[Perioperative Ketoacidosis under SGLT2-Inhibitors]. / Perioperative Ketoazidose unter SGLT2-Hemmer.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2-inhibitors are relatively new substances for treating patients with diabetes mellitus. Not least because of their rare, but severe side effects - especially euglycemic ketoacidosis - anaesthesiologists and physicians in intensive care should know about the pharmacologic properties and risk profile of sodium-glucose cotransporter-inhibitors. The present case report demonstrates typical laboratory findings of severe euglycemic ketoacidosis in a patient with only unspecific symptoms under therapy with gliflozins in the perioperative period. It describes the diagnostic and therapeutic steps and emphasizes the importance of withholding the substances under catabolic conditions. Especially in the perioperative setting it is highly relevant to consider euglycemic ketoacidosis as a differential diagnosis in the presence of a metabolic acidotic state, because a delayed diagnosis and treatment could be life-threatening for the affected person.

Hands-On Times, Adherence to Recommendations and Variance in Execution among Three Different CPR Algorithms: A Prospective Randomized Single-Blind Simulator-Based Trial.

BACKGROUND: Alternative cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) algorithms, introduced to improve outcomes after cardiac arrest, have so far not been compared in randomized trials with established CPR guidelines. METHODS: 286 physician teams were confronted with simulated cardiac arrests and randomly allocated to one of three versions of a CPR algorithm: (1) current International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) guidelines ("ILCOR"), (2) the cardiocerebral resuscitation ("CCR") protocol (3 cycles of 200 uninterrupted chest compressions with no ventilation), or (3) a local interpretation of the current guidelines ("Arnsberg", immediate insertion of a supraglottic airway and cycles of 200 uninterrupted chest compressions). The primary endpoint was percentage of hands-on time. RESULTS: Median percentage of hands-on time was 88 (interquartile range (IQR) 6) in "ILCOR" teams, 90 (IQR 5) in "CCR" teams (p = 0.001 vs. "ILCOR"), and 89 (IQR 4) in "Arnsberg" teams (p = 0.032 vs. "ILCOR"; p = 0.10 vs. "CCR"). "ILCOR" teams delivered fewer chest compressions and deviated more from allocated targets than "CCR" and "Arnsberg" teams. "CCR" teams demonstrated the least within-team and between-team variance. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to current ILCOR guidelines, two alternative CPR algorithms advocating cycles of uninterrupted chest compressions resulted in very similar hands-on times, fewer deviations from targets, and less within-team and between-team variance in execution.

Evaluation of the methoxy-X04 derivative BSC4090 for diagnosis of prodromal and early Alzheimer's disease from bioptic olfactory mucosa.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology precedes the onset of clinical symptoms by several decades. Thus, biomarkers are required to identify prodromal disease stages to allow for the early and effective treatment. The methoxy-X04-derivative BSC4090 is a fluorescent ligand which was designed to target neurofibrillary tangles in AD. BSC4090 staining was previously detected in post-mortem brains and olfactory mucosa derived from AD patients. We tested BSC4090 as a potential diagnostic marker of prodromal and early AD using olfactory mucosa biopsies from 12 individuals with AD, 13 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 10 cognitively normal (CN) controls. Receiver-operating curve analysis revealed areas under the curve of 0.78 for AD versus CN and of 0.86 for MCI due to AD versus MCI of other causes. BSC4090 labeling correlated significantly with cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau protein phosphorylated at T181. Using NMR spectroscopy, we find that BSC4090 binds to fibrillar and pre-fibrillar but not to monomeric tau. Thus, BSC4090 may be an interesting candidate to detect AD at the early disease stages.

Awake tracheotomy in a patient with stridor and dyspnoea caused by a sizeable malignant thyroid tumor: a case report and short review of the literature.

Individual airway management is mandatory in patients with large goiters undergoing thyroid surgery. Preoperative endoscopic airway evaluation and imaging studies can support clinical decision making. Awake tracheotomy can be an effective and reasonable airway management strategy in such patients.

Ultrasound assessment of gastric emptying after breakfast in healthy preschool children.

