Relevance of the first thousand days of life to the development of wheezing in children aged 6-7 years

INTRODUCTION: The first thousand days of life are a critical stage for the development of respiratory and immune systems. Many events in this period may be associated with wheezing in childhood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between early life determinants and wheezing in children aged 6-7 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Population-based case-control study using early-life related questions. We used the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire to assess wheezing symptoms. Multiple logistic regressions were performed according to a hierarchical framework, considering the complex dynamic of wheezing/asthma and potential interaction between different levels of determination. RESULTS: A total of 820 children were included, from which 162 reported wheezing symptoms (19.7%). Multivariable analysis identified socioeconomic conditions (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.08-4.00), family history of asthma (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.37-3.75), vaginal discharge that required treatment during pregnancy (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00-2.83), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.17-3.42), anemia and intestinal parasitosis in the first two years (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.25; OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.02-2.92, respectively) independently associated to wheezing at 6-7 years. Intended pregnancy was associated with reduced wheezing (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Several factors were associated with wheezing in childhood. Considering that intended pregnancy reduced wheezing and other associated exposures are considered modifiable, these findings may guide the planning of strategies to decrease the susceptibility to asthma symptoms in childhood

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Relevance of the first thousand days of life to the development of wheezing in children aged 6-7 years.

INTRODUCTION: The first thousand days of life are a critical stage for the development of respiratory and immune systems. Many events in this period may be associated with wheezing in childhood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between early life determinants and wheezing in children aged 6-7 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Population-based case-control study using early-life related questions. We used the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire to assess wheezing symptoms. Multiple logistic regressions were performed according to a hierarchical framework, considering the complex dynamic of wheezing/asthma and potential interaction between different levels of determination. RESULTS: A total of 820 children were included, from which 162 reported wheezing symptoms (19.7%). Multivariable analysis identified socioeconomic conditions (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.08-4.00), family history of asthma (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.37-3.75), vaginal discharge that required treatment during pregnancy (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00-2.83), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.17-3.42), anemia and intestinal parasitosis in the first two years (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.25; OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.02-2.92, respectively) independently associated to wheezing at 6-7 years. Intended pregnancy was associated with reduced wheezing (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Several factors were associated with wheezing in childhood. Considering that intended pregnancy reduced wheezing and other associated exposures are considered modifiable, these findings may guide the planning of strategies to decrease the susceptibility to asthma symptoms in childhood.

QUALITY OF LIFE EVALUATION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORSIN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ATTENDED IN A SPECIALIZED OUTPATIENT CLINIC.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life and its association with disease control, severity, allergic comorbidities and adherence to treatment in children and adolescents with asthma. METHODS: A cross-sectional study that included children and adolescents aged seven to 17. The Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) was used to assess their quality of life. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from the chart and from a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to verify the existence of associations between quality of life and disease control, severity, comorbidities and adherence to treatment. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: 101 children/adolescents were evaluated (62.4% boys), with a mean age of 10.1 years. On average, the PAQLQ score was ≤5.9 points, indicating moderate / severe quality of life impairment. Higher levels of control, as well as higher disease severity, were associated with higher quality of life impairment, both in total PAQLQ score and domains (p<0.05). The presence of comorbidities was also associated with higher quality of life impairment (p=0.01), except in the emotional function domain. Adherence to treatment showed no association with quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with asthma present impairment in their quality of life, and this is related to poorer control and severity of the disease, as well as to the presence of allergic comorbidities.

The minimal important difference for Glittre-ADL test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine Glittre-ADL test minimal important difference in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: This is quasi-experimental study. Sixty patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (age 64.1, SD=9.09 years; forced expiratory volume in the first second 37.9, SD=13.0% predicted participated in a pulmonary rehabilitation program based on physical training, conducted over 24 sessions supervised, three times a week, including aerobic training in treadmill and resistance training for upper limbs and lower limbs. The main outcomes were the Glittre-ADL test and six-minute walk test, before and after 24 sessions of pulmonary rehabilitation. The minimal important difference was established using the distribution and anchor-based methods. RESULTS: Patients improved their functional capacity after the pulmonary rehabilitation. The effect sizes of Glittre-ADL test and six-minute walk test improvement were similar (0.45 vs 0.44, respectively). The established minimal important differences ranged from -0.38 to -1.05. The reduction of 0.38min (23s) corresponded to a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 69% with an area under the curve of 0.66 (95%CI 0.51-0.81; p=0.04). Subjects who achieved the minimal important difference of -0.38min for the Glittre-ADL test had a superior improvement of approximately 42m in the six-minute walk test when compared to patients who did not. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest -0.38min as the minimal important difference in the time spent in the Glittre-ADL test after 24 sessions of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03251781 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03251781).

