Overnight switch from levetiracetam to brivaracetam. Safety and tolerability.

Brivaracetam is a newer antiseizure medication than levetiracetam. It has a more selective action on the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding site, and it seems to provide a more favorable neuropsychiatric profile. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and tolerability of an overnight switch from levetiracetam to brivaracetam. This was a retrospective descriptive study including patients with epilepsy treated with levetiracetam, who switched due to inefficacy or previous adverse events (AEs). In total, forty-one patients were included (mean age 40.9 ± 17.8 years, women 48.8%). Focal epilepsy represented 75.6% (n = 31) of patients (structural cause [n = 25], unknown cause [n = 6]). Four patients had idiopathic generalized epilepsy, two had developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and four patients were unclassified. The reason to start brivaracetam was inefficacy in 53.7% (n = 22), AEs in 65.9% (25/27 neuropsychiatric) and both in 19.5% (n = 8). Brivaracetam-related AEs were reported in 24.4%. Neuropsychological AEs associated with the previous use of levetiracetam improved in 76% of patients. Treatment was discontinued in 19.5% patients. Patients' reported seizure frequency improved, worsened and remained stable in 26.8%, 12.2%, and 61.0% of the cases, respectively. An overnight switching to brivaracetam is safe and well tolerated. This treatment can improve levetiracetam-related neuropsychiatric AEs.

[Quality of life in adult patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy. The EPILAK study]. / Calidad de vida en pacientes adultos con epilepsia generalizada idiopática. Estudio EPILAK.

INTRODUCTION: Quality of life (QoL) is an important aspect in the treatment of patients with epilepsy. AIM: To analyse the QoL using the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-10 (QOLIE-10) in adults with idiopathic generalised epilepsy and to study factors associated with a worse QoL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study conducted by 141 neurologists in all the autonomous communities of Spain. Each researcher analysed the QOLIE-10 of two males and two females over 18 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy seen consecutively in public or private practice. The results were standardised: 0 was the worst QoL and 100 was the best. RESULTS: A total of 546 patients were analysed. Women: 51.1% (n = 279). Mean age: 36 ± 15.3 years old (18-87). Childhood absence seizures: 7.5% (n = 41); juvenile absence seizures: 9.2% (n = 50); juvenile myoclonic seizures: 29.8% (n = 163); only tonic-clonic seizures: 53.5% (n = 292). Monotherapy: 63.2% (n = 345). Seizure-free in the last year: 53.1% (n = 290). Psychiatric comorbidity: anxiety: 28.4% (n = 155); depression: 14.1% (n = 77); attention deficit: 10.1% (n = 55). Employment status: in active employment: 47.2% (n = 258); student: 20% (n = 109); housewife/husband: 7.3% (n = 40); pensioner: 10.2% (n = 56); unemployed: 14.3% (n = 78). Marital status: married or in a relationship: 49.1% (n = 268); single: 43.7% (n = 239). Mean score on the QOLIE-10: 71.4 ± 19.1. Being female (p = 0.006), greater frequency of seizures (p < 0.001), polytherapy (p < 0.001), psychiatric comorbidity (p < 0.001) and unemployment (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a worse QoL. CONCLUSIONS: The QoL of patients with idiopathic/genetic generalised epilepsy is affected by poor seizure control, psychiatric comorbidity and unemployment, and women are more affected than men.

