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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are prevalent in the infant gut microbiota and make up the intestinal resistome, representing a community ARG reservoir. This study focuses on the dynamics and persistence of ARGs in the early gut microbiota, and the effect of early exposures therein. We leveraged 2,328 stool metagenomes from 475 children in the HELMi cohort and the available parental samples to study the diversity, dynamics, and intra-familial sharing of the resistome during the first two years of life. We found higher within-family similarity of the gut resistome composition and ARG load in infant-mother pairs, and between spouses, but not in father-infant pairs. Early gut microbiota composition and development correlated with the ARG load; Bacteroides correlated positively and Bifidobacterium negatively with the load, reflecting the typical resistance levels in these taxa. Caesarean delivered infants harbored lower ARG loads, partly reflecting the scarcity of Bacteroides compared to vaginally delivered. Exposure to intrapartum or post-natal antibiotics showed only modest associations with the ARG load and composition, mainly before 12 months. Our results indicate that the resistome is strongly driven by the normal development of the microbiota in early life, and suggest importance of longer evolution of ARGs over effects of recent antibiotic exposure.
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Antibacterianos , Bacterias , Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Lactante , Femenino , Heces/microbiología , Masculino , Estudios de Cohortes , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Recién Nacido , Bacteroides/genética , Bacteroides/efectos de los fármacos , Bacteroides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Preescolar , Metagenoma , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This is the first nation-wide register study based on a total population sample measuring the gender-specific incidences of chronic diseases and conditions among adults diagnosed with gambling disorder (GD). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study used aggregated data for 2011-22 retrieved from the Register of Primary Health Care visits, Care Register for Health Care and Care Register for Social Welfare, including specialized outpatient and inpatient health care, inpatient social care and institutional care and housing services with 24-hour or part-time assistance, set in mainland Finland. Participants comprised people aged 18-90+ years with GD diagnosis [corresponding to pathological gambling, International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) code F63.0, n = 3605; men n = 2574, women n = 1031] and the general population (n = 4 374 192). MEASUREMENTS: Incidences of somatic diseases and psychiatric disorders were calculated for the people with diagnosed GD and for the general population, separately for women and men. FINDINGS: After standardizing for age, the incidence of each diagnostic group was systematically higher for people with GD compared with the general population, except for cancer. The highest standardized incidence ratio (SIR) values were for psychiatric disorders [SIR = 234.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 226.1-242.4], memory disorders (SIR = 172.1; 95% CI = 119.1-234.8), nervous system diseases (SIR = 162.8; 95% CI = 152.8-173.1), chronic respiratory diseases (SIR = 150.6; 95% CI = 137.6-164.2), diabetes (SIR = 141.4; 95% CI = 127.9-155.5) and digestive diseases (SIR = 134.5; 95% CI = 127.1-142.2). CONCLUSIONS: In Finland, the incidence of chronic diseases and conditions among people with gambling disorder is higher compared with the general population, apart from cancer.
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Microbial colonization of the neonatal gut involves maternal seeding, which is partially disrupted in cesarean-born infants and after intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. However, other physically close individuals could complement such seeding. To assess the role of both parents and of induced seeding, we analyzed two longitudinal metagenomic datasets (health and early life microbiota [HELMi]: N = 74 infants, 398 samples, and SECFLOR: N = 7 infants, 35 samples) with cesarean-born infants who received maternal fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). We found that the father constitutes a stable source of strains for the infant independently of the delivery mode, with the cumulative contribution becoming comparable to that of the mother after 1 year. Maternal FMT increased mother-infant strain sharing in cesarean-born infants, raising the average bacterial empirical growth rate while reducing pathogen colonization. Overall, our results indicate that maternal seeding is partly complemented by that of the father and support the potential of induced seeding to restore potential deviations in this process.