Early-Life Exposure to Oral Antibiotics and Lung Function Into Early Adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Although there is ongoing debate regarding the impact of early postnatal exposure to antibiotics on the development of asthma, the possibility that antibiotic exposure may impair lung function has not previously been examined. Furthermore, it is unclear if specific types of antibiotics may have a greater effect, or if children with genetic mutations in the oxidative stress response glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily may be at greater risk. METHODS: Parent-reported data of childhood antibiotic use from birth to 2 years, including type and indication, were collected from a birth cohort of 620 infants with a family history of allergy. Spirometry was performed at age 12 and 18 years, and results are presented as z scores. Participants were genotyped for GST-P, GST-M, and GST-T polymorphisms. Linear regression models were used to investigate the associations while adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: Neither increasing days of exposure nor earlier exposure to antibiotics was associated with reduced FEV1 (at 18 years, per doubling of days of exposure = -0.03 z score units; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.04) or FVC (< 0.01; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.07). There was no evidence that GST-risk polymorphisms (M1, P1, and T1) increased susceptibility, and specific types of antibiotics also did not increase risk of lung function deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing exposure to oral antibiotics in early postnatal life was not associated with reduced lung function in children with a family history of allergic diseases. Although unwarranted use of antibiotics in children should be minimized, concerns regarding long-term lung health should not be a driving influence for this rationalization of use.

Quality of life evaluation and associated factorsin asthmatic children and adolescents attended in a specialized outpatient clinic / Avaliação da qualidade de vida e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos atendidos em ambulatório especializado

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the quality of life and its association with disease control, severity, allergic comorbidities and adherence to treatment in children and adolescents with asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional study that included children and adolescents aged seven to 17. The Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) was used to assess their quality of life. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from the chart and from a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to verify the existence of associations between quality of life and disease control, severity, comorbidities and adherence to treatment. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: 101 children/adolescents were evaluated (62.4% boys), with a mean age of 10.1 years. On average, the PAQLQ score was ≤5.9 points, indicating moderate / severe quality of life impairment. Higher levels of control, as well as higher disease severity, were associated with higher quality of life impairment, both in total PAQLQ score and domains (p<0.05). The presence of comorbidities was also associated with higher quality of life impairment (p=0.01), except in the emotional function domain. Adherence to treatment showed no association with quality of life. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with asthma present impairment in their quality of life, and this is related to poorer control and severity of the disease, as well as to the presence of allergic comorbidities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida e sua associação com controle da doença, gravidade, comorbidades alérgicas e adesão ao tratamento em crianças e adolescentes com asma. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu crianças e adolescentes com idade entre sete e 17 anos. O Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionary (PAQLQ) foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram obtidos a partir do prontuário e de um questionário. Foi realizada estatística descritiva e o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para verificar existência de associações entre qualidade de vida e controle da doença, gravidade, comorbidades e adesão ao tratamento. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p<0,05. Resultados: 101 adolescentes/crianças foram avaliados (62,4% meninos), com média de idade de 10,1 anos. Em média, a pontuação do PAQLQ foi ≤5,9 pontos, indicando comprometimento moderado/grave da qualidade de vida. Piores níveis de controle e a maior gravidade da doença estiveram associados ao maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida, tanto no escore total do PAQLQ quanto por domínios (p<0,05). A presença de comorbidades também esteve associada ao maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida (p=0,01), exceto no domínio função emocional. A adesão ao tratamento não demonstrou associação com a qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Crianças e adolescentes com asma apresentam prejuízo na qualidade de vida, e este está relacionado com pior controle e maior gravidade da doença, assim como com a presença de comorbidades alérgicas.

Relação entre índice de massa corporal e asma em adolescentes escolares de São José, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Association between body mass index and asthma symptoms among teenage students in São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre o IMC e os sintomas e gravidade de asma em adolescentes escolares. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional em escolas públicas e particulares do município de São José ­ SC, incluindo adolescentes entre 12 a 14 anos de idade. As características de asma foram avaliadas pelo questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). O indicador antropométrico para classificar o grau nutricional nos adolescentes foi Índice de Massa Corpórea. O nível de significância foi de p > 0,05, e os dados foram analisados usando Statistical Package for the Social Sciencies (SPSS) versão 20.0. Resultados: Foram avaliados estudantes adolescentes (n=2042; 1116 [54,6%] feminino). Um total de 26,4% adolescentes apresentou IMC com percentil >85º, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os que apresentaram critérios para asma e os que não tinham sintomas de asma (28,1% versus 26,3%; p = 0,633). Apenas 263 adolescentes apresentaram critérios de provável asma, mostrando uma prevalência de 13% da doença, em relação a gravidade a maioria apresentou uma menor gravidade não tendo uma associação significativa com sobrepeso e/ou obesidade. Não se encontrou nenhuma relação entre prevalência de sintomas, gravidade e o estado nutricional entre os adolescentes asmáticos eutróficos, com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e/ou obesidade entre os adolescentes escolares, independente da presença de sintomas de asma. Entre aqueles com sintomas de asma, houve predomínio de sobrepeso no gênero feminino, entretanto a gravidade dos sintomas de asma não foi associada ao IMC.