TITLE: Calidad de vida en pacientes adultos con epilepsia generalizada idiopática. Estudio EPILAK.Introducción. La calidad de vida (CV) es un aspecto importante en el tratamiento de los pacientes con epilepsia. Objetivo. Analizar la CV mediante el Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-10 (QOLIE-10) en adultos con epilepsia generalizada idiopática y estudiar factores asociados a una peor CV. Pacientes y método. Estudio transversal, multicéntrico, observacional, realizado por 141 neurólogos de todas las comunidades autónomas de España. Cada investigador analizaba el QOLIE-10 de dos varones y dos mujeres mayores de 18 años con epilepsia generalizada idiopática visitados de forma consecutiva en consulta pública o privada. Los resultados se estandarizaron: 0 era la peor CV y 100, la mejor. Resultados. Se analizó a 546 pacientes. Mujeres: 51,1% (n = 279). Edad media: 36 ± 15,3 años (18-87). Ausencias infantiles: 7,5% (n = 41); ausencias juveniles: 9,2% (n = 50); mioclónica juvenil: 29,8% (n = 163); sólo crisis tonicoclónicas: 53,5% (n = 292). Monoterapia: 63,2% (n = 345). Libres de crisis en el último año: 53,1% (n = 290). Comorbilidad psiquiátrica: ansiedad: 28,4% (n = 155); depresión: 14,1% (n = 77); déficit de atención: 10,1% (n = 55). Condición laboral: trabajador/a en activo: 47,2% (n = 258); estudiante: 20% (n = 109); amo/a de casa: 7,3% (n = 40); pensionista: 10,2% (n = 56); en paro: 14,3% (n = 78). Estado civil: casado/a o en pareja: 49,1% (n = 268); soltero/a: 43,7% (n = 239). Puntuación media en el QOLIE-10: 71,4 ± 19,1. Sexo femenino (p = 0,006), mayor frecuencia de crisis (p menor de 0,001), politerapia (p menor de 0,001), comorbilidad psiquiátrica (p menor de 0,001) y desempleo (p menor de 0,001) se asociaron de forma significativa con una peor CV. Conclusiones. La CV de los pacientes con epilepsia generalizada idiopática/genética está afectada por el mal control de las crisis, la comorbilidad psiquiátrica y el desempleo, y las mujeres presentan una mayor afectación que los hombres.

[Social cognition and cognitive functions in patients with epilepsy treated with eslicarbazepine acetate]. / Cognicion social y funciones cognitivas en pacientes con epilepsia tratados con acetato de eslicarbacepina.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is accompanied by cognitive disorders, frequently aggravated by the use of antiepileptic drugs, which can affect social empathy. AIM: To analyse the impact of treatment with eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) on social cognition and prefrontal cognitive functions in adults with focal epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective single-centre study with patients aged between 18 and 65 years with focal seizures treated with ESL. The patients were evaluated in their baseline visit and at six months after starting ESL treatment by means of tasks designed for theory of mind, executive and attentional functions, auditory-verbal memory, quality of life, and anxiety and depression. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were treated with ESL, and 30 completed the follow-up. A significant improvement was observed in the theory of mind tasks. In the analysis stratified by sex, the men showed greater improvement. A cognitive improvement was observed in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Symbol Digit, Backward Digit Span and Stroop tests. No differences were found in the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 Inventory or in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. These results were independent of the reduction in the number of seizures and the ESL dosage. CONCLUSION: Treatment with ESL could improve some aspects of theory of mind in patients with epilepsy, especially in men and independently of the control of seizures, with no changes in quality of life, anxiety or depression.

TITLE: Cognicion social y funciones cognitivas en pacientes con epilepsia tratados con acetato de eslicarbacepina.Introduccion. La epilepsia se acompaña de alteraciones cognitivas, frecuentemente agravadas por el uso de farmacos antiepilepticos, que pueden afectar a la empatia social. Objetivo. Analizar el impacto del tratamiento con acetato de eslicarbacepina (ESL) en la cognicion social y las funciones cognitivas prefrontales en adultos con epilepsia focal. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio prospectivo y unicentrico realizado en pacientes de 18 a 65 años con crisis focales, tratados con ESL. Los pacientes fueron evaluados en la visita basal y a los seis meses tras iniciar ESL mediante tareas para la teoria de la mente, funciones ejecutivas y atencionales, memoria audioverbal, calidad de vida, y ansiedad y depresion. Resultados. Cuarenta y un pacientes fueron tratados con ESL y 30 completaron el seguimiento. Se observo una mejoria significativa en las tareas de teoria de la mente. En el analisis estratificado por sexo, los hombres mejoraron mas. Se observo una mejoria cognitiva en las pruebas Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Symbol Digit, Backward Digit Span y test de Stroop. No hubo diferencias en el cuestionario Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 Inventory ni en la escala de depresion y ansiedad hospitalaria (HADS). Estos resultados fueron independientes de la reduccion del numero de crisis y de la dosis de ESL. Conclusion. El tratamiento con ESL podria mejorar algunos aspectos de la teoria de la mente en pacientes con epilepsia, especialmente en hombres e independientemente del control de las crisis, sin cambios en la calidad de vida, ansiedad o depresion.

Outcome of cancer-related seizures in patients treated with lacosamide.