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Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Padre , Madres , Heces/microbiología , Cesárea , Embarazo , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Bacterias/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), their determinants, infant gut microbiota and health are under extensive research; however, seldom jointly addressed. Leveraging data from the HELMi birth cohort, we investigated them collectively, considering maternal and infant secretor status. METHODS: HMO composition in breastmilk collected 3 months postpartum (n = 350 mothers) was profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography. Infant gut microbiota taxonomic and functional development was studied at 3, 6, and 12 months (n = 823 stool samples) via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, focusing on HMO metabolism via glycoside hydrolase (GH) analysis. Maternal and infant secretor statuses were identified through phenotyping and genotyping, respectively. Child health, emphasizing allergies and antibiotics as proxies for infectious diseases, was recorded until 2 years. FINDINGS: Mother's parity, irritable bowel syndrome, gestational diabetes, and season of milk collection associated with HMO composition. Neither maternal nor infant secretor status associated with infant gut microbiota, except for a few taxa linked to individual HMOs. Analysis stratified for birth mode revealed distinct patterns between the infant gut microbiota and HMOs. Child health parameters were not associated to infant or maternal secretor status. INTERPRETATION: This comprehensive exploration unveils intricate links between secretor genotype, maternal factors, HMO composition, infant microbiota, and child health. Understanding these nuanced relationships is paramount for refining strategies to optimize early life nutrition and its enduring impact on long-term health. FUNDING: Sweet Crosstalk EU H2020 MSCA ITN, Academy of Finland, Mary and Georg C. Ehrnrooth Foundation, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, and Tekes.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Leche Humana , Oligosacáridos , Paridad , Estaciones del Año , Humanos , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos/análisis , Femenino , Finlandia , Lactante , Cohorte de Nacimiento , Metagenómica/métodos , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Metagenoma , Masculino , Heces/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to describe the defecation pattern of healthy infants up to 17 weeks of age. We included 1052 healthy term infants from the prospective HELMi cohort (NCT03996304). Parents filled in recurring online questionnaires on feeding, gastrointestinal function, and crying weekly for the first 17 weeks of life. Defecation frequency was highest at the age of 3 weeks (a median of 4 times/day, interquartile range (IQR) 2.9-5). At each time point, the median defecation frequency of breastfed infants was higher than that of infants receiving formula (e.g., at week 17 a median of 2 times/day, IQR 0.9-3.6, and a median of 1.1, IQR 0.6-1.4, respectively). The dominant color of the stool was most often yellow or light brown. Nearly black stools were reported in the first week of life in 3.4%. Nearly half (47.4%) of the infants had green stool color dominating for at least 1 week, with comparable frequency among breastfed (47.7%) and formula-fed (45.2%) infants. Green stools were associated with a higher defecation frequency (linear mixed-effect model p < 0.0001). Occasional blood in stool was reported in 9.3% and recurrent blood in 5.2% of the infants with no difference in stool consistency. Hard stools were rare (≤ 1%). Conclusion: This study enlightens the spectrum of defecation patterns in healthy term infants during the first 17 weeks of life. A better understanding of bowel function helps healthcare professionals distinguish normal from abnormal when addressing defecation, the color of stools, and the type of feeding. What is Known: ⢠Breastfed infants have more frequent and more yellow-colored stools than formula-fed infants. ⢠Stools with green color are often suggested by the parents or even by medical professionals to indicate disease or discomfort in early life. What is New: ⢠Nearly half of the healthy term infants had green stool dominating for at least one week during the first 17 weeks and occasional blood was reported in almost 10% of the infants during this period. ⢠Data on normal variation in bowel function and stool may serve primary health care professionals when educating the families and caretakers of infants.
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Lactancia Materna , Defecación , Humanos , Defecación/fisiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Lactante , Masculino , Femenino , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Recién Nacido , Heces/química , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Fórmulas Infantiles , Llanto/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To decipher the mechanisms by which the major human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), can affect body weight and fat mass gain on high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in mice. We wanted to elucidate whether 2'FL metabolic effects are linked with changes in intestinal mucus production and secretion, mucin glycosylation and degradation, as well as with the modulation of the gut microbiota, faecal proteome and endocannabinoid (eCB) system. RESULTS: 2'FL supplementation reduced HFD-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. These effects were accompanied by several changes in the intestinal mucus layer, including mucus production and composition, and gene expression of secreted and transmembrane mucins, glycosyltransferases and genes involved in mucus secretion. In addition, 2'FL increased bacterial glycosyl hydrolases involved in mucin glycan degradation. These changes were linked to a significant increase and predominance of bacterial genera Akkermansia and Bacteroides, different faecal proteome profile (with an upregulation of proteins involved in carbon, amino acids and fat metabolism and a downregulation of proteins involved in protein digestion and absorption) and, finally, to changes in the eCB system. We also investigated faecal proteomes from lean and obese humans and found similar changes observed comparing lean and obese mice. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the HMO 2'FL influences host metabolism by modulating the mucus layer, gut microbiota and eCB system and propose the mucus layer as a new potential target for the prevention of obesity and related disorders.