Introduction: The association between asthma and obesity in adolescents has been investigated; however, findings from the literature are still controversial. Objective: To identify the association between body mass index (BMI) and asthma symptoms and severity among students aged 12-14 years. Methodology: Cross-sectional population-based study conducted in public and private schools in São José, Santa Catarina, Southern of Brazil. Asthma symptoms were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). BMI (greater than or equal to the 85percentile) was used to assess the nutritional status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The association between overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85 percentile) and asthma severity was analyzed by calculating odds ratios and confidence intervals. The level of significance was set at p <0.05.Results: A total of 2,042 adolescents (54.6% female) were surveyed. The prevalence of asthma symptoms was 13%, with predominance in female. Of the total, 26.4% had a BMI ≥ 85 percentile. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups with and without asthma symptoms (28.1% versus 26.3%; p = 0.633). No significant associations were found between prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms and overweight and/or obese subjects. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of overweight and/or obesity among adolescents, regardless of the presence of asthma symptoms. Among those with asthma symptoms, there was a prevalence of overweight among girls, though severity of asthma symptoms was not associated with BMI.

Methodological description and preliminary results of a cohort study on the influence of the first 1,000 days of life on the children's future health.

The aim of this report is to describe general and methodological characteristics of a cohort study in southern Brazil (Coorte Brasil Sul), aimed at understanding the impact of the first 1,000 days of life on children's health. It is a cohort study involving all children born in 2009 and their families living in the municipality of Palhoça, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Face-to-face interviews with parents at home using a structured questionnaire and children's physical and clinical examinations at schools have been carried out. Cross-sectional analyzes, longitudinal comparisons and hierarquical regression analysis will allow understanding if the first 1,000 days of life can influence on 6-year-old children's health. The Coorte Brasil Sul is in its retrospective phase together with the children's physical data collection. Preliminary data (n=1270) related to nutritional status point to a high prevalence of overweight (16.4%) and obesity (15.5%). With the continuity of the study, it is expected to evaluate if the first phases of life can influence health during adolescence and in adult life, mainly in relation to chronic diseases.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and reliability of the Understanding COPD questionnaire for use in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To translate the Understanding COPD (UCOPD) questionnaire into Portuguese, adapt it for use in Brazil, and assess its reliability. METHODS: The UCOPD questionnaire consists of two sections, designated section A and section B. Section A comprises 18 items divided into three domains: "About COPD", "Managing Symptoms of COPD", and "Accessing Help and Support". Section B includes five questions regarding patient satisfaction with the educational component of pulmonary rehabilitation programs. The UCOPD questionnaire was applied twice on the same day by two different raters (with a 10-min interval between applications) and once again 15-20 days later. The Wilcoxon test was used in order to compare the scores among applications. Reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 50 COPD patients (35 men; mean age, 65.3 ± 7.91 years; mean FEV1, 36.4 ± 16.2% of the predicted value). Inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients for section A total scores and domain scores ranged from moderate to high. Section A scores and domain scores had no significant differences regarding test-retest reliability (p < 0.05). The test-retest and inter-rater Cronbach's alpha coefficients for section A total scores were 0.93 and 0.86, respectively (p < 0.001). There were no floor or ceiling effects. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the UCOPD questionnaire is reliable.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and reliability of the Understanding COPD questionnaire for use in Brazil / Tradução, adaptação transcultural e confiabilidade do questionário Understanding COPD para uso no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To translate the Understanding COPD (UCOPD) questionnaire into Portuguese, adapt it for use in Brazil, and assess its reliability. Methods: The UCOPD questionnaire consists of two sections, designated section A and section B. Section A comprises 18 items divided into three domains: "About COPD", "Managing Symptoms of COPD", and "Accessing Help and Support". Section B includes five questions regarding patient satisfaction with the educational component of pulmonary rehabilitation programs. The UCOPD questionnaire was applied twice on the same day by two different raters (with a 10-min interval between applications) and once again 15-20 days later. The Wilcoxon test was used in order to compare the scores among applications. Reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. Results: The study sample consisted of 50 COPD patients (35 men; mean age, 65.3 ± 7.91 years; mean FEV1, 36.4 ± 16.2% of the predicted value). Inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients for section A total scores and domain scores ranged from moderate to high. Section A scores and domain scores had no significant differences regarding test-retest reliability (p < 0.05). The test-retest and inter-rater Cronbach's alpha coefficients for section A total scores were 0.93 and 0.86, respectively (p < 0.001). There were no floor or ceiling effects. Conclusions: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the UCOPD questionnaire is reliable.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traduzir o questionário Understanding COPD (UCOPD) para o português, adaptá-lo para uso no Brasil e avaliar sua confiabilidade. Métodos: O questionário UCOPD é dividido em duas seções, denominadas seção A e seção B. A seção A compreende 18 itens, divididos em três domínios: "Sobre a DPOC", "Manejo dos Sintomas da DPOC" e "Acesso a Ajuda e Suporte". A seção B inclui cinco itens referentes à satisfação do paciente com o componente educacional dos programas de reabilitação pulmonar. O questionário UCOPD foi aplicado duas vezes no mesmo dia por dois observadores diferentes (com 10 min de intervalo entre uma aplicação e outra) e mais uma vez 15-20 dias depois. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar a pontuação obtida em cada aplicação. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e de gráficos de dispersão de Bland-Altman. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 50 pacientes com DPOC (35 homens; média de idade = 65,3 ± 7,91 anos; média do VEF1 = 36,4 ± 16,2% do valor predito). Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse referentes à análise interobservador da pontuação total da seção A e seus domínios variaram de moderados a elevados. A pontuação obtida na seção A e em seus domínios não apresentou diferenças significativas quanto à confiabilidade teste-reteste (p < 0,05). Os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach de teste-reteste e interobservador referentes à pontuação total da seção A foram de 0,93 e 0,86, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Não foram observados efeitos de piso ou teto. Conclusões: A versão em português do Brasil do questionário UCOPD é confiável.