OBJECTIVES: Lacosamide is an antiepileptic drug (AED), which has proven to be effective to control seizures, including acute conditions such as status epilepticus. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical experience with lacosamide in neuro-oncological patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multicenter retrospective study in patients with cancer-related seizures, who received lacosamide as an add-on therapy. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients with benign and malignant tumors, including primary brain tumors, lymphomas, systemic cancer with central nervous system involvement, or paraneoplastic encephalitis, were included. Lacosamide was effective in the control of chronic seizures in patients with either benign or malignant tumors. The success rate was greater in malignant tumors, and drug-resistant epilepsies were more likely associated with benign tumors. Adverse events occurred in nearly 70% of patients, particularly in acute conditions and associated with the concomitant use of radio-/chemotherapy. Lacosamide-related adverse events were more likely somnolence and dizziness, which usually resolved after dose adjustment. After starting lacosamide, nearly half of the patients discontinued one of the baseline AEDs and decreased or discontinued dexamethasone. Fifteen patients with status epilepticus were treated with intravenous lacosamide, and 73% of them had their condition resolved without serious drug-related adverse events. CONCLUSION: Lacosamide is an AED to consider in cases of cancer-related seizures. Lacosamide pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics allow the achievement of responder rates over 50% with no serious adverse effects, amelioration of side effects from other AEDs or radio-/chemotherapy, and no significant drug interactions. Furthermore, the intravenous formulation shows clear benefits in acute conditions such as status epilepticus.

Prognosis of status epilepticus in elderly patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features and prognosis of status epilepticus (SE) in patients above 70 years old. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients ≥70 years old with SE registered prospectively during 4 years. Follow-up after discharge was performed. RESULTS: Ninety patients were evaluated. Acute symptomatic etiology was the most prevalent. The mean number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used was 2.7 ± 1.2, and 21% of the patients required sedation. A poor outcome was considered when death (31.1%) or developing of new neurological impairment at discharge (32.2%) occurred. After multivariate analysis, four variables predicted a poor outcome: acute symptomatic etiology (OR: 6.320; 95% CI: 1.976-20.217; P = .002), focal motor SE type (OR: 9.089; 95% CI: 2.482-33.283; P = .001), level of consciousness (OR: 4.596; 95% CI: 1.903-11.098; P = .001), and SE duration >12 hours (OR: 3.763; 95% CI: 1.130-12.530; P = .031). Independent predictive factors of mortality were SE duration >12 hours (OR: 4.306; 95% CI: 1.044-17.757; P = .043), modified Status Epilepticus Severity Score (mSTESS) (OR: 2.216; 95% CI: 1.313-3.740; P = .003), and development of complications (OR: 3.334; 95% CI: 1.004-11.070, P = .049). Considering long-term mortality, age (HR 1.036; 95% CI 1.001-1.071; P = .044), a potentially fatal underlying cause (HR 2.609; 95% CI 1.497- 4.548; P = .001), and mSTESS score >4 (HR 1.485; 95% CI 1.158-1.903; P = .002) remained as predictive factors. There was no association between sedation and the number of AEDs used with outcome at discharge or long-term mortality (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: SE above 70 years old has a high morbimortality. Prognosis is not related to treatment aggressiveness.

Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine-acetate in elderly patients with focal epilepsy: Case series.

PURPOSE: Eslicarbazepine-acetate (ESL) is a third generation antiepileptic drug licensed as adjunctive therapy in adults with focal seizures. Efficacy and safety of ESL have been established in real-life setting. However, data about outcomes in elderly patients are scarce. Primary endpoint was to evaluate outcomes of ESL in elderly patients. METHOD: This was a retrospective survey that included patients >65years with focal seizures who started ESL between January 2010 and July 2012 at 12 Spanish Hospitals. ESL was prescribed individually according to real-life practice. Efficacy and safety were evaluated over 1year. These patients were included within the bigger study ESLIBASE. RESULTS: We included 29 patients, most of them males (18). Mean age was 71.2 year-old and epilepsy evolution was 20 years. Eighteen were pharmacorresistant at baseline. At 12 months, the mean dose was 850mg/day, the retention rate 69%, the responder rate 62% and 24.1% were seizure-free. At 12 months, 16 patients (55.2%) had ≥1 adverse effect (AE), that led to discontinuation in 7 patients. Dizziness, nausea and ataxia were the most common AEs. The tolerability profile improved in 4/5 patients who switched from carbamazepine (CBZ) or oxcarbazepine (OXC) to ESL due to AEs. CONCLUSIONS: ESL was well-tolerated and effective in elderly patients in a real-life setting over 1year, with a dose around 800mg/day. AE effects improved in most of who switched from CBZ or OXC to ESL.