BACKGROUND: In current guidelines, 6 hours of fasting is recommended for solids to limit the risk of pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia in children. Ultrasonography has recently been introduced to evaluate gastric volumes in children in the context of preanesthetic fasting. Therefore, in this study, we firstly evaluated the precision of ultrasound assessment of gastric volume in an experimental setting and secondly studied gastric emptying times after a normal breakfast in healthy preschool children using ultrasound. METHODS: In a preliminary experiment, a pear-shaped elastic balloon was filled and emptied in 50 mL steps from 0 to 500 mL with water. After each step, the balloon antral area was measured using ultrasonography. Thereafter, gastric emptying was examined in healthy preschool children after normal breakfast by sonographic measurements of the gastric antral area in right lateral decubitus position at two consecutive timepoints. Correlation coefficients (Pearson, 95% CI) between the balloon antral area and the balloon volume or gastric antral area and fasting time were calculated and gastric emptying time was extrapolated by linear regression. Data are presented as mean (range). RESULTS: In the balloon experiment, the balloon volume correlated significantly with the balloon antral area (63 measurements, r=.96, P<.0001, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.97). In the preschool child measurements, a total of 30 children (age 47 (36-66) months) were included. The gastric antral area correlated significantly with fasting time (r=-.69, P<.0001, 95% CI -0.8 to -0.51). The first gastric antral area after breakfast was significantly higher when compared to the second gastric antral area before lunch (10.4 ± 3.7 (1.7-17.8) vs 5.5 ± 2.6 (1.4-11.8) cm2 ; mean difference -5.04, 95% CI -6.3 to -3.8, P<.0001). The calculated mean gastric emptying time was 236 minutes. CONCLUSION: The results of the balloon experiment showed a high correlation between balloon antral area and balloon volume. In the preschool child measurements, gastric antral area correlated with fasting time, and the mean gastric emptying time was lower than 4 hours after breakfast. These results support a more liberal perioperative fasting regimen after a light meal or breakfast in routine pediatric anesthesia.

A comparison between the GlideScope® classic and GlideScope® direct video laryngoscopes and direct laryngoscopy for nasotracheal intubation.

DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. SETTING: University hospital operation room. PATIENTS: 104 patients scheduled for elective dental or maxillofacial surgery were randomized to two groups: GlideScope® classic (GSc) and GlideScope® direct (GSd). INTERVENTIONS: We compared the video laryngoscopes GSc and GSd with each other and with direct laryngoscopy (DL) for nasotracheal intubation with regard to visualization of the glottis, intubation success rate, and required time for and ease of intubation. The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of the video monitor alone reduced the difficulty of nasotracheal intubation, and also to investigate whether the GSc, with its blade designed for difficult airways, had an additional advantage over the video-assisted Macintosh blade (GSd). In both groups the investigators first performed laryngoscopy using the GSd blade, first with the monitor concealed and then with it visible. In the GSd group the tube was then inserted into the trachea with the video monitor screen visible. In the GSc group, the GSd blade was exchanged for the GSc blade, which was then used when inserting the tube with the screen visible. RESULTS: The success rates and the times required for the video-assisted nasotracheal intubation did not differ significantly between the groups. A better view was obtained more often in the GSc group. In both groups there was a significant difference between direct laryngoscopy and the video-assisted intubation technique. Overall, using the video monitor improved the C-L scores by one grade in 52% and by two grades in 11% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Video laryngoscopes increase the ease of nasotracheal intubation. The GSc blade might provide a better view of the laryngeal structures in case of a difficult airway than the GSd blade. Video laryngoscopy per se gives a better view of the glottis than direct laryngoscopy.