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Perinatal and early-life factors reported to affect risk of allergic diseases may be mediated by changes in the gut microbiota. Here, we explored the associations between the infant gut microbiota and allergic morbidity in childhood until 13 years of age in a subgroup of the FLORA probiotic intervention cohort. A mixture of four probiotic strains with galacto-oligosaccharides was administrated to the mothers from the 36th week of the pregnancy and later to their infants until 6 months of age. The infants were monitored for the manifestations of atopic eczema, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma by a pediatrician at 2 and 5 years of age; the allergic status was subsequently verified by a questionnaire at 10 and 13 years of age. The fecal microbiota at 3 months was profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region, with and without adjusting for potentially important early-life factors. Overall, the positive diagnosis for allergic rhinitis between 2 and 13 years was associated with microbiota composition both in non-adjusted and adjusted models. This association was more pronounced in children born to one parent with confirmed atopic diseases compared to those who had two atopic parents and was characterized by a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Escherichia/Shigella spp. and a higher proportion of Bacteroides. While the probiotic and galacto-oligosaccharides intervention in the entire cohort was previously shown to reduce the prevalence of eczema to a certain extent, no associations were found between the 3-month gut microbiota and childhood eczema in the studied sub-cohort.IMPORTANCEAllergic diseases have increased in prevalence during the past decades globally. Although probiotics have been considered a promising strategy for preventing certain allergy related symptoms, studies connecting the infant gut microbiota and later life allergic morbidity in various populations remain limited. The present study supports an association between the infant microbiota and allergic morbidity after first years of life, which has been rarely examined.CLINICAL TRIALSRegistered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00298337).
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Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Probióticos , Rinitis Alérgica , Humanos , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Rinitis Alérgica/microbiología , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Adolescente , Preescolar , Masculino , Lactante , Niño , Estudios de Seguimiento , Heces/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Estudios de Cohortes , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Pectin and its derivatives have been shown to modulate immune signaling as well as gut microbiota in preclinical studies, which may constitute the mechanisms by which supplementation of specific pectic polysaccharides confers protection against viral respiratory infections. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled rhinovirus (RV16) challenge study, healthy volunteers were randomized to consume placebo (0.0â¯g/day) (N = 46), low-dose (0.3â¯g/day) (N = 49) or high-dose (1.5â¯g/day) (N = 51) of carrot derived rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) for eight weeks and they were subsequently challenged with RV-16. Here, the effect of 8-week cRG-I supplementation on the gut microbiota was studied. While the overall gut microbiota composition in the population was generally unaltered by this very low dose of fibre, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. (mainly B. adolescentis and B. longum) was significantly increased by both doses of cRG-1. Moreover, daily supplementation of cRG-I led to a dose-dependent reduction in inter- and intra-individual microbiota heterogeneity, suggesting a stabilizing effect on the gut microbiota. The severity of respiratory symptoms did not directly correlate with the cRG-I-induced microbial changes, but several dominant groups of the Ruminococcaceae family and microbiota richness were positively associated with a reduced and hence desired post-infection response. Thus, the present results on the modulation of the gut microbiota composition support the previously demonstrated immunomodulatory and protective effect of cRG-I during a common cold infection.
