Total Elbow Arthroplasty Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Distal Humerus Fractures: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis of 30-Day Postoperative Complications.

Introduction: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is an established surgical procedure for distal humeral fractures; however, total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) has become an increasingly popular alternative for elderly patients with these injuries. Using a large sample of recent patient data, this study compares the rates of short-term complications between ORIF and TEA and evaluates complication risk factors. Methods: Patients who underwent primary TEA or ORIF from 2012 to 2021 were identified by Current Procedural Terminology codes in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Propensity score matching controlled for demographic and comorbid differences. The rates of 30-day postoperative complications were compared. Results: A total of 1539 patients were identified, with 1365 (88.7%) and 174 (11.3%) undergoing ORIF and TEA, respectively. Patients undergoing TEA were older on average (ORIF: 56.2 ± 19.8 years, TEA: 74.3 ± 11.0 years, P < .001). 348 patients were included in the matched analysis, with 174 patients in each group. TEA was associated with an increased risk for postoperative transfusion (OR = 6.808, 95% CI = 1.355 - 34.199, P = .020). There were no significant differences in any adverse event (AAE) between procedures (P = .259). A multivariate analysis indicated age was the only independent risk factor for the development of AAE across both groups (OR = 1.068, 95% CI = 1.011 - 1.128, P = .018). Conclusion: The risk of short-term complications within 30-days of ORIF or TEA procedures are similar when patient characteristics are controlled. TEA, however, was found to increase the risk of postoperative transfusions. Risks associated with increasing patient age should be considered prior to either procedure. These findings suggest that long-term functional outcomes can be prioritized in the management of distal humerus fractures.

Partial Patellar Tendon Tears in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Treatment Options, Outcomes, and Return to Sport.

Introduction: Partial patellar tendon tears (PPTTs) are overuse injuries in sports with frequent jumping, such as basketball and volleyball. There are several treatment options, including both operative and non-operative modalities. Current literature is largely focused broadly on patellar tendinopathy; however, there are few studies which specifically evaluate treatment outcomes for PPTTs. Objective: To systematically review the literature on treatment options, clinical outcomes, and return to sport (RTS) in athletes with a PPTT. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched through May 1st, 2023 for studies reporting treatment outcomes in athletes with partial patellar tendon tears. Data was extracted on the following topics: treatment modalities, surgical failures/reoperations, surgical complications, RTS, and postoperative time to RTS. Results: The review covers 11 studies with 454 athletes: 343 males (86.2%) and 55 females (13.8%). The average age was 25.8 years, ranging from 15 to 55 years. 169 patients (37.2%) received only non-operative treatments, while 295 (65.0%) underwent surgery. 267 patients (92.1%) returned to sports after 3.9 months of treatment. The average follow-up was 55.8 months. Conclusion: Our review of current literature on PPTTs in athletes illustrates over 90% return to sport following either conservative or surgical treatment. There is currently little data that directly compares the treatment options to establish an evidence-based "gold-standard" treatment plan. The data we present suggests that current treatment options are satisfactory but would benefit from future study.

A randomized trial of blood donor iron repletion on red cell quality for transfusion and donor cognition and well-being.

Although altruistic regular blood donors are vital for the blood supply, many become iron deficient from donation-induced iron loss. The effects of blood donation-induced iron deficiency on red cell transfusion quality or donor cognition are unknown. In this double-blind, randomized trial, adult iron-deficient blood donors (n = 79; ferritin < 15 µg/L and zinc protoporphyrin >60 µMol/mol heme) who met donation qualifications were enrolled. A first standard blood donation was followed by the gold-standard measure for red cell storage quality: a 51-chromium posttransfusion red cell recovery study. Donors were then randomized to intravenous iron repletion (1 g low-molecular-weight iron dextran) or placebo. A second donation ∼5 months later was followed by another recovery study. Primary outcome was the within-subject change in posttransfusion recovery. The primary outcome measure of an ancillary study reported here was the National Institutes of Health Toolbox-derived uncorrected standard Cognition Fluid Composite Score. Overall, 983 donors were screened; 110 were iron-deficient, and of these, 39 were randomized to iron repletion and 40 to placebo. Red cell storage quality was unchanged by iron repletion: mean change in posttransfusion recovery was 1.6% (95% confidence interval -0.5 to 3.8) and -0.4% (-2.0 to 1.2) with and without iron, respectively. Iron repletion did not affect any cognition or well-being measures. These data provide evidence that current criteria for blood donation preserve red cell transfusion quality for the recipient and protect adult donors from measurable effects of blood donation-induced iron deficiency on cognition. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02889133 and NCT02990559.

Epigenetic regulation during human cortical development: Seq-ing answers from the brain to the organoid.

Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in controlling gene expression during complex processes, such as development of the human brain. Mutations in genes encoding chromatin modifying proteins and in the non-protein coding sequences of the genome can potentially alter transcription factor binding or chromatin accessibility. Such mutations can frequently cause neurodevelopmental disorders, therefore understanding how epigenetic regulation shapes brain development is of particular interest. While epigenetic regulation of neural development has been extensively studied in murine models, significant species-specific differences in both the genome sequence and in brain development necessitate human models. However, access to human fetal material is limited and these tissues cannot be grown or experimentally manipulated ex vivo. Therefore, models that recapitulate particular aspects of human fetal brain development, such as the in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), are instrumental for studying the epigenetic regulation of human neural development. Here, we examine recent studies that have defined changes in the epigenomic landscape during fetal brain development. We compare these studies with analogous data derived by in vitro differentiation of hPSCs into specific neuronal cell types or as three-dimensional cerebral organoids. Such comparisons can be informative regarding which aspects of fetal brain development are faithfully recapitulated by in vitro differentiation models and provide a foundation for using experimentally tractable in vitro models of human brain development to study neural gene regulation and the basis of its disruption to cause neurodevelopmental disorders.