Use of the GlideScope®-Ranger for pre-hospital intubations by anaesthesia trained emergency physicians - an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Pre-hospital endotracheal intubation is more difficult than in the operating room (OR). Therefore, enhanced airway management devices such as video laryngoscopes may be helpful to improve the success rate of pre-hospital intubation. We describe the use of the Glidescope®-Ranger (GS-R) as an alternative airway tool used at the discretion of the emergency physician (EP) in charge. METHODS: During a 3.5 year period, the GS-R was available to be used either as the primary or backup tool for pre-hospital intubation by anaesthesia trained EP with limited expertise using angulated videolaryngoscopes. RESULTS: During this period 672 patients needed pre-hospital intubation of which the GS-R was used in 56 cases. The overall GS-R success rate was 66 % (range of 34-100 % among EP). The reasons for difficulties or failure included inexperience of the EP with the GS-R, impaired view due to secretion, vomitus, blood or the inability to see the screen in very bright environment due to sunlight. CONCLUSION: Special expertise and substantial training is needed to successfully accomplish tracheal intubation with the GS-R in the pre-hospital setting. Providers inexperienced with DL as well as video-assisted intubation should not expect to be able to perform tracheal intubation easily just because a videolaryngoscope is available. Additionally, indirect laryngoscopy might be difficult or even impossible to achieve in the pre-hospital setting due to impeding circumstances such as blood, secretions or bright sun-light. Therefore, videolaryngoscopes, here the GS-R, should not be considered as the "Holy Grail" of endotracheal intubation, neither for the experts nor for inexperienced providers.

Effect of CRM team leader training on team performance and leadership behavior in simulated cardiac arrest scenarios: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Effective team leadership in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is well recognized as a crucial factor influencing performance. Generally, leadership training focuses on task requirements for leading as well as non-leading team members. We provided crisis resource management (CRM) training only for designated team leaders of advanced life support (ALS) trained teams. This study assessed the impact of the CRM team leader training on CPR performance and team leader verbalization. METHODS: Forty-five teams of four members each were randomly assigned to one of two study groups: CRM team leader training (CRM-TL) and additional ALS-training (ALS add-on). After an initial lecture and three ALS skill training tutorials (basic life support, airway management and rhythm recognition/defibrillation) of 90-min each, one member of each team was randomly assigned to act as the team leader in the upcoming CPR simulation. Team leaders of the CRM-TL groups attended a 90-min CRM-TL training. All other participants received an additional 90-min ALS skill training. A simulated CPR scenario was videotaped and analyzed regarding no-flow time (NFT) percentage, adherence to the European Resuscitation Council 2010 ALS algorithm (ADH), and type and rate of team leader verbalizations (TLV). RESULTS: CRM-TL teams showed shorter, albeit statistically insignificant, NFT rates compared to ALS-Add teams (mean difference 1.34 (95% CI -2.5, 5.2), p = 0.48). ADH scores in the CRM-TL group were significantly higher (difference -6.4 (95% CI -10.3, -2.4), p = 0.002). Significantly higher TLV proportions were found for the CRM-TL group: direct orders (difference -1.82 (95% CI -2.4, -1.2), p < 0.001); undirected orders (difference -1.82 (95% CI -2.8, -0.9), p < 0.001); planning (difference -0.27 (95% CI -0.5, -0.05) p = 0.018) and task assignments (difference -0.09 (95% CI -0.2, -0.01), p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Training only the designated team leaders in CRM improves performance of the entire team, in particular guideline adherence and team leader behavior. Emphasis on training of team leader behavior appears to be beneficial in resuscitation and emergency medical course performance.

Expected difficult airway in children.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The expected difficult airway in children is a rare, but predictable entity, which can lead to life-threatening situations, when sufficient oxygenation and ventilation cannot be achieved. This review gives an overview on current techniques and recommendations on where, who, when, and how to treat children with expected difficult airway. RECENT FINDINGS: The equipment for a strategy on how to manage difficult airway seems to be less influential on outcomes compared with the expertise of the medical team. Nevertheless, fiberoptic intubation can be defined as the recent method of choice for the management of difficult airway in children as there is no clear evidence on supraglottic airways and indirect laryngoscope techniques. SUMMARY: The expected difficult airway in children is predictable by clinical signs and medical history in most of the cases and therefore anticipative. It should always be managed in specialized centers. In emergency situations, optimized face mask ventilation (aided by an oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal airway) or ventilation via supraglottic airway devices or a nasopharyngeal tube can be most helpful skills until definitive airway management is available. These emergency techniques should be taught regularly in all anesthesia departments where children present for elective and nonelective surgery.

A prospective, blinded evaluation of a video-assisted '4-stage approach' during undergraduate student practical skills training.