Nutritional status and its relationship with different dimensions of functional status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Estado nutricional e sua relação com diferentes dimensões do estado funcional em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether there is a relationship between nutritional status and limitations in activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from July to December 2011 in Santa Catarina. Seventeen chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients [age (years) = 67±8; forced expiratory volume in one second (% of the predicted value) = 38.6±16.1; body mass index (kg/m2) = 24.7±5.4] underwent the assessments: pulmonary function (spirometry); functional status (London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale, physical activities in daily life, and Glittre ADL-Test; nutritional status (anthropometry and dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry). Results: The total score of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale correlated with fat-free mass (r=-0.50; p=0.04) and lean mass (r=-0.50; p=0.04). The lying time in physical activities in daily life correlated with bone mineral content (r=-0.50; p=0.04). Nutricional status was not correlated with time spent on Glittre ADL-test. Conclusion: Variables that reflect muscle mass depletion are related to variables of self-reported limitation in activities of daily living. Bone mineral content is correlated with time patients spend lying, reflecting the impact of inactive postures on the nutritional status of these patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se existe relação entre o estado nutricional e a limitação em atividades de vida diária em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido de julho a dezembro de 2011 em Santa Catarina. Dezessete pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica [idade (anos) = 67±8; volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (% do valor predito) =38,6±16,1; índice de massa corporal (kg/m2) =24,7±5,4] foram submetidos à avaliação da função pulmonar (espirometria); do estado funcional (escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living, monitorização das atividades físicas na vida diária e teste de AVD-Glittre); e do estado nutricional (antropometria e absorciometria por dupla emissão de Raios X). Resultados: O escore total da escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living correlacionou-se negativamente com a massa livre de gordura (r=-0,50; p=0,04) e com a massa magra (r=-0,50; p=0,04). O tempo deitado nas atividades físicas na vida diária apresentou correlação negativa com o conteúdo mineral ósseo (r=-0,50; p=0,04). Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre variáveis de estado nutricional e tempo despendido no TGlittre. Conclusão: Variáveis que refletem a depleção muscular estão relacionadas a variáveis de autorrelato de limitação em atividades de vida diária. O conteúdo mineral ósseo correlaciona-se ao tempo que os pacientes permanecem deitados, refletindo o impacto de posturas inativas no estado nutricional desses indivíduos.

Ventilatory demand and dynamic hyperinflation induced during ADL-based tests in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients

ABSTRACT Background Airflow limitation frequently leads to the interruption of activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). These patients commonly show absence of ventilatory reserve, reduced inspiratory reserve volume, and dynamic hyperinflation (DH). Objective To investigate ventilatory response and DH induced by three ADL-based protocols in COPD patients and compare them to healthy subjects. Method Cross-sectional study. COPD group: 23 patients (65±6 years, FEV1 37.2±15.4%pred); control group: 14 healthy subjects (64±4 years) matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Both groups performed all three tests: Glittre-ADL test; an activity test that involved moving objects on a shelf (TSHELF); and a modified shelf protocol isolating activity with upper limbs (TSHELF-M). Ventilatory response and inspiratory capacity were evaluated. Results Baseline ventilatory variables were similar between groups (p>0.05). The ventilatory demand increased and the inspiratory capacity decreased significantly at the end of the tests in the COPD group. Ventilatory demand and DH were higher (p<0.05) in the TSHELF than in the TSHELF–M in the COPD group (p<0.05). There were no differences in DH between the three tests in the control group (p>0.05) and ventilatory demand increased at the end of the tests (p<0.05) but to a lower extent than the COPD group. Conclusion The TSHELF induces similar ventilatory responses to the Glittre-ADL test in COPD patients with higher ventilatory demand and DH. In contrast, the ventilatory response was attenuated in the TSHELF-M, suggesting that squatting and bending down during the Glittre-ADL test could trigger significant ventilatory overload.