Epilepsia mioclónica en el síndrome de Down y en la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Myoclonic epilepsy in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease

Introducción: Los pacientes con síndrome de Down (SD) presentan una demencia tipo Alzheimer (EA) asociada a la edad. Ambas patologías, con una base neuropatológica común, han sido asociadas a la epilepsia mioclónica de inicio tardío (LOMEDS). Esta entidad presenta alteraciones electroencefalográficas características en forma de descargas generalizadas de polipunta-onda. Método: Presentamos una serie de 11 pacientes con el diagnóstico de SD o EA que desarrollaron crisis epilépticas mioclónicas o tónico-clónicas generalizadas. En todos ellos, se realizó un seguimiento clínico y estudios de neuroimagen y poligrafía EEG. Resultados: En todos los casos, el deterioro cognitivo avanzó rápidamente tras el comienzo de la epilepsia, produciendo un incremento en el grado de dependencia. El hallazgo más común en el EEG fue un enlentecimiento de la actividad cerebral con ritmos theta y delta; además, en 8 pacientes se objetivaron descargas intercríticas generalizadas de polipunta-onda. En los estudios de neuroimagen se encontró atrofia cerebral cortical. El fármaco más eficaz en esta serie fue el levetiracetam. Conclusiones: La asociación de epilepsia generalizada al SD de edad avanzada supone un epifenómeno en la evolución que marca un agravamiento rápidamente progresivo de las funciones cognitivas y motoras. Presenta unas características electroclínicas bien definidas y se comporta como una epilepsia mioclónica progresiva, que probablemente se relaciona con los cambios estructurales que caracterizan el parecido evolutivo del SD con la enfermedad de Alzheimer. El reconocimiento de este síndrome es importante, dado que tiene repercusiones pronósticas y requiere un tratamiento adecuado

Introduction: Patients with Down syndrome (DS) who exhibit Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with age. Both diseases with a common neuropathological basis have been associated with late-onset myoclonic epilepsy (LOMEDS). This entity presents electroencephalogram features as generalized polyspike-wave discharges. Method. We present a series of 11 patients with the diagnosis of DS or AD who developed myoclonic seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In all cases, clinical and neuroimaging studies and polygraph EEG monitoring was performed. Results: In all cases, cognitive impairment progressed quickly after the onset of epilepsy causing an increase in the degree of dependence. The most common finding in the EEG was a slowing of brain activity with theta and delta rhythms, plus intercritical generalized polyspike-waves were objectified in eight patients. In neuroimaging studies was found cerebral cortical atrophy. The most effective drug in this series was the levetiracetam. Conclusions: The association of generalized epilepsy with elderly DS represents an epiphenomenon in evolution which is associated with a progressive deterioration of cognitive and motor functions. This epilepsy has some electroclinical characteristics and behaves as progressive myoclonic epilepsy, which is probably related to the structural changes that characterize the evolutionary similarity of DS with AD. Recognition of this syndrome is important, since it has prognostic implications and requires proper treatment

[Classification of idiopathic generalised epilepsies in patients over 16 years of age]. / Clasificacion de las epilepsias generalizadas idiopaticas en mayores de 16 años.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGE) are a set of electroclinical syndromes with different phenotypes. Our aim is to analyse those phenotypes in patients over 16 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a series of patients with IGE. They were classified as childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures only (TCSE), epilepsy with eyelid myoclonias and absences (EMA) and pure photogenic epilepsy (PE). RESULTS: We included 308 patients, the majority females (56.8%), in our study. JME was the most prevalent (40.9%), followed by TCSE (30%), JAE (10%), EMA (8.7%), CAE (7.7%) and PE (1.6%). The types of seizures presented by the most patients were tonic-clonic (89.6%), myoclonic (45.4%), absence (31.4%), reflex seizures (13.3%), eyelid myoclonias (12.6%), non-epileptic psychogenic seizures (3.6%) and status epilepticus (1.9%). They all had generalised spike-and-wave discharges in the electroencephalogram (EEG). 19.2% presented asymmetrical discharges and 28.2% showed a photoparoxysmal response. We observed differences between syndromes in polytherapy (p < 0.0001), withdrawal of therapy (p = 0.01) and being seizure-free beyond the age of 50 (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: JME was the most frequent. Generalised tonic-clonic seizures were the type of seizures presented by the most patients, followed by myoclonic, absent and reflex seizures. The EEG showed a photoparoxysmal response in over a quarter of the patients, and one in five displayed asymmetrical anomalies. Differences were observed according to the syndrome in polytherapy, persistence of seizures and withdrawal of treatment.