BACKGROUND: The 4-stage approach (4-SA) is used as a didactic method for teaching practical skills in international courses on resuscitation and the structured care of trauma patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate objective and subjective learning success of a video-assisted 4-SA in teaching undergraduate medical students. METHODS: The participants were medical students learning the principles of the acute treatment of trauma patients in their multidiscipline course on emergency and intensive care medicine. The participants were quasi- randomly divided into two groups. The 4-SA was used in both groups. In the control group, all four steps were presented by an instructor. In the study group, the first two steps were presented as a video. At the end of the course a 5-minute objective, structured clinical examination (OSCE) of a simulated trauma patient was conducted. The test results were divided into objective results obtained through a checklist with 9 dichotomous items and the assessment of the global performance rated subjectively by the examiner on a Likert scale from 1 to 6. RESULTS: 313 students were recruited; the results of 256 were suitable for analysis. The OSCE results were excellent in both groups and did not differ significantly (control group: median 9, interquantil range (IQR) 8-9, study group: median 9, IQR 8-9; p = 0.29). The global performance was rated significantly better for the study group (median 1, IQR 1-2 vs. median 2, IQR 1-3; p < 0.01). The relative knowledge increase, stated by the students in their evaluation after the course, was greater in the study group (85% vs. 80%). CONCLUSION: It is possible to employ video assistance in the classical 4-SA with comparable objective test results in an OSCE. The global performance was significantly improved with use of video assistance.

[Advanced indications of the laryngeal mask - Limitations of use]. / Erweiterte Indikationen der Larynxmaske - Wo liegen die Limitationen?

The use of extraglottic airway devices (EGA) is well accepted for airway management for certain classic indications such as general anaesthesia during limb surgery in the supine position. Furthermore, EGA have been deemed a useful tool during the management of an unrecognized difficult airway. On the other hand, the use of EGA has been controversially discussed for advanced indications such as during general anaesthesia during laparoscopic surgery and in coexisting morbid obesity. This article provides an evidence based review of the role of EGA during a variety of indications and is designed to assist with the decision making process of whether an EGA may or may not be appropriate for a particular indication. Moreover, recommendations are given for advanced indications.

Bag-mask ventilation and direct laryngoscopy versus intubating laryngeal mask airway: a manikin study of hands-on times during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

OBJECTIVES: The percentage of hands-on time during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a major determinant of patient outcome. We hypothesized that airway management with the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) would give greater hands-on time than with bag-mask ventilation (BMV), followed by direct laryngoscopy (DL), particularly in difficult-to-manage airways. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Thirty paramedics and 40 medical students performed four standardized, 6-min cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenarios with the SimMan3G in a random sequence. These were normal and difficult-to-manage airways using either BMV+DL or ILMA. RESULTS: The time to the first successful ventilation was significantly longer with the ILMA (P<0.001). Hands-on time was lower for the ILMA after 2 min (67±8 vs. 81±8 s for BMV+DL, P<0.001), but was then significantly greater from the third minute onward (115±11 vs. 104±9 s for BMV+DL, P<0.001). The success rate of the first intubation attempt was higher and the time to ET placement was shorter with the ILMA, especially in the difficult-to-manage airway (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In this manikin-based study, hands-on time was greater with the ILMA than with BMV+DL. The ILMA was particularly useful in increasing hands-on times in the difficult-to-manage airway.

High incidence of hamate hook fractures in underwater rugby players: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Hamate hook fractures are rare injuries but appear to occur frequently in underwater rugby, the reason for which was investigated in this study. High-level underwater rugby players with hook fractures diagnosed during a five-year interval (2005-2010) were studied retrospectively. Medical data on these patients were reviewed for information on the mechanism of injury, type of fracture, radiological imaging, treatment, and outcome. In ten patients, hook fractures of the leading hand were confirmed by computed tomography, all of which were associated with specific injuries during underwater rugby games. Conservative treatment resulted in delayed healing or non-union, wherefore fragment excision and open reduction and internal fixation was performed in ten and five patients, respectively, while two patients declined surgery. After surgery, all patients were able to play underwater rugby again. In underwater rugby, hook fractures occur frequently due to high and repeated forces applied to the leading hand during games.