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Suplementos Dietéticos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Voluntarios Sanos , Pectinas , Humanos , Pectinas/administración & dosificación , Pectinas/farmacología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Adulto , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Rhinovirus/efectos de los fármacos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Heces/microbiología , Bifidobacterium/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: EOSQ-24 is a disease specific patient-reported outcome score used to assess the quality of life in patients with early-onset scoliosis. The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of the EOSQ-24 to Finnish language and to assess the reliability and validity of the translation. METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation and cross-cultural validation were performed to the Finnish translation of the EOSQ-24. Patients and/or their caretakers were then recruited to assess the psychometric properties of the translation. We assessed the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects, and discriminative abilities. One-hundred-and-three patients filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: EOSQ-24 was successfully translated into Finnish. The translation showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.94), satisfactory item-total correlations ranging from 0.6 to 0.9, and moderate to strong inter item correlations. Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.7 to 0.96 indicating good to excellent agreement. Patients with neuromuscular and syndromic scoliosis reported lower EOSQ-24 scores when compared to patients' idiopathic and congenital scoliosis. There was a significant negative correlation between major curve and EOSQ-24 scores in patients with idiopathic early onset scoliosis. CONCLUSION: The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the measure were found to be satisfactory. A marked ceiling effect was observed, indicating a potential source of error.
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Psicometría , Calidad de Vida , Escoliosis , Humanos , Escoliosis/psicología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Femenino , Masculino , Finlandia , Niño , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Edad de Inicio , Traducciones , Adolescente , Medición de Resultados Informados por el Paciente , Comparación TransculturalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intestinal botulism is primarily reported in small babies as a condition known as infant botulism. The condition results from the ingestion of environmental or foodborne spores of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) producing Clostridia, usually Clostridium botulinum, and subsequent spore germination into active botulinum neurotoxinogenic cultures in the gut. It is generally considered that small babies are susceptible to C. botulinum colonization because of their immature gut microbiota. Yet, it is poorly understood which host factors contribute to the clinical outcome of intestinal botulism. We previously reported a case of infant botulism where the infant recovered clinically in six weeks but continued to secrete C. botulinum cells and/or BoNT in the feces for seven months. CASE PRESENTATION: To further understand the microbial ecology behind this exceptionally long-lasting botulinum neurotoxinogenic colonization, we characterized the infant fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing over the course of disease and recovery. C. botulinum could be detected in the infant fecal samples at low levels through the acute phase of the disease and three months after recovery. Overall, we observed a temporal delay in the maturation of the infant fecal microbiota associated with a persistently high-level bifidobacterial population and a low level of Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae and Ruminococcaceae compared to healthy infants over time. CONCLUSION: This study brings novel insights into the infant fecal composition associated with intestinal botulism and provides a basis for a more systematic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants diagnosed with botulism. A better understanding of the gut microbial ecology associated with infant botulism may support the development of prophylactic strategies against this life-threatening disease in small babies.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and trends of both hip spica casting and elastic stable intramedullary nailing in children aged 2-12 years who sustained femoral diaphyseal fracture between 1998 and 2016 in Finland. We also evaluated the actual hospital costs of both treatment methods as well as calculating the length of hospital stay. Methods: This study included all 2- to 12-year-old children with femoral diaphyseal fracture who were treated in Finland between 1998 and 2016. Data were collected from the National Hospital Discharge Register of Finland. Children were classified by age into five groups. The annual incidences per 100,000 persons were calculated using annual mid-year population census data obtained from Statistics Finland. Data on the annual actual daily hospital costs were collected from the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Results: In total, 1064 patients aged 2-12 years who had sustained femoral diaphyseal fracture were treated with elastic stable intramedullary nailing or hip spica casting between 1998 and 2016. In children aged 4-5 years, the incidence of elastic stable intramedullary nailing increased during the study period from 5.4 per 100,000 persons in 1998 to 8.1 per 100,000 persons in 2016. Conclusions: The length of hospitalization in patients treated with elastic stable intramedullary nailing was shorter and, therefore, the total costs of hospital treatment were lower than in those children treated with hip spica cast. Level of evidence: level III.
