definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in a real-world cohort of patients with locally advanced, unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) included in a Spanish early access program (EAP). METHODS: In this multicentre, observational, retrospective study we analysed data from patients treated in 39 Spanish hospitals, who started intravenous durvalumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks) between September 2017 and December 2018. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included patient characterization and adverse events of special interest (AESI). RESULTS: A total of 244 patients were followed up for a median of 21.9 months [range 1.2-34.7]. Median duration of durvalumab was 45.5 weeks (11.4 months) [0-145]. Median PFS was 16.7 months (95% CI 12.2-25). No remarkable differences in PFS were observed between patients with programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression ≥ 1% or < 1% (16.7 versus 15.6 months, respectively). However, PFS was higher in patients who had received prior concurrent CRT (cCRT) versus sequential CRT (sCRT) (20.6 versus 9.4 months). AESIs leading to durvalumab discontinuation were registered in 11.1% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results are in line with prior published evidence and confirm the benefits of durvalumab in the treatment of LA-NSCLC patients in a real-world setting. We also observed a lower incidence of important treatment-associated toxicities, such as pneumonitis, compared with the pivotal phase III PACIFIC clinical study.

Barriers to access to palliative care services perceived by gastric cancer patients, their caregivers and physicians in Santander, Colombia / Barreiras ao acesso aos cuidados paliativos percebidos por pacientes com câncer gástrico, seus cuidadores e médicos em Santander, Colômbia

Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is a public health issue with high incidence and mortality in Colombia due to tardy diagnosis and barriers to access to curative treatment; this leaves palliative care (PC) as the only option. Our aim is to describe the access barriers to PC perceived by adults with GC, caregivers and physician in Santander, Colombia. A qualitative study was carried out with the analysis of the grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin), through semi-structured interviews, after sampling for convenience we found that the access barriers were: administrative, economic, cultural, knowledge, communication, institutional and geographical; strategies to overcome barriers: screening programs, governmental surveillance, and investment in health. In conclusion, access to PC requires remove barriers to timely and integral access and strengthen health and education policies to facilitate procedures and services that ensure the attention required by the adult with GC.

Resumo O câncer gástrico (CG) é um problema de saúde pública com alta incidência e mortalidade na Colômbia, devido ao seu diagnóstico tardio e às barreiras ao tratamento curativo, o que deixa os cuidados paliativos (CP) como única opção terapêutica. O objetivo é descrever as barreiras aos cuidados de CP percebidos pelo adulto com CG, cuidador e médico assistente em Santander, Colômbia. Um estudo qualitativo foi realizado com a análise da teoria fundamentada (Strauss e Corbin), por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, após amostragem por conveniência, constatou-se que as barreiras de acesso foram; administrativo, econômico, cultural, conhecimento, comunicação, institucional e geográfico; as estratégias para superá-los: programas de triagem, vigilância governamental e investimento em saúde. Em conclusão, o acesso à PC deve ser melhorado, eliminando barreiras ao acesso oportuno e abrangente e fortalecendo as políticas de saúde e educação, com a participação ativa do Estado e da comunidade para garantir a assistência à saúde.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento del dolor irruptivo oncológico: recomendaciones de consenso / Diagnosis and treatment of break-through cancer pain: Consensus recommendations

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El dolor irruptivo oncológico (DIO) es una exacerbación aguda del dolor que presenta diferentes criterios diagnósticos y de tratamiento por parte de los diferentes especialistas implicados en su manejo. Para facilitar la toma de decisiones en la práctica clínica habitual, ocho especialistas de referencia de 4 sociedades científicas implicadas en el manejo del paciente oncológico, han diseñado este documento de consenso. MÉTODOS: Tras una búsqueda bibliográfica en las publicaciones más relevantes sobre DIO, se establecieron las recomendaciones preliminares. El grupo de expertos realizó una reunión de trabajo siguiendo la metodología Metaplan(R), donde se debatieron las recomendaciones a incorporar al documento. Cada una de las afirmaciones y recomendaciones fueron clasificadas según su grado de recomendación, atendiendo a las categorías del sistema SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network). RESULTADOS: El manejo del DIO requiere de una anamnesis completa, tanto del DIO como del dolor basal, y una exploración física del paciente asociada a pruebas complementarias cuando sean precisas. Los fármacos de elección para el tratamiento del DIO deben ser aquellos que muestren una analgesia potente, con rápido inicio de acción, efectos secundarios mínimos y de fácil administración. El fentanilo administrado por vía transmucosa es actualmente el principio activo más adecuado a las necesidades analgésicas del dolor irruptivo, con independencia del opioide mayor utilizado para el control del dolor basal. CONCLUSIÓN: Este consenso puede ser una herramienta útil para la mejora de la calidad de vida del paciente con cáncer, ya que permite un mejor diagnóstico y tratamiento del DIO