Effects of team coordination during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate to what extent the literature on team coordination during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) empirically confirms its positive effect on clinically relevant medical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CENTRAL databases was performed for articles published in the last 30 years. RESULTS: A total of 63 articles were included in the review. Planning, leadership, and communication as the three main interlinked coordination mechanisms were found to have effect on several CPR performance markers. A psychological theory-based integrative model was expanded upon to explain linkages between the three coordination mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Planning is an essential element of leadership behavior and is primarily accomplished by a designated team leader. Communication affects medical performance, serving as the vehicle for the transmission of information and directions between team members. Our findings also suggest teams providing CPR must continuously verbalize their coordination plan in order to effectively structure allocation of subtasks and optimize success.

Videolaryngoscopy: should it replace direct laryngoscopy? a pro-con debate.

Although it is universally recognized that the advent of videolaryngoscopy has revolutionized airway management, there is considerable disagreement over the future role of direct laryngoscopy and whether direct laryngoscopy should be relegated to a legacy technique. Arguments against the continued relevance of traditional intubation methods include increased success and decreased complications when videolaryngoscopy is utilized, as well as the fact that videolaryngoscopy enhances the performance of nonanesthesia providers. However, proponents of direct laryngoscopy cite technical issues, as well as instances in which intubation by videolaryngoscopy fails despite successful visualization. This argument serves as the rationale for the continued use of direct laryngoscopy, particularly for airway management experts.

Randomized comparison of the i-gel™, the LMA Supreme™, and the Laryngeal Tube Suction-D using clinical and fibreoptic assessments in elective patients.

BACKGROUND: The i-gel™, LMA-Supreme (LMA-S) and Laryngeal Tube Suction-D (LTS-D) are single-use supraglottic airway devices with an inbuilt drainage channel. We compared them with regard to their position in situ as well as to clinical performance data during elective surgery. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, comparative study of three groups of 40 elective surgical patients each. Speed of insertion and success rates, leak pressures (LP) at different cuff pressures, dynamic airway compliance, and signs of postoperative airway morbidity were recorded. Fibreoptic evaluation was used to determine the devices' position in situ. RESULTS: Leak pressures were similar (i-gel™ 25.9, LMA-S 27.1, LTS-D 24.0 cmH2O; the latter two at 60 cmH2O cuff pressure) as were insertion times (i-gel™ 10, LMA-S 11, LTS-D 14 sec). LP of the LMA-S was higher than that of the LTS-D at lower cuff pressures (p <0.05). Insertion success rates differed significantly: i-gel™ 95%, LMA-S 95%, LTS-D 70% (p <0.05). The fibreoptically assessed position was more frequently suboptimal with the LTS-D but this was not associated with impaired ventilation. Dynamic airway compliance was highest with the i-gel™ and lowest with the LTS-D (p <0.05). Airway morbidity was more pronounced with the LTS-D (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: All devices were suitable for ventilating the patients' lungs during elective surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00000760.

Incidence of difficult intubation in intensive care patients: analysis of contributing factors.

Difficulties in endotracheal intubation increase morbidity and mortality in intensive care patients. We studied the problem in surgical intensive care patients with the aim of risk reduction. Patients intubated in the intensive care unit were evaluated. The intubations were performed or supervised by anaesthetists following the algorithm valid at the time of the study. Fifty percent of the 198 intubations were performed by specialist anaesthetists, 41.5% by anaesthesia trainees and 8.5% by surgical trainees. The initial attempt was by direct laryngoscopy (n=173), flexible fibrescope (n=8) or blind nasal technique (n=17). When direct laryngoscopy failed (n=7), intubation was accomplished with an intubating laryngeal mask airway (n=5), Frova stylet (n=1) or fibrescope (n=1). Thirty percent were rated as easy, 47% as moderately easy and 23% as difficult. Difficult intubations were associated with a higher incidence of anatomic anomalies, difficult bag-mask ventilation and severe oxygen desaturation. Every intubation in the ICU setting should be considered potentially difficult. The existing algorithm should be modified to incorporate the American Society of Anesthesiologists difficult airway algorithm adapted to the needs of the intensive care unit. A training program for alternative methods of airway management for difficult intubations should be established.