Preliminary stages of cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of McMaster Family Assessment Device / Estágios preliminares da adaptação transcultural da versão brasileira do McMaster Family Assessment Device

ABSTRACT Objective To carry out the preliminary stages of the cross-cultural adaptation of the Family Assessment Device (FAD) to Brazilian Portuguese language and examine its reliability. Methods The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the FAD were developed according to the methods internationally recommended. The resulting product was applied to 80 individuals who completed the questionnaire on two different occasions, seven days apart. Internal consistency was obtained through Cronbach’s alpha, and reliability was estimated by using the Bland and Altman method. Results The internal consistency obtained was very good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.910). The mean differences of FAD dimensions found in the Bland and Altman test were the following: -0.21 (Problem Solving); -0.32 (Communication); -0.17 (Roles); 0.2 (Affective Responsiveness); -0.27 (Affective Involvement); -0.08 (Behavior Control); -0.02 (General Functioning). Conclusion The processes of translation and cross-cultural adaptation were successful. Assessment of the structural validity and external construct validity is recommended for the improvement of the Brazilian version.

RESUMO Objetivo Proceder as fases preliminares da adaptação transcultural do Family Assessment Device (FAD) para o português falado no Brasil e analisar sua confiabilidade. Métodos A tradução e a adaptação transcultural do FAD foram realizadas de acordo com métodos internacionalmente recomendados. A versão brasileira foi aplicada em 80 indivíduos que completaram o questionário em duas ocasiões distintas, com intervalo de sete dias. A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach e a reprodutibilidade foi estimada utilizando o método de Bland-Altman. Resultados A consistência interna obtida foi muito boa (alfa de Cronbach = 0,910). A média das diferenças das dimensões do FAD encontradas no teste de Bland-Altman foi a seguinte: -0,21 (Resolução de Problemas); -0,32 (Comunicação); -0,17 (Papéis); 0,2 (Resposta Afetiva); -0,27 (Envolvimento Afetivo); -0,08 (Controle do Comportamento); -0,02 (Funcionamento Geral). Conclusão Os processos de tradução e adaptação transcultural foram bem-sucedidos. A aferição da validade de conteúdo é recomendada para o aprimoramento da versão proposta.

Ventilatory demand and dynamic hyperinflation induced during ADL-based tests in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Airflow limitation frequently leads to the interruption of activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). These patients commonly show absence of ventilatory reserve, reduced inspiratory reserve volume, and dynamic hyperinflation (DH). OBJECTIVE: To investigate ventilatory response and DH induced by three ADL-based protocols in COPD patients and compare them to healthy subjects. METHOD: Cross-sectional study. COPD group: 23 patients (65±6 years, FEV1 37.2±15.4%pred); control group: 14 healthy subjects (64±4 years) matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Both groups performed all three tests: Glittre-ADL test; an activity test that involved moving objects on a shelf (TSHELF); and a modified shelf protocol isolating activity with upper limbs (TSHELF-M). Ventilatory response and inspiratory capacity were evaluated. RESULTS: Baseline ventilatory variables were similar between groups (p>0.05). The ventilatory demand increased and the inspiratory capacity decreased significantly at the end of the tests in the COPD group. Ventilatory demand and DH were higher (p<0.05) in the TSHELF than in the TSHELF-M in the COPD group (p<0.05). There were no differences in DH between the three tests in the control group (p>0.05) and ventilatory demand increased at the end of the tests (p<0.05) but to a lower extent than the COPD group. CONCLUSION: The TSHELF induces similar ventilatory responses to the Glittre-ADL test in COPD patients with higher ventilatory demand and DH. In contrast, the ventilatory response was attenuated in the TSHELF-M, suggesting that squatting and bending down during the Glittre-ADL test could trigger significant ventilatory overload.

Função pulmonar e capacidade funcional de usuários de drogas ilícitas em processo de desintoxicação / Pulmonary function and functional capacity of illicit drug users in detoxification process

Importância do problema: O uso de substâncias psicoativas representa um problema de saúde pública, gerando complicações que vão além do social. Objetivo: Investigar a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional de dependentes químicos internados em um centro de reabilitação. Métodos: Relato de casos de 13 homens (24 ± 2,9 anos), dependentes químicos, em regime de internação e tempo de abstinência de até nove meses, submetidos a entrevista sociodemográfica, espirometria e teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min.). Resultados: No TC6min., percorreram em média 129% da distância prevista e a função pulmonar não se apresentou comprometida. A maioria iniciou o uso dessas substâncias na adolescência, apresentavam o uso combinado de substâncias e histórico familiar para o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e álcool. Comentários: Os achados sugerem que o uso de substâncias psicoativas ilícitas por um período inferior a vinte anos, não altera a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional...

Importance of the problem: The use of psychoactive substances represents a public health problem,causing complications that go beyond the social. Aim: Investigate the pulmonary function and functional capacity of drug addicts admitted to a rehabilitation center. Methods: Case reports with 13 men(24 ± 2.9 years), drug users and abstinence time of up to nine months, perform a protocol consisting of sociodemographic interview, spirometry and six minute walk test. Results: In the six-minute walk test, traveled on average 129% of the scheduled distance and pulmonary function showed no impairment. The majority began substance use in adolescence; in addition, presented the combined substance use and family history of consumption of psychoactive substances and alcohol. Comments: The findings suggest that the use of illegal drugs for less in twenty years does not alter pulmonary function and functional capacity...

