Effect of Oral Contraceptive Use in Relation to Fertile Years on the Risk of Endometriosis in Women with Primary Infertility: A Ten-Year Single-Centre Retrospective Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Oral contraceptives (OCs) are usually used to treat endometriosis; however, the evidence is inconsistent about whether OC use in the past, when given to asymptomatic women, is protective against the development of future disease. We aimed to assess the relationship between the use of OCs and the likelihood of discovering endometriosis, considering the length of time under OCs during their fertile age. Materials and Methods: This was a monocentric retrospective cohort study in a tertiary-care University Hospital (Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia) carried out from January 2012 to December 2022. Reproductive-aged women scheduled for laparoscopic surgery for primary infertility and subsequent histopathological diagnosis of endometriosis were compared to women without an endometriosis diagnosis. They were classified based on the ratio of years of OC use to fertile years in four subgroups: never, <25%, between 25 and 50%, and >50. Results: In total, 1923 women (390 with and 1533 without endometriosis) were included. Previous OC use was higher in those with endometriosis than controls (72.31% vs. 58.64%; p = 0.001). Overall, previous OC usage was not related to histopathological diagnosis of endometriosis (aOR 1.06 [95% CI 0.87-1.29]). Women who used OCs for less than 25% of their fertile age had reduced risk of rASRM stage III endometriosis (aOR 0.50 [95% CI 0.26-0.95]; p = 0.036) or superficial implants (aOR 0.88 [95% CI 0.58-0.95]; p = 0.040). No significant results were retrieved for other rASRM stages. Using OCs for <25%, between 25 and 50%, or >50% of fertile age did not increase the risk of developing superficial endometriosis, endometriomas, or DIE. Conclusions: When OCs are used at least once, histological diagnoses of endometriosis are not increased. A protective effect of OCs when used for less than 25% of fertile age on superficial implants may be present. Prospective research is needed to corroborate the findings due to constraints related to the study's limitations.

Coexistence of Endometriosis and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Infertile Women: Impact on in vitro Fertilization and Reproductive Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and impact of impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels on the reproductive outcomes of in vitro fertilization patients diagnosed with endometriosis and compared to controls without endometriosis. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study on prospectively collected data. SETTING: The study was conducted at tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were infertile women with histopathological diagnosis of endometriosis. METHODS: For 12 months (January 2018 to January 2019), women were deemed suitable and subsequently divided according to serum TSH levels above or below 2.5 mIU/L and compared to patients without endometriosis. Needed sample size was at least 41 patients for each cohort of women. Co-primary outcomes were the live birth rate (LBR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), and pregnancy loss rate (PLR). RESULTS: Overall, 226 women (45 with endometriosis and 181 controls without endometriosis) were included. Diagnoses of Hashimoto thyroiditis were significantly more frequent in women with rather than without endometriosis (14/45 [31.1%] vs. 27/181 [14.9%]; p = 0.012). Similarly, in women with endometriosis, Hashimoto diagnosis rates were higher with TSH ≥2.5 mIU/L compared to TSH <2.5 mIU/L (9/15 [60%] vs.5/30 [16.6%]; p = 0.001) so were the Hashimoto diagnosis rates in control group (women without endometriosis) with TSH ≥2.5 mIU/L compared to TSH <2.5 mIU/L (17/48 [35.4%] vs. 10/133 [7.5%], respectively; p = 0.001). Effect size analysis confirmed an increased risk of Hashimoto thyroiditis in women with endometriosis and TSH ≥2.5 mIU/L compared to women with endometriosis and TSH <2.5 mIU/L (risk ratio [RR] 3.60 [95% CI 1.46-8.86]) and in women with endometriosis and TSH ≥2.5 mIU/L compared to non-endometriotic euthyroid patients (RR 7.98 [95% CI 3.86-16.48]). Dysmenorrhea risk was higher in endometriotic euthyroid women compared to euthyroid patients with no endometriosis (RR 1.87 [95% CI 1.21-2.87]). The risk was still increased in euthyroid women with endometriosis relative to dysthyroid women with no endometriosis (RR 1.97 [95% CI 1.11-3.50]). There were no significant differences between the four groups for CPR, LBR, PLR and retrieved oocytes, immature oocytes, degenerated and unfertilized oocytes, cultured blastocysts, embryos and transferred embryos. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of the study were retrospective design, limited sample size, and use of different ovarian stimulation protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid autoimmunity seems more common in women with endometriosis and TSH over 2.5 mIU/L. However, there was no significant impact on in vitro fertilization and reproductive outcomes related to the coexistence of endometriosis, Hashimoto disease, and higher TSH levels. Due to limitations of the study, additional evidence is required to validate the abovementioned findings.