[Strategic planning: an important economic action for German hospitals]. / Strategische Planung - Eine wichtige ökonomische Handlungsweise für deutsche Krankenhäuser.

In medical systems, economic issues and means of action are in the course of dwindling human (physicians and nurses) and financial resources are more important. For this reason, physicians must understand basic economic principles. Only in this way, there may be medical autonomy from social systems and hospital administrators. The current work is an approach to present a model for strategic planning of an anesthesia department. For this, a "strengths", "weaknesses", "opportunities", and "threats" (SWOT) analysis is used. This display is an example of an exemplary anaesthetic department.

Impact of physical fitness and biometric data on the quality of external chest compression: a randomised, crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: During circulatory arrest, effective external chest compression (ECC) is a key element for patient survival. In 2005, international emergency medical organisations changed their recommended compression-ventilation ratio (CVR) from 15:2 to 30:2 to acknowledge the vital importance of ECC. We hypothesised that physical fitness, biometric data and gender can influence the quality of ECC. Furthermore, we aimed to determine objective parameters of physical fitness that can reliably predict the quality of ECC. METHODS: The physical fitness of 30 male and 10 female healthcare professionals was assessed by cycling and rowing ergometry (focussing on lower and upper body, respectively). During ergometry, continuous breath-by-breath ergospirometric measurements and heart rate (HR) were recorded. All participants performed two nine-minute sequences of ECC on a manikin using CVRs of 30:2 and 15:2. We measured the compression and decompression depths, compression rates and assessed the participants' perception of exhaustion and comfort. The median body mass index (BMI; male 25.4 kg/m2 and female 20.4 kg/m2) was used as the threshold for subgroup analyses of participants with higher and lower BMI. RESULTS: HR during rowing ergometry at 75 watts (HR75) correlated best with the quality of ECC (r = -0.57, p < 0.05). Participants with a higher BMI and better physical fitness performed better and showed less fatigue during ECC. These results are valid for the entire cohort, as well as for the gender-based subgroups. The compressions of female participants were too shallow and more rapid (mean compression depth was 32 mm and rate was 117/min with a CVR of 30:2). For participants with a lower BMI and higher HR75, the compression depth decreased over time, beginning after four minutes for the 15:2 CVR and after three minutes for the 30:2 CVR. Although found to be more exhausting, a CVR of 30:2 was rated as being more comfortable. CONCLUSION: The quality of the ECC and fatigue can both be predicted by BMI and physical fitness. An evaluation focussing on the upper body may be a more valid predictor of ECC quality than cycling based tests. Our data strongly support the recommendation to relieve ECC providers after two minutes.

Positive impact of crisis resource management training on no-flow time and team member verbalisations during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of video-based interactive crisis resource management (CRM) training on no-flow time (NFT) and on proportions of team member verbalisations (TMV) during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Further, to investigate the link between team leader verbalisation accuracy and NFT. METHODS: The randomised controlled study was embedded in the obligatory advanced life support (ALS) course for final-year medical students. Students (176; 25.35±1.03 years, 63% female) were alphabetically assigned to 44 four-person teams that were then randomly (computer-generated) assigned to either CRM intervention (n=26), receiving interactive video-based CRM-training, or to control intervention (n=18), receiving an additional ALS-training. Primary outcomes were NFT and proportions of TMV, which were subdivided into eight categories: four team leader verbalisations (TLV) with different accuracy levels and four follower verbalisation categories (FV). Measurements were made of all groups administering simulated adult CPR. RESULTS: NFT rates were significantly lower in the CRM-training group (31.4±6.1% vs. 36.3±6.6%, p=0.014). Proportions of all TLV categories were higher in the CRM-training group (p<0.001). Differences in FV were only found for one category (unsolicited information) (p=0.012). The highest correlation with NFT was found for high accuracy TLV (direct orders) (p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of CRM training in undergraduate medical education reduces NFT in simulated CPR and improves TLV proportions during simulated CPR. Further research will test how these results translate into clinical performance and patient outcome.