BACKGROUND: Adherence to clinical practice guidelines improves outcomes for patients with breast cancer. However, their implementation may not be feasible in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate physicians' adherence, attitudes, and barriers towards the Colima Consensus, which is the Mexican national breast cancer clinical practice guideline. METHODS: A cross-sectional, 31-item survey was e-mailed to Consensus attendees and members of the Mexican Society of Oncology and Mexican Mastology Association. Descriptive statistics, univariate, and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the associations between participants' characteristics, adherence, attitudes, and barriers. RESULTS: Of 439 respondents, 78% percent adhered to Consensus recommendations and 94% believed it was applicable to their clinical practice. Forty percent reported using the Consensus as their sole breast cancer guideline. This was associated with being a surgical oncologist (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.0-5.3) and practicing at a public hospital (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7). The most common barriers to adherence were lack of resources and logistical problems. Regarding attitudes towards the Consensus, 90% considered it a good educational tool, 89% considered it a reliable source of information, and 90% thought it improved quality of care. CONCLUSIONS: We showed high levels of adherence and positive attitudes towards the Colima Consensus, with a significant proportion of physicians using it as their only guideline. Lack of resources and logistical issues were the main barriers to adherence. Our results highlight the relevance of local breast cancer guidelines and suggest a need for the creation of resource-stratified guidelines.
Breast Neoplasms , Physicians , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico , Attitude of Health Personnel , Guideline Adherence , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Surveys and Questionnaires
Background: The economic cost of breast cancer (BC) treatment and the increase in incidence and prevalence challenges the financial stability of any healthcare system. Objective: To determine direct medical costs (DMC) of BC treatment and factors associated with DMC. Material and methods: Partial economic evaluation in a retrospective cohort of 160 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BC. DMC was considered from the IMSS perspective. Bootstrapping analysis was used to deal with uncertainty and generalized linear model to identify factors associated with DCM. Results: The total average annual cost of BC treatment was $251,018 mexican pesos. In clinical stage I was $116,123, stage II $242,132, stage III $287,946, and stage IV $358,792 pesos. In progression disease, DMC were more elevate ($380,117) vs. without progression ($172,897), (p < 0.0001). In patients who died, DMC were $357,579 mexican pesos compared to those who survived ($218,699) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The average annual cost of CM treatment was $251,018 pesos. DMCs increase significantly as patients present more advanced stages of the disease. Factors associated with costs were age, stages II, III and the progression of BC.
Introducción: el costo económico del tratamiento de cáncer de mama (CM) y el aumento en su incidencia y prevalencia desafía la estabilidad financiera de cualquier sistema de salud. Objetivo: determinar los costos médicos directos (CMD) del tratamiento de CM y los factores asociados a estos costos. Material y métodos: evaluación económica parcial en una cohorte retrospectiva de 160 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de CM. Se consideraron CMD desde la perspectiva del IMSS. Se utilizó análisis de bootstrapping para tratar incertidumbre y el modelo lineal generalizado para identificar factores asociados a costos. Resultados: el costo promedio anual (CPA) del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. En estadio 1, $ 116,123; estadio II, $ 242,132; estadio III, $ 287,946, y estadio IV, $ 358,792 pesos. El CPA fue mayor en progresión del CM ($ 380,117 frente a no progresión $ 172,897), y en pacientes que fallecieron durante el seguimiento ($ 357,579) frente a aquellas que sobrevivieron ($ 218,699). Conclusiones: el CPA del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. Los CMD aumentan significativamente conforme las pacientes presentan estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad. Los factores asociados al CMD fueron edad, estadios II, III y la progresión del CM.