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Background: Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) result from ongoing stimulation of the TSH receptor due to autoantibodies acting as persistent agonists. Orbital pre-adipocytes and fibroblasts also express the TSH receptor, resulting in expanded retro-orbital tissue and causing exophthalmos and limited eye movement. Recent studies have shown that GD/GO patients have a disturbed gut microbiome composition, which has been associated with increased intestinal permeability. This study hypothesizes that enhanced intestinal permeability may aggravate orbital inflammation and, thus, increase myofibroblast differentiation and the degree of fibrosis. Methods: Two distinct cohorts of GO patients were studied, one of which was a unique cohort consisting of blood, fecal, and retro-orbital tissue samples. Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), zonulin, TLR5, and TLR9 ligands. The influx of macrophages and accumulation of T-cells and myofibroblast were quantified in orbital connective tissue. The NanoString immune-oncology RNA targets panel was used to determine the transcriptional profile of active fibrotic areas within orbital sections. Results: GO patients displayed significantly higher LBP serum concentrations than healthy controls. Within the MicroGO cohort, patients with high serum LBP levels also showed higher levels of zonulin and TLR5 and TLR9 ligands in their circulation. The increased intestinal permeability was accompanied by augmented expression of genes marking immune cell infiltration and encoding key proteins for immune cell adhesion, antigen presentation, and cytokine signaling in the orbital tissue. Macrophage influx was positively linked to the extent of T cell influx and fibroblast activation within GO-affected orbital tissues. Moreover, serum LBP levels significantly correlated with the abundance of specific Gram-negative gut bacteria, linking the gut to local orbital inflammation. Conclusion: These results indicate that GO patients have enhanced intestinal permeability. The subsequent translocation of bacterial compounds to the systemic circulation may aggravate inflammatory processes within the orbital tissue and, as a consequence, augment the proportion of activated myofibroblasts, which actively secrete extracellular matrix leading to retro-orbital tissue expansion. These findings warrant further exploration to assess the correlation between specific inflammatory pathways in the orbital tissue and the gut microbiota composition and may pave the way for new microbiota-targeting therapies.
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Enfermedad de Graves , Oftalmopatía de Graves , Humanos , Oftalmopatía de Graves/metabolismo , Miofibroblastos , Receptores de Tirotropina , Funcion de la Barrera Intestinal , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 9/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Graves/metabolismo , InflamaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Gambling regulated through a state monopoly is often justified for reasons of public health, that is, that monopolies are a more effective means of reducing potential harm. This focus on harm prevention has increased in recent years, particularly as a result of pressures arising from the growth of online gambling and of legislation designed to promote competition. While prior works have examined the role of stakeholders in influencing policy decisions and in public discussions of the monopoly systems, attention has been focused on those with direct financial interests; the opinions of the public have largely been absent from these discussions. In 2017 Finland restructured its monopoly order to improve efficacy of addressing gambling related harms; this restructuring offers a valuable insight into public perceptions of and attitudes toward the suitability of the Finnish system to address gambling-related harm. METHODS: This work uses Structural Equation Modelling and compares attitudes toward the Finnish system between 2015 (pre-restructuring) and 2019 (post-restructuring). RESULTS: Overall public opinion of the Finnish system as being suitable for addressing gambling harms declined between 2015 and 2019, despite the restructuring. Several predictors of attitudes were identified, however, the majority had small effect sizes, while the model explained little variance. CONCLUSION: This work concludes that existing approaches to examining public opinions of gambling regulation should be amended to include additional predictors. Furthermore, it is likely that context-specific predictors should be included in models, in order to reflect the socio-cultural history of the population being investigated. Such predictors should be determined in respect to the population of interest but, for example, could include items measuring trust in authority, political orientation, cultural acceptance of gambling, or religious affiliation.
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Juego de Azar , Opinión Pública , Humanos , Finlandia/epidemiología , Juego de Azar/prevención & control , Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Actitud , PolíticasRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Infertility is a global public health issue which leads many couples to seek fertility treatments, of which in vitro fertilization (IVF) is considered to be the most effective. Still, only about one-third of the women achieve live birth after the first IVF embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Factors affecting embryo implantation are poorly known, but the female reproductive tract microbiota may play a key role. Our study confirms the beneficial role of vaginal lactobacilli, especially Lactobacillus crispatus, in the probability of achieving clinical pregnancy and live birth following IVF-ET. Our findings regarding the intra-individual shift of vaginal microbiota between non-pregnancy and pregnancy states are novel and provide new information about the dynamics of microbiota in the early steps of human reproduction. These findings may help clinicians in their attempts to optimize the conditions for ET by microbiota screening or modulation and timing the ET when the microbiota is the most favorable.