TITLE: Clasificacion de las epilepsias generalizadas idiopaticas en mayores de 16 años.Introduccion. Las epilepsias generalizadas idiopaticas (EGI) son un conjunto de sindromes electroclinicos con distintos fenotipos. Nuestro objetivo es analizar dichos fenotipos en pacientes mayores de 16 años. Pacientes y metodos. Analizamos retrospectivamente una serie de pacientes con EGI. Los clasificamos en epilepsia de ausencias infantil (EAI), epilepsia de ausencias juvenil (EAJ), epilepsia mioclonica juvenil (EMJ), epilepsia con crisis tonicoclonicas solo (ECTC), epilepsia con ausencias y mioclonias palpebrales (EAM) y epilepsia fotogenica pura (EF). Resultados. Incluimos 308 pacientes, mayoritariamente mujeres (56,8%). La EMJ fue mas prevalente (40,9%), seguida de la ECTC (30%), la EAJ (10%), la EAM (8,7%), la EAI (7,7%) y la EF (1,6%). Los tipos de crisis que presentaron mas pacientes fueron las tonicoclonicas (89,6%), las mioclonicas (45,4%), las ausencias (31,4%), las crisis reflejas (13,3%), las mioclonias palpebrales (12,6%), las crisis psicogenas no epilepticas (3,6%) y el estado epileptico (1,9%). Todos tenian descargas punta-onda generalizada en el electroencefalograma (EEG). El 19,2% presento descargas asimetricas y el 28,2%, respuesta fotoparoxistica. Observamos diferencias entre sindromes en politerapia (p < 0,0001), retirada de tratamiento (p = 0,01) y estar libres de crisis por encima de los 50 años (p = 0,004). Conclusiones. La EMJ fue la EGI mas frecuente. Las crisis tonicoclonicas generalizadas fueron el tipo de crisis que presentaron mas pacientes, seguidas de las mioclonicas, las ausencias y las crisis reflejas. El EEG mostro en mas de una cuarta parte de los pacientes una respuesta fotoparoxistica, y en uno de cada cinco, anomalias asimetricas. Se observaron diferencias segun el sindrome en politerapia, persistencia de crisis y retirada de tratamiento.

Myoclonic epilepsy in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. / Epilepsia mioclónica en el síndrome de Down y en la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with Down syndrome (DS) who exhibit Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with age. Both diseases with a common neuropathological basis have been associated with late-onset myoclonic epilepsy (LOMEDS). This entity presents electroencephalogram features as generalized polyspike-wave discharges. METHOD: We present a series of 11 patients with the diagnosis of DS or AD who developed myoclonic seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In all cases, clinical and neuroimaging studies and polygraph EEG monitoring was performed. RESULTS: In all cases, cognitive impairment progressed quickly after the onset of epilepsy causing an increase in the degree of dependence. The most common finding in the EEG was a slowing of brain activity with theta and delta rhythms, plus intercritical generalized polyspike-waves were objectified in eight patients. In neuroimaging studies was found cerebral cortical atrophy. The most effective drug in this series was the levetiracetam. CONCLUSIONS: The association of generalized epilepsy with elderly DS represents an epiphenomenon in evolution which is associated with a progressive deterioration of cognitive and motor functions. This epilepsy has some electroclinical characteristics and behaves as progressive myoclonic epilepsy, which is probably related to the structural changes that characterize the evolutionary similarity of DS with AD. Recognition of this syndrome is important, since it has prognostic implications and requires proper treatment.

Safety, efficacy and outcome-related factors of perampanel over 12 months in a real-world setting: The FYDATA study.