Breast Neoplasms , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Cohort Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Female , Health Care Costs , Humans , Retrospective Studies
Introducción: el costo económico del tratamiento de cáncer de mama (CM) y el aumento en su incidencia y prevalencia desafía la estabilidad financiera de cualquier sistema de salud. Objetivo: determinar los costos médicos directos (CMD) del tratamiento de CM y los factores asociados a estos costos. Material y métodos: evaluación económica parcial en una cohorte retrospectiva de 160 pacientes con diagnóstico conf irmado de CM. Se consideraron CMD desde la perspectiva del IMSS. Se utilizó análisis de bootstrapping para tratar incertidumbre y el modelo lineal generalizado para identificar factores asociados a costos. Resultados: el costo promedio anual (CPA) del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. En estadio 1, $ 116,123; estadio II, $ 242,132; estadio III, $ 287,946, y estadio IV, $ 358,792 pesos. El CPA fue mayor en progresión del CM ($ 380,117 frente a no progresión $ 172,897), y en pacientes que fallecieron durante el seguimiento ($ 357,579) frente a aquellas que sobrevivieron ($ 218,699). Conclusiones: el CPA del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. Los CMD aumentan significativamente conforme las pacientes presentan estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad. Los factores asociados al CMD fueron edad, estadios II, III y la progresión del CM.
Background: The economic cost of breast cancer (BC) treatment and the increase in incidence and prevalence challenges the financial stability of any healthcare system. Objective: To determine direct medical costs (DMC) of BC treatment and factors associated with DMC. Material and methods: Partial economic evaluation in a retrospective cohort of 160 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BC. DMC was considered from the IMSS perspective. Bootstrapping analysis was used to deal with uncertainty and generalized linear model to identify factors associated with DCM Results: The total average annual cost of BC treatment was $251,018 mexican pesos. In clinical stage I was $116,123, stage II $242,132, stage III $287,946, and stage IV $358,792 pesos. In progression disease, DMC were more elevate ($380,117) vs. without progression ($172,897), (p < 0.0001). In patients who died, DMC were $357,579 mexican pesos compared to those who survived ($218,699) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The average annual cost of CM treatment was $251,018 pesos. DMCs increase significantly as patients present more advanced stages of the disease. Factors associated with costs were age, stages II, III and the progression of BC.
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Tertiary Healthcare/economics , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Costs and Cost Analysis , Social Security/economics , Breast Neoplasms/economics , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Cost of Illness , Mexico , Neoplasm Staging/economics
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy diagnosed in pregnancy. Breast cancer in pregnancy represents a challenge in diagnosis as well as in treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinically patients with breast cancer in pregnancy. METERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, transversal, descriptive study was done in which we enrolled women with breast cancer and pregnancy from the outpatient clinic of medical oncology of a tertiary care center hospital. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The variables of 15 clinical records were examined, median age 33.3 ± 5.5 years, tobacco use 3/15, oral contraceptives use 2/15, age at first birth 25.8 ± 7 years, breastfed 4/15. The initial medical evaluation was done 7.5 ± 7.7 months after the onset of symptoms, the diagnosis was made with trucut biopsy in 9/15 of patients, excisional biopsy 4/15 and fine needle aspiration biopsy 2/15. Clinical stage was IIA 3/15, IIIA 8/15, IIIB 3/15 and IV 1/15. Six patients were treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy in the second and third trimester and three with surgical treatment. There were no fetal deaths related to treatment. Response to treatment: 8/15 are disease-free, 5/15 progressed to death and 2/15 had bone metastasis. CONCLUSION: Even major cancer centers have limited experience with breast cancer in pregnancy. Medical and surgical treatment should not be differed. More prospective studies are needed to assess factors related to treatment and prognosis.