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Infertilidad , Microbiota , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Transferencia de Embrión , Fertilización In Vitro , Infertilidad/terapia , VaginaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Limited data from prospective cohort studies in high-income countries are available on the perinatal risk factors for common infections in children. Our hypothesis was that perinatal factors may be risk factors for infectious episodes during the first year of life. METHODS: In this prospective Health and Early Life Microbiota birth cohort study of full-term infants (n = 1052) born in 2016-2018, the number and duration of infection episodes were collected online at weekly to monthly intervals. In a multivariate regression model, the main exposures were perinatal factors such as mode of delivery and intrapartum antibiotics. Environmental factors were additional exposures. The outcomes were the number and duration of infectious episodes in the first year of life. RESULTS: The mean number of infection episodes was 4.2 (2.9 SD). The mean duration of infection symptoms was 44 days (40 SD). Upper respiratory infections accounted for 83% of the episodes (3674/4455). Perinatal factors were not associated with the number nor the duration of infection episodes, but cesarean section was associated with an increased occurrence of urinary tract infections in infancy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-11.1]. Of the additional exposures male sex (aOR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0-1.2) and the presence of siblings (aOR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2-1.4) were associated with the number of infection episodes. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective cohort study showed that perinatal factors, mode of delivery and intrapartum antibiotics were not associated with the risk of common infections in infancy, but cesarean delivery was associated with a risk of urinary tract infections.
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Cesárea , Infecciones Urinarias , Niño , Lactante , Embarazo , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Cesárea/efectos adversos , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Urinarias/epidemiología , Infecciones Urinarias/etiologíaRESUMEN
Background and aims: The acquisition and gradual maturation of gut microbial communities during early childhood is central to an individual's healthy development. Bacteriophages have the potential to shape the gut bacterial communities. However, the complex ecological interactions between phages and their bacterial host are still poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the abundance and diversity of integrated prophages in infant and adult gut bacteria by detecting integrated prophages in metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) of commensal bacteria. Methods: Our study included 88 infants sampled at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months (n = 323 total samples), and their parents around delivery time (n = 138 total samples). Fecal DNA was extracted and characterized by using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and a collection of prokaryotic MAGs was generated. The MAG collection was screened for the presence of integrated bacteriophage sequences, allowing their taxonomic and functional characterization. Results: A large collection of 6,186 MAGs from infant and adult gut microbiota was obtained and screened for integrated prophages, allowing the identification of 7,165 prophage sequences longer than 10 kb. Strikingly, more than 70% of the near-complete MAGs were identified as lysogens. The prevalence of prophages in MAGs varied across bacterial families, with a lower prevalence observed among Coriobacteriaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Veillonellaceae and Burkholderiaceae, while a very high prevalence of lysogen MAGs were observed in Oscillospiraceae, Enterococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly for several bacterial families such as Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae, the prevalence of prophages in MAGs was higher in early infant time point (3 weeks and 3 months) than in later sampling points (6 and 12 months) and in adults. The prophage sequences were clustered into 5,616 species-like vOTUs, 77% of which were novel. Finally, we explored the functional repertoire of the potential auxiliary metabolic genes carried by these prophages, encoding functions involved in carbohydrate metabolism and degradation, amino acid metabolism and carbon metabolism. Conclusion: Our study provides an enhanced understanding of the diversity and prevalence of lysogens in infant and adult gut microbiota and suggests a complex interplay between prophages and their bacterial hosts.
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The rise of online gambling has drawn attention towards offshore gambling. Currently there is lack of evidence on reasons and motivations to gamble on offshore gambling sites. This study investigated the general gambling motives of onshore and offshore gamblers, and the reasons to gamble on offshore gambling sites. The study used binary logistic regression model to analyze the data from Finnish Gambling 2019 population survey including adult past-year online gamblers (n = 1,422). The validated measure for problem gambling severity (PGSI, Problem Gambling Severity Index) was used. Furthermore, data-driven qualitative analysis was used to form categories for the reasons to gamble on offshore gambling sites. Offshore gambling was more common among men and younger age groups than among women or older age groups. Offshore gamblers gambled less often for money or worthy causes than onshore gamblers. Furthermore, offshore gamblers had more different types of motives to gamble, they gambled more frequently and had higher problem gambling severity scores (PGSI) than onshore gamblers. Finally, the most common reasons to gamble offshore were: (1) larger game supply and game features, (2) benefits, bonuses, and the usability of the website, and (3) inner motivation. Offshore gambling is characterized with intensity and diversity of gambling behavior and motives, and it poses a risk especially for young men.