BACKGROUND: Real-world data of current antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used to treat focal seizures is of importance to understand the efficacy and safety outside of the clinical trial setting. Here we report real-world data from a large series of patients treated with perampanel for 1year. METHODS: FYDATA was a multicentre, retrospective, 1-year observational study assessing the efficacy and safety of adjuvant perampanel in patients ≥12 years of age with focal epilepsy in a real-world setting. At 12 months, the proportion of patients who were seizure free, median percentage seizure reduction, proportion of responders, retention rate and proportion of patients with adverse events (AEs) were assessed. Analyses were also performed to identify any patient-, medication- and disease-related factors associated with a large clinical response or carry a risk for AEs. RESULTS: A total of 464 patients were included in the study with a retention rate of 60.6% at 1year. The mean number of prior AEDs was 7.8. The median percentage reduction in overall seizures was 33.3% (75% for secondary generalised seizures) after 1year, with 7.2% of patients achieving seizure freedom. Furthermore, patients on non-enzyme-inducing AEDs were more likely to achieve seizure freedom, and logistic regression revealed that patients aged ≥65 years, those with epilepsy due to a vascular aetiology and those who had received fewer prior AEDs showed a better clinical response to perampanel. A total of 62.9% of the patients experienced AEs at 12 months; dizziness, somnolence and irritability were the most frequent AEs. Patients with prior psychiatric comorbidities (hyperactivity and personality disorder) were more likely to experience psychiatric AEs with perampanel, and slower titration schedules were associated with less AEs overall. CONCLUSION: Perampanel, for the treatment of focal epilepsy in a real-world setting in a refractory population, over 1year, demonstrates a similar efficacy and safety profile to that observed in clinical trials. Our results have implications for the optimisation of perampanel use in a clinical setting.

A new clinical score for the prognosis of status epilepticus in adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The severity of status epilepticus (SE) has an important impact in clinical outcomes. The Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS) is a score for predicting mortality in SE at admission. The baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS) might be a prognostic factor for assessing the short-tem outcomes of SE. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of mRS and whether its addition to the STESS improves the prediction of mortality. METHODS: Consecutive patients with SE and aged >16 years were recruited during 3 years. Receiver operating characteristic curves and a logistic regression model were developed to estimate the scores of the new score, designated as modified STESS (mSTESS), and it was subsequently compared with the STESS. RESULTS: In all, 136 patients were included. Mean age was 62.01 ± 17.62 (19-95) years, and 54% were male. The capacity of the STESS to predict mortality was 74.3% (95% confidence interval 63.8%-81.8%), whilst the capacity of the mRS to predict mortality was 65.2% (95% confidence interval 54.2%-76.2%). The logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic curves enabled the classification of mRS as follows: 0, mRS = 0; 1, mRS = 1-3; and 2, mRS > 3. These values, when added to the other items of the STESS, resulted in the mSTESS with scores between 0 and 8 points. The capacity of the mSTESS to predict mortality was 80.1%. An mSTESS > 4 established an overall accuracy of 81.8% for predicting mortality, which was considerably higher than the overall accuracy of STESS ≥ 3 (59.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The baseline mRS was associated with high mortality risk. It is proposed to use mSTESS to improve the prediction of mortality risk in SE.

Perampanel: revisión clínica de una nueva opción para el tratamiento de la epilepsia focal / Perampanel: clinical review of a new option for the treatment of focal epilepsy

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Reflex seizures triggered by cutaneous stimuli.

PURPOSE: Among the different precipitating stimuli for reflex seizures, Touch-Induced Seizures (TIS) and Hot Water Seizures (HWS) are consistently described in different reports. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, EEG and image data of patients with TIS and HWS. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were followed up in our Epilepsy Unit and had seizures triggered by these stimuli. All patients were studied with electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance (MR). RESULTS: We recruited six patients, including five men, with an age range of 30-64 years-old. Four patients had TIS; all them had focal motor seizures after the stimuli, with epileptic foci in the fronto-central regions associated with peri-central gyri lesions on MR. One patient had HWS related to a septo-optic dysplasia with periopercular polymicrogyria, and one patient had focal seizures that evolved into bilateral convulsions triggered by washing the mouth with cold water. We considered this last patient to have water contact-induced seizures (WCIS). CONCLUSIONS: Seizures in TIS are most likely focal, without impairment of awareness, and refractory to medical treatment. Antiepileptic drugs can prevent the progression to bilateral convulsion. The origins of such seizures seem to be related to small lesions or epileptogenic zones in the perirolandic areas. Lesional HWS and WCIS are focal seizures that involve impairment of consciousness or focal seizures that evolve to bilateral convulsion, are not such location specific and involve larger ictogenic areas. In both epilepsies, stimulus avoidance is the most effective treatment.