Risk of Reintervention or Postoperative Bleeding after Laparoscopy for Benign Gynecological Disease: A Clinical Prediction Model.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to develop a clinically applicable prediction tool to early seek for postoperative major complications after laparoscopic surgery for benign pathologies. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. SETTING: The study was conducted at Tertiary Care University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The participants of this study were reproductive-aged women undergoing laparoscopy for benign conditions. METHODS: Anamnestic, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with postoperative complications (reintervention or postoperative bleeding) were matched in a 1:2 ratio with women with same surgical indications without complications. Cases and controls were matched for preoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, weight, height, body mass index, age, and blood volume. A prediction model was created by inserting multiple independent modifying factors through logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the model, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test was carried out to evaluate the goodness-of-fit, and a calibration curve was drawn to confirm the predictive performance. A nomogram was depicted to visualize the prediction model. RESULTS: Thirty-nine complicated procedures were matched with 78 uncomplicated controls. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis findings, the prediction model was developed using C-reactive protein (CRP), intraoperative blood loss, and 24 h postoperative urinary volume, therefore a nomogram was generated. The area under the ROC curve of the prediction model was 0.879, depicting good accuracy, the sensitivity was 60.00%, while specificity reached 93.59%. The H-L test (χ2 = 4.45, p = 0.931) and the calibration curve indicated a good goodness-of-fit and prediction stability. LIMITATIONS: The retrospective design, moderate sensitivity, and study population limit the generalization of the findings, requiring additional research. CONCLUSIONS: This prediction model based on CRP, intraoperative blood loss, and 24 h postoperative urinary volume might be a potentially useful tool for predicting reintervention and postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing planned gynecological laparoscopy.

The Endometrial Transcriptome of Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways During the Window of Implantation Is Deranged in Infertile Obese Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women.

Introduction and Aim: Obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have a reduced rate of spontaneous conception even when their cycles are ovulatory. Endometrial receptivity is an important factor for poor implantation and increased miscarriage rates. Mechanisms in which both pathologies modify the endometrium are not fully clarified. The aim of our study was to compare the endometrial transcriptomic profiles between infertile obese PCOS (O-PCOS) women and infertile normal weight subjects during the window of implantation in ovulatory menstrual cycles. Methods: We conducted a prospective transcriptomic analysis of the endometrium using RNA sequencing. In this way, potential endometrial mechanisms leading to the poor reproductive outcome in O-PCOS patients could be characterized. Endometrial samples during days 21-23 of the menstrual cycle were collected from infertile O-PCOS women (n = 11) and normal weight controls (n = 10). Subgroups were defined according to the ovulatory/anovulatory status in the natural cycles, and O-PCOS women were grouped into the O-PCOS ovulatory (O-PCOS-ovul) subgroup. RNA isolation, sequencing with library reparation, and subsequent RNAseq data analysis were performed. Results: Infertile O-PCOS patients had 610 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), after adjustment for multiple comparisons with normal weight infertile controls, related to obesity (MXRA5 and ECM1), PCOS (ADAMTS19 and SLC18A2), and metabolism (VNN1 and PC). In the ovulatory subgroup, no DEGs were found, but significant differences in canonical pathways and the upstream regulator were revealed. According to functional and upstream analyses of ovulatory subgroup comparisons, the most important biological processes were related to inflammation (TNFR1 signaling), insulin signaling (insulin receptor signaling and PI3/AKT), fatty acid metabolism (stearate biosynthesis I and palmitate biosynthesis I), and lipotoxicity (unfolded protein response pathway). Conclusions: We demonstrated that endometrial transcription in ovulatory O-PCOS patients is deranged in comparison with the control ovulatory endometrium. The most important pathways of differentiation include metabolism and inflammation. These processes could also represent potential mechanisms for poor embryo implantation, which prevent the development of a successful pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03353948.

Transcriptome study of receptive endometrium in overweight and obese women shows important expression differences in immune response and inflammatory pathways in women who do not conceive.