Relação entre força muscular periférica e respiratória e qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Relationship between peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Investigar se existe associação entre qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e força muscular periférica e respiratória em pacientes com DPOC, bem como investigar se há diferença no comprometimento da qualidade de vida de pacientes com e sem fraqueza muscular. Metodologia: Vinte pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, função pulmonar, aplicação do Questionário do Hospital Saint George na Doença Respiratória (SGRQ) e avaliação de força de músculos respiratórios, de preensão palmar e quadríceps. Utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilkpara verificar a normalidade dos dados e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para testar a correlação dos domínios e do escore total do SGRQ (SGRQtotal) com a força muscular periférica e respiratória e seus percentuais do previsto (%prev). Para comparar o domínio “impacto” entre os subgrupos de força de quadríceps, utilizou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney. O teste t para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar os demais escores de qualidade de vida entre os subgrupos. Resultados: Verificou-se moderada correlação do SGRQtotal e dos domínios “atividades” e “impacto” com o %prev da força de quadríceps (r=-0,51; r=-0,52 e r=-0,46, respectivamente). O domínio “atividades” também correlacionou se com o valor absoluto da força de quadríceps (r=-0,44) enquanto o % prev da pressão expiratória máxima apresentou correlação com o SGRQtotal (r=-0,45) e com o domínio “impacto” (r=-0,49). Conclusões:A força de quadríceps e de músculos expiratórios é capaz de refletir o impacto que a limitação das atividades de vida diária exerce sobre a qualidade de vida de pacientes com DPOC...

Investigate whether there is an association between health related quality of life and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength in patients with COPD. Secondly, it was aimed to investigate if there are differences quality of life in patients with and without muscle weakness. Methods: Twenty patients underwent anthropometric, lung function, quality of life (Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire), respiratory, handgrip and quadriceps muscle strength assessments. The normality of the data was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed to evaluate the correlation between the total score and domains of the SGRQ (SGRQtotal) and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and their percentage of predicted (%pred). To compare the domain “impact” between the subgroups of quadriceps strength, it was used the Mann-Whitney test. Thet test for independent samples was used to compare the other scores of quality of life among subgroups. Results: There was a moderate correlation of the SGRQ total and the domains “activities” and “impact” with the quadriceps strength %pred (r=-0.51, r=-0.52 and r=-0.46, respectively). The domain “activities” also correlated with the absolute value of quadriceps strength (r=-0.44) while the maximal expiratory pressure %pred correlated with SGRQ total (r=-0.45) and with the domain “impact” (r=-0.49). Conclusions: Quadríceps and expiratory muscles strengthare able to reflect the impact that the impairment of activities of daily living have on the quality of life of patients with COPD...

Relação entre a capacidade funcional e a percepção de limitação em atividades de vida diária de pacientes com DPOC / Relación entre la capacidad funcional y la percepción de la limitación en las actividades diarias de los pacientes con EPOC / Relationship between the functional capacity and perception of limitation on activities of daily life of patients with COPD

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há correlação entre a capacidade funcional e a percepção da limitação em atividades de vida diária (AVDs) de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Trinta pacientes com DPOC foram submetidos a: avaliação antropométrica, espirometria, escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL), teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min) e teste de AVD-Glittre (TGlittre). A normalidade dos dados foi testada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para verificar a existência de correlação entre as variáveis, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Uma regressão linear simples e uma regressão linear múltipla stepwise foram aplicadas utilizando-se o percentual da escala LCADL (LCADL%total) como variável dependente e os testes (TGlittre e TC6min) como independentes. O TGlittre correlacionou-se moderadamente com o LCADL%total (r=0,58; p<0,05), o domínio "cuidados pessoais" (r=0,45; p<0,05) e o domínio "lazer" (r=0,54; p<0,05) da escala LCADL. O LCADL%total e o domínio "lazer" apresentaram moderada e fraca correlação negativa com o TC6min (r=0,45 e r=-0,53; p<0,05, respectivamente), enquanto o domínio "cuidados pessoais" não se correlacionou com o mesmo. A variabilidade do TGlittre foi capaz de explicar 44% (p<0,01) da variabilidade do LCADL%total,enquanto do TC6min apenas 20% (p<0,05). No modelo de regressão linear múltipla, apenas o TGlittre foi selecionado como preditor do LCADL%total (R²=0,44; p<0,01). Portanto, o TGlittre e o TC6min refletem as limitações nas AVD percebidas e relatadas por pacientes com DPOC. Entretanto, o TGlittre parece ser mais sensível para refletir a percepção do comprometimento funcional dos pacientes.