Long-term safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate in patients with focal seizures: results of the 1-year ESLIBASE retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) licensed as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset or focal seizures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in a clinical practice setting the long-term efficacy and safety of ESL in patients with focal seizures. METHODS: ESLIBASE was a retrospective study that included all patients with focal seizures who started ESL between January 2010 and July 2012 at 12 hospitals. ESL was prescribed individually according to real-life practice. Efficacy and safety were evaluated over 1 year. Switching from carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) was assessed. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-seven patients were included; 78% of patients were taking ≥2 other AEDs at baseline. Most (87%) began ESL because of poor seizure control and 13% because of adverse events (AEs) with CBZ or OXC. After 1 year, 237 patients (72.4%) remained on ESL. At 3, 6 and 12 months, the responder rate was 46.3%, 57.9%, and 52.5%, and 21.0%, 28.0%, and 25.3% of patients were seizure free. The responder rate significantly increased when ESL was combined with a non-sodium channel-targeting drug (non-SC drug) (66.7%) versus an SC drug (47.7%; p<0.001). At 12 months, 40.7% of patients had ≥1 AE; AEs led to treatment discontinuation in 16.2%. Dizziness, nausea, and somnolence were the most common AEs. The tolerability profile improved in >50% of the patients who switched from CBZ or OXC to ESL because of AEs. CONCLUSIONS: ESL was well tolerated and effective in a real-world setting over 1 year. Side-effect profile improved when OXC and CBZ recipients were switched to ESL.

Low-dose sodium valproate in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies.

OBJECTIVE: Most patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) have good seizure control when on antiepileptic drugs. To analyze prospectively the response to low-dose sodium valproate (VPA) treatment (<1000 mg/day) together with plasma VPA levels in a cohort of patients with IGE. METHODS: Patients with IGE were selected and followed for almost 2 years. In patients on VPA with no seizures in the last year, VPA dose was lowered to <1000 mg/day. Newly diagnosed patients with IGE started treatment on VPA directly on this low dose. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were included, with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in 23 (42.6%), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) in 17 (31.5%), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures only (GTCS only) in 14 (25.9%). VPA at low dose was administered to 38 (70%) patients. Mean plasma VPA level was 44.21 mg/l (18-78; SD 15.18). Seizure relapse during the 2-year follow-up was observed in 8 (21%). A reduction in adverse events was observed (P < 0.048). The only factor related to efficacy of VPA at low dose was syndromic diagnosis. Low-dose VPA controlled 92.9% (13) of patients with GTCS only, 78.3% (18) of those with JME, and 29.5% (5) of those with JAE. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose VPA was a highly effective treatment for the majority of those with JME and GTCS only. The seizures in JAE tended to be more resistant to treatment, usually requiring higher doses of VPA or polytherapy.

Epilepsia resistente a fármacos antiepilépticos: recomendaciones de actuación diagnóstica y terapéutica en España / Drug-resistant epilepsy: current recommendations for diagnosis and treatment in Spain

Introducción: La epilepsia resistente a fármacos antiepilépticos (ERF) constituye un problemasocio-sanitario de primer nivel, que debe ser individualizado precozmente por sus dramáticas repercusiones individuales y colectivas.Desarrollo: Recientemente, la Liga Internacional Contra la Epilepsia ha definido la ERF como aquella en la que no se controlen las crisis tras haber tomado de forma adecuada dos fármacos antiepilépticos apropiados y bien tolerados, entendiendo como falta de control la aparición de crisis en un año o en un tiempo inferior a tres veces el intervalo entre crisis que mostraba antesde iniciar el tratamiento. Esta sociedad internacional recomienda en todo paciente con ERF una evaluación rápida y detallada en una unidad de epilepsia. Se entiende como Unidad Clínica de Epilepsia (UCE) el conjunto de profesionales que actuando en colaboración tienen como objetivo primario el diagnóstico y tratamiento del paciente con epilepsia. Las UCE en España pueden ser estratificadas en distintos niveles, dependiendo de la actividad que se desarrolle en cada una de ellas. La consulta específica de epilepsia se considera como el germen de toda UCE, siendo necesaria la figura del experto en epilepsia. En las UCE médicas se realiza la monitorización vídeo-EEG prolongada. En las UCE médico-quirúrgicas además se realiza cirugía de epilepsia de dificultad diversa. Conclusiones: Todas las UCE deben cooperar con protocolos consensuados, debiendo existir un flujo bidireccional entre ellas. La estratificación de las UCE permite una alta eficacia y eficiencia, debiendo existir el suficiente número que garantice el fácil acceso de todos los pacientes con epilepsia (AU)

