Paramedics as Researchers: A Systematic Review of Paramedic Perspectives of Engaging in Research Activity From Training to Practice.

BACKGROUND: The need for a stronger evidence-base in paramedicine has precipitated a rapid development of prehospital research agendas. Paramedics are increasingly involved in research, leading to changes in their role. Yet, the integration of research responsibilities has proven to be challenging, resulting in varying attitudes and levels of engagement. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to explore paramedics' views and experiences of research as researchers during training and within practice. METHODS: A systematic search was performed across six databases. Qualitative empirical peer-reviewed articles that discussed paramedic perspectives on engaging with research activity were included. Of 10,594 articles identified initially, 11 were included in the final synthesis after quality appraisal. Data were extracted and subjected to narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The following four themes were identified: motivation to engage, moral dilemmas, structural issues within the profession, and reflections on trial involvement. Attitudes toward research, understanding of related concepts, and the drive for patient benefit were interwoven core issues. CONCLUSIONS: Research was highly valued when links to patient benefit were obvious, however, this review highlights some cultural resistance to research, particularly regarding informed consent and changes to standard practice. Paramedic research methods training should provide structured opportunities to explore concerns and emphasize the role of research in developing a high-quality evidence base to underpin safe practice. Currently, there is inadequate organizational support for paramedics to engage effectively in research activity, with minimal allocations of time, training, and remuneration. Without properly integrating research activity into the paramedic role, their capacity to engage with research activity is limited.

Designing Inclusive Qualitative Research with Carers of People Living with Dementia: Methodological Insights.

The support provided by carers of people living with dementia results in savings for the UK economy; however, providing this care has a significant impact on carers. Supports are needed to ensure that carers can continue to provide care, and carers should be involved in the generation of the evidence necessary to develop such support. However, this relies on their ability to meaningfully engage with research, yet current data collection methods create obstacles to engagement. In this paper, we aim to provide a critical examination of approaches to qualitative data collection with carers and produce recommendations for the design of inclusive research. First, different approaches to qualitative data collection are discussed and appraised. Following this, a case study of inclusive research is presented, illustrating how carers can be facilitated to engage in research. Finally, recommendations for inclusive research are offered, including the collection of data without the cared-for person present, building additional care into a study design, providing 'incidental funds,' offering sustenance and remuneration, and undertaking research in a neutral space. These recommendations are designed to facilitate the involvement of carers in research and promote the use of more varied or multifaceted methods to develop the current evidence base.

The Support Priorities of Older Carers of People Living with Dementia: A Nominal Group Technique Study.

The aim of this study was to understand the support priorities of older (65+ years old) carers of people living with dementia. Two nominal group technique focus groups were carried out with older carers of people living with dementia. Twelve carers participated across two focus groups. Participants individually identified support priorities, and through several steps, reached a consensus to produce a ranked list of support priorities. The results consisted of two lists (one list per group), which when combined made up 15 support priorities. These priorities are presented alongside their overall and mean ranking. The authors did not refine these priorities after the focus groups, however, as there was overlap between priorities across the two liststhe results benefited from being themed. These overarching themes consisted of prioritising the carers' holistic needs; having a sense of belonging; support needs to be accessible and timely; support to meet the wellbeing and personhood of the person living with dementia; and understanding and training for the wider community. These results have highlighted support priorities, developed by older carers, that services and organisations can use to better inform the support and services that older carers receive.

Carers' experiences of caring for a friend or family member with dementia during the Covid-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore carers' experiences of supporting a family member or friend with dementia through COVID-19 and experiences of hope and resilience during this time. METHODS: Qualitative longitudinal research was undertaken in the UK, with 13 unpaid carers of people living with dementia who took part in two semi-structured interviews 8 weeks apart between June and October 2020. All transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Four themes were developed and included: COVID-19 impacted negatively upon everyday living; carer resilience: adapting to COVID-19; analysis of risk: safeguarding the person living with dementia; and thinking about the future with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The results illustrated how the sudden changes which occurred during the pandemic negatively impacted on carers and people living with dementia in several ways, including additional responsibilities and taking away hope. The importance of continued formal and informal support for carers and people living with dementia during COVID-19 were highlighted. Formal services, care homes, and organisations need to be supported to implement procedures to ensure a safe environment during future lockdowns or periods of social restrictions. This will enable carers to remain visiting their family members and increase their confidence in accessing services and allowing paid carers to support their family member with dementia. These results have also illustrated the resilience of carers, who adapted to sudden changes which impacted negatively on their wellbeing and the wellbeing of the person living with dementia.