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Background: Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. It is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm. Methods: A natural policy experiment using a large (N = 15,000) national dataset weighted to standard population variables was employed to compare estimates of gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to one venue and have different structural features, to residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. Accessibility of other gambling forms is similar across jurisdictions. Results: Gambling participation was higher in WA, but EGM participation was approximately half that of the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm from EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2.7× and 4× lower, respectively. Mediation analyses found that less frequent EGM use in WA accounted for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path = -0.055, 95% CI -0.071; -0.038). Moderation analyses found that EGMs are the form most strongly associated with problems, and the strength of this relationship did not differ significantly across jurisdictions. Discussion: Lower harm from gambling in WA is attributable to restricted accessibility of EGMs, rather than different structural features. There appears to be little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.
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Conducta Adictiva , Juego de Azar , Juegos de Video , Humanos , Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Australia/epidemiología , Políticas , Electrónica , Conducta Adictiva/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
SCOPE: While previously considered inert, recent studies suggest lignin metabolism with unknown metabolic fates is occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of several animal models. This study focuses on analyzing the potential metabolites of lignin. METHODS AND RESULTS: The diets of rats include relatively pure birch glucuronoxylan (pureGX) with residual lignin or lignin-rich GX (GXpoly) in their diet. Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy of the lignin isolated from the GXpoly-fed rats fecal sample shows high alteration in chemical structure, whereas lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are enriched in fecal samples from the pureGX group. Moreover, the increased syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio suggests that lignin G-units are predominantly metabolized based on pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyr-GC/MS). The presence of small phenolic metabolites identified in urine samples of the GXpoly group, for example, ferulic and sinapic acids, their sulfate and glucuronide derivatives, and 4-sulfobenzylalcohol, suggests that the small fragmented lignin metabolites in the large intestine enter the plasma, and are further processed in the liver. Finally, the relative abundances of polyphenol-degrading Enterorhabdus and Akkermansia in the gut microbiota are associated with lignin metabolism. CONCLUSION: These findings give further evidence to lignin metabolism in the gut of nonruminants and provide insight to the potential microbes and metabolic routes.
Asunto(s)
Betula , Lignina , Ratas , Animales , Lignina/química , Lignina/metabolismo , Betula/metabolismo , Fibras de la Dieta , XilanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although the infant gut microbiota has been extensively studied, comprehensive assessment on the microbiota determinants including technical variables has not been performed in large infant cohorts. METHODS: We studied the effect of 109 variables on the 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based gut microbiota profiles of infants sampled longitudinally from three weeks to two years of life in the Finnish HELMi birth cohort. Spot faecal samples from both parents were included for intra-family analyses, totalling to 7657 samples from 985 families that were evaluated for beta-diversity patterns using permutational multivariate analysis on Bray-Curtis distances, and differential abundance testing and alpha-diversity for variables of interest. We also assessed the effect of different taxonomic levels and distance methods. FINDINGS: In time point-specific models, the largest share of variation explained, up to 2-6%, were seen in decreasing order for the DNA extraction batch, delivery mode and related perinatal exposures, defecation frequency and parity/siblings. Variables describing the infant gastrointestinal function were continuously important during the first two years, reflecting changes in e.g., feeding habits. The effect of parity/siblings on infant microbiota was modified by birth mode and exposure to intrapartum antibiotics, exemplifying the tight interlinkage of perinatal factors relevant for infant microbiota research. In total, up to 19% of the biological microbiota variation in the infant gut could be explained. Our results highlight the need to interpret variance partitioning results in the context of each cohort's characteristics and microbiota processing. INTERPRETATION: Our study provides a comprehensive report of key factors associated with infant gut microbiota composition across the two first years of life in a homogenous cohort. The study highlights possible important future research areas and confounding factors to be considered. FUNDING: This research was supported by Business Finland, Academy of Finland, Foundation for Nutrition Research and the Doctoral Program in Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.