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/diagnosis , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies
OBJETIVO: Mostrar la representación social que tienen de la detección precoz del cáncer de mama los adolescentes de Jalisco, México. DISEÑO: Cualitativo transversal, tipo analítico-interpretativo y fundamentado en la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Muestreo no probabilístico. Emplazamiento: Contacto con escuelas de nivel educativo básico de 7 municipios del Estado de Jalisco, México, a través de diversas instituciones gubernamentales y educativas. Participantes: Ciento treinta y cinco adolescentes, hombres y mujeres, escolarizados. MÉTODO: Entrevista a 13 grupos focales: 12 de 8-12 participantes y uno de 18 participantes. Transcripción de entrevistas y análisis de tipo semiótico en programa Atlas Ti versión 4.1. para la identificación de componentes de la representación social. RESULTADOS: Se vinculó la detección precoz a la disminución de muertes por cáncer de mama, tratamientos prolongados y mastectomía, pero se percibió poca cobertura a la salud mamaria del adolescente. Se refirieron como elementos limitadores de la detección precoz los aspectos de género, psicológicos y de acceso a la información y servicios de salud; como facilitadores, se mencionó la transición de los elementos limitadores a variantes positivas. CONCLUSIONES: Se muestra un panorama favorable sobre el nivel de sensibilización de los adolescentes sobre su salud mamaria, identificándose como un sector altamente sensible a la información sobre cáncer de mama y con disposición para efectuar acciones de detección precoz. Se identifica como reto importante la generación de campañas, materiales educativos y espacios de salud enfocados al adolescente
PURPOSE: To describe the social representation that adolescents from Jalisco, Mexico, have of early detection of breast cancer. DESIGN: Qualitative cross, analytical interpretative and based on the theory of social representations. Non-probability sampling. Location: Contact schools in basic education level of 7 municipalities of the State of Jalisco, Mexico, through various government and educational institutions. Participants: A hundred thirty five schooled adolescents, men and women. METHOD: Interview with 12 focus group 8-12 participants and 1 with 18 participants. The interviews were transcribed in Atlas Ti program version 4.1 for a semiotic analysis to identify components of social representation. RESULTS: The precocious detection linked itself to the decrease of deaths for cancer of breast, long treatments and mastectomy, but little coverage was perceived to the mammary health of the teenager. They refer as limiter elements of the precocious detection the aspects of kind, psychological and of access to the information and services of health; since facilitators there was mentioned the transition of the limiter elements to facilitators. CONCLUSIONS: A favorable panorama appears on the level of awareness of the teenagers on his mammary health, identifying as a sector highly sensitive to the information about cancer of breast and with disposition to effect actions of early detection; there are identified as important challenge the generation of campaigns, educational materials and spaces of health focused on the teenager
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Breast Neoplasms , Adolescent/physiology , Mexico/ethnology , Information Dissemination/methods , Mastectomy , Self-Examination
PURPOSE: To describe the social representation that adolescents from Jalisco, Mexico, have of early detection of breast cancer. DESIGN: Qualitative cross, analytical interpretative and based on the theory of social representations. Non-probability sampling. LOCATION: Contact schools in basic education level of 7municipalities of the State of Jalisco, Mexico, through various government and educational institutions. PARTICIPANTS: A hundred thirty five schooled adolescents, men and women. METHOD: Interview with 12 focus group 8-12participants and 1 with 18participants. The interviews were transcribed in Atlas Ti program version 4.1 for a semiotic analysis to identify components of social representation. RESULTS: The precocious detection linked itself to the decrease of deaths for cancer of breast, long treatments and mastectomy, but little coverage was perceived to the mammary health of the teenager. They refer as limiter elements of the precocious detection the aspects of kind, psychological and of access to the information and services of health; since facilitators there was mentioned the transition of the limiter elements to facilitators. CONCLUSIONS: A favorable panorama appears on the level of awareness of the teenagers on his mammary health, identifying as a sector highly sensitive to the information about cancer of breast and with disposition to effect actions of early detection; there are identified as important challenge the generation of campaigns, educational materials and spaces of health focused on the teenager.