Obesity and being overweight are growing worldwide health problems that also affect women of reproductive age. They impair women's fertility and are associated with lower IVF success rates. The mechanism by which increased body weight disrupts fertility has not yet been established. One possibility is that it affects the process of embryo implantation on the endometrial level. The purpose of our study was to determine the differences in enriched biological pathways in the endometrium of overweight and obese women undergoing IVF procedures. For this purpose, 14 patients (5 pregnant, 9 non-pregnant) were included in the study. Endometrial samples were obtained during the window of implantation and RNA sequencing was performed. There were no differences in general patient's and IVF cycle characteristics between pregnant and non-pregnant women. In the endometrial samples of women who did not conceive, pathways related to the immune response, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species production were over-expressed. Our findings show that the reason for implantation failure in overweight and obese women could lie in the excessive immune and inflammatory response at the endometrial level.

Liraglutide increases IVF pregnancy rates in obese PCOS women with poor response to first-line reproductive treatments: a pilot randomized study.

OBJECTIVE: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been investigated in regulation of reproductive system in animal models. The potential impact of short-term preconception intervention with liraglutide on fertility potential in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has not been evaluated yet. DESIGN: A prospective randomized open-label study was conducted in 28 infertile obese PCOS patients (age: 31.07 ± 4.75, BMI: 36.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2, mean ± s.d.). They were assigned to metformin (MET) 1000 mg BID or to MET 1000 mg BID combined with low-dose liraglutide 1.2 mg QD s.c. (COMBI) for 12 weeks. Ovarian stimulation protocol was started after a 4-week medication-free period. METHODS: The in vitro fertilization pregnancy rate (PR) was defined as the number of clinical pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound visualization of the fetal cardiac activity, divided by the total number of cycles performed or embryo transfers (ET). The spontaneous PR was followed for 12 months. RESULTS: Patients in the MET group on average lost 7.0 ± 6.0 kg (P = 0.001) compared with 7.5 ± 3.9 kg in the COMBI group (P < 0.001) with no significant between-treatment difference (P = 0.246). The PR per ET was significantly higher in the COMBI (85.7%) compared with the MET (28.6%) group (P = 0.03). The cumulative PR in the time frame of 12 months was 69.2% in the COMBI group compared to 35.7% in the MET group. CONCLUSIONS: Preconception intervention with low-dose liraglutide added to metformin is superior to metformin alone in increasing PRs per ET and cumulative PRs in infertile obese women with PCOS, despite comparable weight reduction in both groups. A potential impact of liraglutide on the reproductive system needs further exploration, in particular the GLP-1 impact on endometrial quality and receptivity.

Should we consider integrated approach for endometriosis-associated infertility as gold standard management? Rationale and results from a large cohort analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate reproductive and maternal-fetal outcomes after integrated approach for endometriosis-associated infertility (EAI). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed reproductive and maternal-fetal outcomes of 277 women affected by EAI, subdividing patients in two groups: in the first one (surgery group), we included all women who underwent laparoscopic surgery for EAI; in the second one (integrated group), we included women who failed to conceive spontaneously after surgery within 6-12 months and underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF). We evaluated delivery rate (DR), maternal and neonatal outcomes of the first pregnancies, and, finally, the type (spontaneous or IVF) of subsequent pregnancies. RESULTS: We did not find significant difference regarding DR between surgery and integrated groups. We found significantly lower birth weight (p < 0.001) and gestational age at delivery (p < 0.001) in integrated group respect to surgery group; conversely, we found higher rate of preterm birth (p < 0.001), small for gestational age (p = 0.003), and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (p < 0.001) respect to surgery group. Finally, 92 women became pregnant for the second time: 8% were spontaneous and 20% were IVF pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the integrated approach as gold standard treatment for carefully selected patients (young, good ovarian reserve, partner with normal semen parameters) affected by EAI. As consequence, IVF should be reserved as the secondary treatment for women who fail to conceive spontaneously after surgery within 6-12 months, since it is able to increase DR significantly.

Spontaneous pregnancy rates after reproductive surgery.

With the development of IVF procedures, the role of reproductive surgery in the management of infertile couples has been questioned. Pregnancy rates (PR) after IVF procedures are well known, but recent data on spontaneous PR after reproductive surgery are scarce. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate how often fertility is restored by reproductive surgery and to identify which independent factors influence spontaneous pregnancy after reproductive surgery. Eight hundred eighty-eight infertile women who underwent surgery for infertility were prospectively included. Women who were referred to IVF after surgery, ceased to plan pregnancy and were lost to follow-up were excluded. Spontaneous PR was analysed for 519 women. A total of 252 (48.6%) women, including 30 treated with clomiphene citrate, conceived spontaneously in the 12-18 months observation period following surgery. Multivariate logistic regression showed that woman's age (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-0.99) and duration of infertility (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-0.99) significantly influence spontaneous PR. Each year of infertility lowers spontaneous PR following surgery by 14% and each year of woman's age by 5%. The study shows a relatively high percentage of women conceived spontaneously after reproductive surgery. The role of reproductive surgery in the management of infertility should be re-evaluated.