Sustaining relational subjectivity: The experience of women with dementia.

The experience of dementia can only be understood adequately if the influence of gender is fully recognised. Research accounts have, however, tended to portray dementia in gender-neutral terms. This qualitative research study aims to redress this imbalance by investigating the gendered experience of women with dementia. The research addressed women's negotiation of relationships with spousal partners, other family members, professionals, support groups and services. The study included 10 mixed-sex spousal couples in which the woman had been diagnosed with dementia. Women took part in semi-structured joint interviews alongside their partners. This research focuses on the responses provided by the women with dementia within these interviews. Four principal themes were identified within the data: upholding gendered subjectivities; the broader relational context; closer networks; and gendered care relationships. These themes elucidate the challenges women face in sustaining relational subjectivity via the spousal relationship and wider social associations while also dealing with the cognitive impacts of dementia. The article concludes by highlighting that a more nuanced social scientific perspective on dementia is required that acknowledges the complexity of gendered experience. This can assist policymakers and practitioners to tailor support to meet the requirements of women with dementia.

Dogs at school: a quantitative analysis of parental perceptions of canine-assisted activities in schools mediated by child anxiety score and use case.

Canine-assisted activities in schools can benefit students' educational, emotional, and social needs. Furthermore, they could be an effective form of non-clinical mental health treatment for children and adolescents. In the United Kingdom, school dogs are growing in popularity, however, little is known about how parents perceive canine-assisted activities as a treatment option. This is important as parental perceptions can influence engagement, whilst lack of awareness can become a barrier to treatment. This study uses a cross-sectional design to quantitatively explore the acceptability of canine-assisted activities amongst UK-based parents (n = 318) of children aged six to 16 (M = 10.12, SD = 3.22). An online survey used a treatment evaluation to determine acceptability across three use-cases. These included a child reading to dogs to improve literacy skills, a child interacting one-to-one to foster greater self-esteem and social skills, and a classroom dog to improve student behaviour and motivation. Additionally, the scale for generalised anxiety disorder was used to rank child anxiety as high or low, where high was a score equal to or above the UK clinical borderline threshold. The results found canine-assisted activities were less acceptable for the behavioural than the reading and social use-cases. Furthermore, parents of children with high anxiety had higher acceptability scores than parents of children with low anxiety for the reading and social use-cases but not for the behavioural use case. These findings suggest that UK parents' acceptability of canine-assisted activities in schools is mediated by child anxiety score. Furthermore, that parents may be less aware of the benefits of classroom dogs than other types of school-based canine-assisted activities.

Sharing is Caring: A Realist Evaluation of a Social Support Group for Individuals Who Have Been Bereaved by Suicide.

AIM: To understand the experiences and perceived impact on the wellbeing of individuals attending a suicide bereavement social support group. DESIGN: A qualitative study guided by a realist evaluation framework. METHODS: Data were collected from May-July 2020 using online semistructured individual interviews with participants (N = 6), from the North West of England recruited from a suicide bereavement support group's social media. Data were analysed using thematic analysis informed by the realist framework. RESULTS: Effective social support includes the prioritisation of building meaningful connections with like-minded individuals, providing a safe space for authentic self-expression aiding personal relationship maintenance. Contextual factors included: Societal and cultural stigma of suicide, self-stigma and gender norms. Mechanisms influencing support seeking include: Not wanting to burden loved ones due to judgement, and a lack of understanding. IMPACT: Policymakers can reduce demand on healthcare systems by developing tailored support groups to suit individual needs.

Understanding the distribution of A&E attendances and hospital admissions for the case managed population: A single case cross sectional study.

AIM: To describe the characteristics of case-managed patients presenting at accident and emergency (A & E) and to explore the distribution of their attendances and admissions. BACKGROUND: Recently, the UK Government announced extended-hours primary care provision in an effort to reduce the growing utilization of A & E. No evidence is available to understand the use of acute services by this high-risk patient group. METHOD: A cross-sectional design utilising routinely collected anonymsed A & E attendance and hospital admission data from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS: The case-managed population is typically 70years and older and most often arrive at A & E via emergency services and during the night (00:00-08:59). A large proportion are subsequently admitted having a statistically significant A & E conversion rate. No variables were predictive of admission. CONCLUSION: The high level of A&E conversion could indicate case-managed patients are presenting appropriately with acute clinical need. However, inadequate provision in primary-care could drive decisions for admitting vulnerable patients.