Introduction: Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is a top-priority social health problem which requires early individual treatment due to its dramatic repercussions for the patient and society. Development: The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has recently defined DRE as that in which the seizures are not controlled after having correctly taken two appropriate and well tolerated anti-epileptic drugs, with lack of control being understood as the appearance of seizures within one year or in a period less than three times the inter-seizure interval before starting treatment. This International Society recommends a rapid and detailed assessment of all patients in an Epilepsy Unit. A Clinical Epilepsy Unit (CEU) is understood as a group of professionals who, acting in collaboration, have the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with epilepsy as their primary objective. CEUs in Spain may be stratified into different levels depending on the activity carried out in each of them. The specific epilepsy clinic is considered the fundamental type of CEU and includes the necessary figure of an expert in epilepsy. Prolonged video-monitoring is performed in medical CEUs. In medical-surgical CEUs epilepsy surgery with varying degrees of difficulty is also performed. Conclusions: All CEUs must cooperate with consensus protocols, and there must be a two-way flow between them. Stratification of CEUs increases efficacy and efficiency, due to there being a sufficient number of them to ensure easy access by all patients with epilepsy (AU)

Consenso de las Recomendaciones de Actuación diagnóstica y Terapéutica sobre Epilepsia resistente a fármacos antiepilépticos en España (Consenso RATE-España) / Consensus-recommended diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for drug-resistant epilepsy in Spain (Consenso RATE-España)

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de un colectivo de expertos en epilepsia y elaborar un consenso sobre la definición de epilepsia resistente a fármacos (ERF) según la Liga Internacional Contra la Epilepsia (ILAE) y los distintos niveles asistenciales al paciente con ERF en España. Material y métodos: El estudio fue realizado utilizando el método Delphi, mediante dos rondas sucesivas de cuestionarios. Un comité científico confeccionó un documento preliminar y catorce preguntas relacionadas y fueron remitidos por correo electrónico al panel de expertos. Se incluían ítems relacionados con el concepto de ERF, niveles asistenciales e itinerario entre dichos niveles de los pacientes con ERF. Resultados:Contestaron el cuestionario 41 expertos. Se alcanzó acuerdo sobre la necesidad y aplicabilidad de la definición de ERF según la ILAE, necesidad de la existencia del experto en epilepsia, consulta específica de epilepsia y unidades clínicas de epilepsia con diversa estratificación, según la graduación de actividades que se realicen. Existió moderado consenso con la dotación y actividad de las unidades clínicas de referencia y no hubo consenso sobre la remisión de pacientes que han presentado una crisis epiléptica a una consulta de epilepsia. Conclusiones: El panel de expertos estuvo de acuerdo con la definición de ERF según la ILAE y en remitir a todo paciente con ERF a un estudio pormenorizado a una consulta de epilepsia o unidad clínica de epilepsia. Se resalta la necesidad de la monitorización vídeo-EEG en el estudio del paciente con ERF y el proponer otras formas terapéuticas en pacientes seleccionados (AU)

Objective: To ascertain the opinions of an Epilepsy Expert Group and prepare a consensus document on the definition of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the different healthcare levels for the patient with epilepsy in Spain. Material y methods: The study was conducted using the Delphi method, by means of successive rounds of questionnaires. A scientific committee prepared a preliminary document and fourteen associated questions, which were sent by e-mail to the panel of experts. They included items related to the concept of DRE, health care levels and the route between these levels for patients with DRE. Results: A total of 41 experts answered the questionnaire. They agreed regarding the necessity and applicability of the DRE definition according to the ILAE, the need for an expert panel on epilepsy, specialist epilepsy clinics, and clinical epilepsy units stratified depending on the level of activities they carried out. There was moderate consensus on the resources and activity of the clinical units of reference and there was no consensus on the referral of patients who have suffered an epileptic seizure to an epilepsy clinic. Conclusions: The expert panel agreed with the definition of DRE according to the ILAE and on referring patients with DRE for a detailed study in an epilepsy clinic or epilepsy clinical unit. They highlighted the need for video-EEG monitoring in the study of patients with DRE and the need to propose other forms of treatment in selected patients (AU)