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES: Breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) is an acute exacerbation of baseline pain. The clinicians involved in its management have different diagnostic and therapeutic criteria. In order to facilitate decision making in usual clinical practice, 8 reference experts from 4 scientific associations involved in the management of patients with cancer pain have developed this Consensus Document. METHODS: After an initial search on the most relevant publications in BTcP literature, a set of preliminary recommendations were established. A working meeting was subsequently held with the experts, following the Metaplan(R) methodology -a structured brainstorming technique- that produced a first version of the Consensus Document which, after several review rounds, was validated by all the participants. Every statement and recommendation was sorted according to its degree of recommendation, following the categories in the SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) system. OUTCOMES: The management of BTcP requires a full anamnesis, both of BTcP itself and of baseline pain, a physical examination and the supplementary tests that are deemed necessary. The drugs of choice for the treatment of BTcP must be those with a potent and rapid analgesic effect a short duration, minimal side effects and easy administration. Transmucosal fentanyl is currently the active ingredient most fitting to the analgesic needs of BTcP, regardless of the major opioid used for control of the baseline pain. CONCLUSION: This Consensus can be a very useful tool to improve the quality of life in cancer patients, because it guides the clinician towards a better diagnose and treatment of BTcP

Aceite de copaiba en el tratamiento de cervicitis en mujeres en edad fertil atendidas en el consultorio de salud reproductiva - Cayhuayna. Unheval enero 2004 - Marzo 2005 / Oil of copaiba in the cervicitis's treatment in women in fertilice age taken care of in the doctor's office of reproductive health cayhuayna Unheval january 2004 march 2005

El objetivo principal del estudio fue conocer la eficacia de aceite de Copaiba en el tratamiento de Cervicitis; cuya muestra es no probalística intencional constituida por 10 mujeres en edad fértil seis con cervicitis aguda y cuatro con cervicitis crónica. El diseño de investigación fue cuasiexperimental de series cronológicas de un sólo grupo, se aplicó el estímulo en cinco sesiones con intervalo de una semana; cuya eficacia fue del 80 por ciento. Se evidencia que la recuperación de pacientes con cervicitis es a partir de la segunda sesión de tratamiento en 40 por ciento (> 50 por ciento) en cervicitis aguda; al 100 por ciento (> 50 por ciento) en la tercera sesión, en ambos tipos de cervicitis; obteniendose una recuperación total de paciente en la quinta sesión en 80 por ciento (seis casos aguda y dos casos crónica) y el 20 por ciento (dos casos de crónica) quedaron en la recuperación de > 50 por ciento comprobándose la hipotesis y concluyendo que el tratamiento de la cervicitis con el aceite copaiba fue eficaz en un 80 por ciento de los casos estudiados. Siendo la recomendación principal para obtener un resultado más óptimo de recuperación de cervicitis, brindar tratamiento en la cervicitis crónica con aceite copaiba por mayor tiempo de cinco semanas y previa al frotis del papanicolau.

The main objetive of the studio was to know the effectiveness of copaiba oil in the cervicitis treatment; whose sample it is not probabilistic intentional constituted for 10 women in fertile age: six with sharp cervicitis and four with chronic cervicitis. The investigation design was cuasi experimental of chronological series of one alone group. It was applied the stimulated in five sessions of interval of one week; whose effectiveness was of the 80 per cent. It is evidenced that the recovery of patient with cervicitis in 40 per cent ( 50 per cent being proven the hypothesis and concluding that the treatment of the cervicitis with copaiba oil was effective in a 80 per cent of the studied cases. Being but good of cervicitis recovery, to ofter treatment i the chronicle cervicitis with copaiba oil for more time of fifth weeks and previos to the smear of the papanicolau.

Investigación del fenómeno de la violencia en Colombia. Tomo 2: Componente: Comunicaciones: I. "Estudio de comportamientos y actitudes". II. "Redes Comunitarias". III. "Comunicación para la convivencia" / Research on violence in Colombia. Vol.2: Communications: I. Knowledge and attitudes study. II. Community networks. III. Coexistence communication

Presenta datos sobre Cali que describe comportamientos relacionados al ejercicio de disciplina con los hijos utilizando métodos violentos los que consideran necesarios para disciplinar a los hijos. La proporción de personas que aprueban acciones extraoficiales de solución de conflictos como expulsar a ciertas personas de los barrios o eliminar pordioseros, prostituta o gamines oscila entre el 10/100 y el 30/100. Una tercera parte de los caleños cree que un vecindario debe componerse de personas de una misma clase social, un 8/100 cree que debe estar compuesto por personas con las mismas ideas políticas y un 12.4/100 cree que debe estar compuesto por gente de una misma religión. Existe un claro rechazo a las razas negra e india