Ureteral Injury with Delayed Massive Hematuria after Transvaginal Ultrasound-Guided Oocyte Retrieval.

We report a case of ureteral injury with delayed hematuria after transvaginal oocyte retrieval. A 28-year-old infertile patient with a history of previous laparoscopic resection of endometriotic nodes of both sacrouterine ligaments presented with abdominal pain one day after oocyte retrieval. Four days after oocyte retrieval, she presented with massive hematuria that reappeared 6 days after oocyte retrieval. Monopolar coagulation with wire electrode and insertion of a double-J-stent was performed during operative cystoscopy. The patient recovered completely after transfusion and had no signs of renal impairment after ureteric stent removal. This is the first report of ureteral injury after oocyte retrieval presenting itself with delayed massive hematuria and no signs of renal dysfunction or urinary leakage into retroperitoneal space.

Short term monotherapy with GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide or PDE 4 inhibitor roflumilast is superior to metformin in weight loss in obese PCOS women: a pilot randomized study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether liraglutide or roflumilast significantly affects body weight when compared to metformin in obese women with PCOS. DESIGN/MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A 12-week prospective randomized open-label study was conducted with 45 obese women with PCOS diagnosed by the ASRM-ESHRE Rotterdam criteria. They were randomized to metformin (MET) 1000 mg BID or liraglutide (LIRA) 1.2 mg QD s.c. or roflumilast (ROF) 500 mcg QD. The primary outcome was change in measures of obesity. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (aged 30.7 ± 7.9 years, BMI 38.6 ± 6.0 kg/m2, mean ± SD) completed the study. Subjects treated with LIRA lost on average 3.1 ± 3.5 kg (p = 0.006), on ROF 2.1 ± 2.0 kg (p = 0.002) vs. 0.2 ± 1.83 kg in MET group. BMI decreased for 1.1 ± 1.26 kg/m2 in LIRA (p = 0.006), for 0.8 ± 0.99 kg/m2 in ROF (p = 0.001) vs. 0.1 ± 0.67 kg/m2 in MET. LIRA was superior to MET in reducing weight (p = 0.022), BMI (p = 0.020), waist circumference (p = 0.007). LIRA also resulted in decrease in VAT area (p = 0.015) and more favorable dynamics in glucose homeostasis during OGTT. ROF resulted in reduction of waist circumference (p = 0.023). In addition, ROF led to testosterone reduction (p = 0.05) and increase in menstrual frequencies (p = 0.009) when compared to baseline. CONCLUSION: Short-term monotherapy with liraglutide or roflumilast was associated with significant weight loss in obese PCOS. Liraglutide was superior to metformin, whereas roflumilast resulted in greater, yet not statistically significant, mean weight loss when compared to metformin. Reduction of body weight with liraglutide resulted in improvement of body composition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02187250 .

Laparoscopic rectal resection of deep infiltrating endometriosis.

PURPOSE: Deep infiltrating endometriosis with colorectal involvement is a complex disorder, often requiring segmental bowel resection. Complete removal of all visible lesions is considered the adequate treatment of infiltrating endometriosis in order to reduce recurrence. In this article, we describe our experience with laparoscopic management of deep infiltrating endometriosis with involvement of the rectum. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data from patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis with rectal involvement who underwent a laparoscopic surgery in the years 2002-2009 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at our institution was done. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2009, a laparoscopic partial rectal resection was performed in 52 patients, and laparoscopic disk resection was performed in 4 cases with deep infiltrating endometriosis. The mean age of patients was 34.4 years (range, 22-62 years). Preoperative symptoms included dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. The laparoscopic procedure was converted to formal laparotomy in 3 patients (5.4%). The mean duration of surgery was 145 minutes. Postoperative complications included 3 cases of anastomotic leakage with rectovaginal fistula in two cases and intraabdominal bleeding in 1 case. The mean hospital stay was 7 days. Postoperatively, nine patients had a normal delivery, two of them after in vitro fertilization treatment. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic rectal resection for deep infiltrating endometriosis is a relatively safe procedure, when performed by a surgeon and a gynecologist with sufficient experience in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.