Este estudio tiene el propósito de comprobar si hay correlación entre la capacidad funcional y las limitaciones percibidas por pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVDs). Se aplicaron a los treinta participantes la evaluación antropométrica, la espirometría, la escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL), el test de marcha de 6 minutos (TM6m) y el test de AVD-Glittre (TGlittre). La normalidad de los datos se puso a prueba mediante el test de Shapiro-Wilk, y para comprobar la correlación entre las variables se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Una regresión lineal simple y una múltiple stepwise se aplicaron mediante el porcentaje de la escala LCADL (LCADL%total) como variable dependiente y las pruebas (TGlittre y TM6m) como independientes. El TGlittre correlacionó moderadamente con la LCADL%total (r=0,58; p<0,05), con el dominio "cuidados personales" (r=0,45; p<0,05) y con el dominio "tiempo de ocio" (r=0,54; p<0,05) de la escala LCADL. La LCADL%total y el dominio "tiempo de ocio" mostraron correlación negativa moderada y débil con el TM6m (r=-0,45 y r=-0,53; p<0,05, respectivamente), mientras que este no correlacionó con el dominio "cuidados personales". Un 44% (p<0,01) de la variación de la LCADL%total se explicó por la variación del TGlittre, mientras que la del TM6m fue solamente un 20% (p<0,05). En el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple se seleccionó solamente el TGlittre como predictor de la LCADL%total (R²=0,44; p<0,01). Se concluyó que tanto el TGlittre como el TM6m mostraron las AVDs percibidas y relatadas por los pacientes con EPOC. Sin embargo, el TGlittre parece ser lo más sensible para percibir la alteración funcional de los pacientes.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between functional capacity and the perception of limitation for activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thirty patients underwent anthropometric assessment, spirometry, the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), the six minute walk test (6mWT) and the Glittre-ALD test (TGlittre). The normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To verify correlation between variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. A simple linear regression and stepwise multiple linear regression were applied, using the percentage of LCADL (LCADL%total) as dependent variable and the tests (TGlittre and 6mWT) as independents. The TGlittre correlated moderately with LCADL%total (r=0.58, p<0.05) and with the LCADL domain "self care" (r=0.45, p<0.05) and "leisure" (r=0.54, p<0.05). The LCADL%total and its domain "leisure" showed moderate and weak negative correlation with the 6mWT (r=-0.45 and r=-0.53, p<0.05, respectively), while the "self care" domain did not correlate with 6mWT. The variability of the TGlittre was able to explain 44% of the variability of the LCADL%total (p<0.01), while 6mWT explained only 17% of the LCADL%total (p<0.05). In the multiple linear regression model, only the TGlittre was selected as LCADL%total predictor (R²=0.44; p<0.01). Therefore, both the 6MWT and TGlittre reflect ADL limitations perceived and reported by patients with COPD. However, TGlittre seems to be more sensitive to reflect the self-perception of functional impairment in those patients.

Relationship between the functional status constructs and quality of life in COPD / Relação entre dimensões do estado funcional e qualidade de vida na DPOC

Introduction Functional status is an important component of health related quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However there is a lack of studies aiming to evaluate the association between QOL and the different methods for assessing patient´s limitation to perform ADL. Objectives To investigate the association between QOL and functional status, measured by four different instruments: London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale (LCADL), six-minute walking test (6MWT), Glittre ADL-test (TGlittre) and assessment of physical activities in daily living (PADL). Methods Twenty-three patients with COPD, GOLD 2 to 4, were submitted to the following evaluations: spirometry, the Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), LCADL, 6MWT, TGlittre and assessment of PADL. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients were used to verify the association between the variables. Results It was observed correlation between all domains of the SGRQ and the 6MWT, between TGlittre and ‘leisure’ domain of LCADL; and between the domain ‘activity’ of the SGRQ with the total score of LCADL (r = 0.53), LCADL% (r = 0.54), ‘self care’ (r = 0.49) and ‘leisure’ (r = 0.82). The number of steps correlated with the SGRQ (r = -0.59) and with ‘activity’ (r = -0.70) and ‘impact’ (r = -0.52) domains. The standing time correlated with the domain ‘activitiy’ (r = -0.47) of the SGRQ (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions Both functional performance and capacity are able to reflect the impact that ADL limitation has on QOL in patients with COPD .

Introdução O estado funcional é um componente importante da qualidade de vida (QV) relacionada à saúde em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Entretanto há uma escassez de estudos associando a QV com os diversos métodos de avaliação das limitações em atividades de vida diária (AVD). Objetivos Verificar se existe associação entre QV e estado funcional, mensurado por diferentes métodos: escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL), Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6min), Teste de AVD-Glittre (TGlittre) e monitorização das atividades físicas de vida diária (AFVD). Métodos 23 pacientes com DPOC, GOLD 2 a 4, submetidos às avaliações: espirometria, questionário de QV, Questionário Saint George na Doença Respiratória (SGRQ), escala LCADL, TC6min, TGlittre e monitorização das AFVD. Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman foram utilizados para verificar associação entre as variáveis. Resultados Verificou-se correlação entre todos os domínios do SGRQ e o TC6min, entre o TGlittre e domínio ‘lazer’ da escala LCADL; entre o domínio ‘atividades’ do SGRQ e o escore total da escala LCADL (r = 0,53), LCADL %total (r = 0,54) e com seus domínios ‘cuidados pessoais’ (r=0,49) e ‘lazer’ (0,82). O número de passos se correlacionou com SGRQ (r = -0,59), com ‘atividades’ (r = -0,70) e ‘impacto’ (r = -0,52); o tempo em pé correlacionou-se com o domínio ‘atividades’ (r = -0,47) do SGRQ (p < 0,05 para todas as correlações). Conclusões em pacientes com DPOC, tanto a capacidade quanto a performance funcional são capazes de refletir o impacto que a limitação de AVD exerce ...