Attitude to Health , Breast Neoplasms , Early Detection of Cancer , Social Perception , Adolescent , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico , Models, Theoretical
INTRODUCTION: The cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) gene plays an important role in homocysteine metabolism because it catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, during which homocysteine is converted to cystathionine. Polymorphisms of CBS have been associated with cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined the role of the 844ins68 polymorphism by comparing the genotypes of 371 healthy Mexican women with the genotypes of 323 Mexican women with breast cancer (BC). RESULTS: The observed genotype frequencies for controls and BC patients were 1% and 2% for Ins/Ins, 13% and 26% for W/Ins, and 86% and 72% for W/W, respectively. We found that the odds ratio (OR) was 2.2, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.5-3.3, p = 0.0001. The association was also evident when comparing the distribution of the W/Ins-Ins/Ins genotypes in patients in the following categories: 1) menopause and high γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (OR of 2.17, 95% CI: 1.17-4.26, p = 0.02), 2) chemotherapy response and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.08-4.4, p = 0.027), 3) chemotherapy response and high GGT levels (OR 2.46, 95% CI: 1.2-4.8, p = 0.007), and 4) body mass index (BMI) and III-IV tumor stage (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2-8.3, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the genotypes W/Ins-Ins/Ins of the 844ins68 polymorphism in the CBS gene contribute significantly to BC susceptibility in the analyzed sample from the Mexican population.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile of malignant gynecological tumors in a third-level referral medical center located in Western Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional study. We took the register of patients with cancer confirmed histopathologically at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital, Western National Medical Center. The results are presented as frequencies, means and standard deviations. RESULTS: We captured 1025 medical charts from patients with cancer between January 1981 and May 2003. Mean age was 51.55 years with 16 to 94 years range. Breast cancer was the most prevalent disease (67.5%) with predominance of the left breast. Bilateral disease was identified in patients 10 years younger than those with unilateral disease. Cervix cancer was the second most common disease (17.2%), followed by ovarian cancer (91 cases; 8.8%), endometrium cancer (44 cases, 4.2%). Clinical stages were II and III in 87% of cases with breast cancer. Stages I and II in 81% of patients with cancer of the cervix, stage III in 39.5% of cases with ovarian carcinoma and stage III in 58% of patients with endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer was the first condition of medical care and detected in clinical stages II and III. Cervix was the second even with suboptimal registers. Ovarian cancer was detected in advanced stages in the majority of patients. It is important to register all patients with gynecologic cancer in only one referral hospital in order to obtain better attention. In this way, strategies for medical management improvement could be established. Long-term prognosis of patients may improve.
Genital Neoplasms, Female/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hospitals, Special , Humans , Mexico , Middle Aged
El uso de la quimioterapia en el manejo del cáncer de mama ocupa un papel muy importante en la actualidad. Su empleo en forma neoadyuvante se ha utilizado en etapa clínica II con el fin de poder llevar a cabo una cirugía conservadora mediante la reducción tumoral. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante en un grupo de enfermas con cáncer de mama en etapa clínica II, tanto a nivel del tumor primario como nivel ganglionar. Se evaluaron pacientes en etapa clínica II que recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante de mayo de 1989 a diciembre de 1995. Fueron incluidas 202 mujeres a quienes se les administró de dos a cuatro ciclos de tratamiento previos a cirugía. De éstas, 59 (29 por ciento) tenían etapa II-A y 143 (71 por ciento) II-B; la media de edad fue de 46.5 años (22-80). Se aplicaron tres esquemas diferentes, a 144 pacientes 5-fluoracilo adriamicina y ciclofosfamida, a otras 29 mujeres ciclofosfamida 5-fluoracilo y metotrexato y, finalmente, a 29 enfermas un esquema de cisplatino, ciclofosfamida y adriamicina. Las pacientes fueron distribuidas en dos grupos. El grupo A incluyó 142 mujeres a las que se evaluó la respuesta de acuerdo al tamaño del tumor primario y al número de ganglios positivos en la axila. El grupo B lo conformaron 60 enfermeras a las que, por manejo previo, sólo se les valoró la respuesta en la axila. En el grupo A, se redujo el estadio clínico en 83 (59 por ciento) casos, se alcanzó respuesta patológica completa en 30 (21 por ciento) y se registraron menos de cuatro ganglios positivos en axila en 100 (78 por ciento). Esto último se observó en 44 (73 por ciento) pacientes del grupo B. La supervivencia global a siete años fue de 70 por ciento. Con base en lo observamos en este estudio, concluimos que la quimioterapia neoadyuvante es efectiva para reducir el tamaño tumoral
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Biopsy, Needle , Breast Neoplasms/classification , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Drug Therapy , Drug Therapy/statistics & numerical data , Radiotherapy , Survival Analysis , Data Interpretation, Statistical