Reabilitação pulmonar em longo prazo na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) prejudica o estado funcional, com consequente limitação das atividades de vida diária (AVD). Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de um programa de reabilitação pulmonar (RP), em longo prazo, no estado funcional, na dispneia e no índice BODE em pacientes com DPOC. RELATO DE CASO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e documental, com análise dos prontuários de cinco pacientes participantes de um programa de RP por um ano. Destes prontuários foram coletados dados referentes às avaliações: espirometria, índice de massa corporal (IMC), escalas London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) e Medical Research Council (MRC) e teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min). Após um ano participando do programa de exercício físico, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou maior capacidade funcional, menor dispneia e redução no risco de mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: Um ano de RP parece ter função de manutenção da melhora da capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC obtida após 24 sessões de treinamento.

INTRODUCTION: The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) impairs the functional status with consequent impairment of the activities of daily living (ADL). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a long term pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on the functional status, dyspnea and on the BODE index in patients with COPD. CASE REPORT: This is a retrospective and descriptive study. The records of five patients that participated in a year PRprogram were analyzed. Assessments about spirometry, body mass index (BMI), London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) and Medical Research Council (MRC) scales and six-minute walking test (6MWT) were collected. After a year participating in the PR program, most patients improved their functional capacity, dyspnea and reduced the risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: A year of PR seemed to maintain the improvement in functional capacityobtained after 24 training sessions in patients with COPD.

Can the Glittre ADL test differentiate the functional capacity of COPD patients from that of healthy subjects? / O teste de AVD-Glittre é capaz de diferenciar a capacidade funcional de indivíduos com DPOC da de saudáveis?

BACKGROUND: The Glittre ADL (TGlittre) test is a specifically designed to assess functional limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, it is not known if it can differentiate the performance of these patients from healthy subjects. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the Glittre ADL test is able to differentiate the functional capacity of COPD patients from that of healthy subjects and to compare the cardiorespiratory response between Glittre ADL and the six-minute walk test (6MWT). METHODS: The study included 10 patients with COPD (GOLD 2 to 4) and 10 healthy subjects matched by age who performed the following: spirometry pre-and post-bronchodilator, a Glittre ADL test and two 6MWT on two consecutive days. RESULTS: The performance of COPD (FEV1 percentpred= 38.1±11.8, age=64±10 years, BMI=23.7±5.2 kg/ m²) was worse than the control group on TGlittre (5.26±2.9 min, 3.3±0.3 min, p<0.05) and 6MWT (434.97±105.18 m vs. 593.25±87.36 m, p<0.05). TGlittre correlated with the physical activity domain of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) scale (r=0.67, p<0.05) and with 6MWT when the total sample was analyzed (r=-0.64, p<0.05). The COPD group had a statistically higher (p<0.05) increase in dyspnea (Borg scale) than the control group for both TGlittre and 6MWT, with a similar heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation variation in both groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The performance of COPD patients is worse than that of healthy subjects on the Glittre ADL test, with a greater increase in dyspnea and similar heart rates.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O teste de AVD Glittre (TGlittre) é um teste específico desenvolvido para avaliar a limitação funcional em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), no entanto não se sabe qual sua capacidade de diferenciar o desempenho de doentes do de indivíduos saudáveis. OBJETIVOS: Investigar se o TGlittre é capaz de diferenciar a capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC da de indivíduos normais, além de comparar a resposta cardiorrespiratória induzida pelo TGlittre com a do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min). MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo dez indivíduos com DPOC (GOLD 2 a 4) e dez indivíduos saudáveis de mesma faixa etária, realizando as seguintes avaliações: espirometria pré e pós-broncodilatador; um TGlittre e dois TC6min em dois dias consecutivos. RESULTADOS: O grupo DPOC (VEF1 por centoprev = 38,1±11,8, idade = 64±10 anos) apresentou pior desempenho que o grupo controle no TGlittre (5,26±2,9 min vs. 3,3±0,3 min, p<0,05) e no TC6min (434,97±105,18 m vs. 593,25±87,36 m, p<0,05). O TGlittre correlacionou-se com o domínio atividade física da escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) (r=0,67, p<0,05) no grupo DPOC e com o TC6min na amostra total (r=-0,64; p<0,05). Tanto no TGlittre como no TC6min, o grupo DPOC registrou aumento da dispneia (Borg) estatisticamente maior (p<0,05) que no grupo controle, com frequência cardíaca e saturação periférica de oxigênio similares (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com DPOC têm pior desempenho que indivíduos saudáveis no TGlittre, com maior dispneia e frequência cardíaca similar.