Immunosuppressive effect of long-term drainage of thoracic duct on immunological memory in adult thymectomized rats.

Profound reduction of the recirculating lymphocyte pool using thoracic duct drainage (TDD), a method developed by Gowans et al, has been shown to be of limited immunosuppressive value when applied in experimental as well as in clinical settings across major histocompatibility antigen complex (MHC) differences. This limitation is due to the observation that animals, in particular mice, are normally not able to have the drainage last longer than 8 to 10 days. However, using a simple modification of TDD, we have established a long-term TDD method, ie, more than 20 days. Combining this long-term TDD with adult thymectomy, we have examined the life span of naive and memory T cells specific for the minor histocompatibility antigen H-Y in female lewis rats. Furthermore, we demonstrated that memory T cells specific for the H-Y antigen do not appear to be recirculating lymphocytes.

Comparison of the vector systems for gene transduction into rat dendritic cells and peritoneal exudate cells.

Specialized antigen-presenting cells (APC), known as dendritic cells (DC), play a pivotal role in initiating primary immune responses. It has been reported that several vector systems, including adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors, Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ)-related vectors, and electroporation, are able to transduce genes into mouse and human DC. This has not been achieved for rat DC. To our knowledge, there is no direct evidence to support the view that the currently used vector systems are able to transduce genes into mature DC. Because most, if not all, gene transfer studies investigating DC or DC-related cell populations are carried out using heterogeneous groups of cells, it is therefore very important to determine to what extent gene transduction occurs in rat DC, and also selected mature DC (CD161a+ fully mature DC). In this study, we provide evidence that none of 4 vector systems are able to transfer genes into fully mature rat DC, which are derived from bone marrow cells (BMC), driven by Flt3/Flk2 ligand and interleukin (IL)-6, and purified by CD161a. Nevertheless, the most efficient gene transduction was observed in the developing DC progenitor cells during the long-term culture of rat BMC, and its gene expression was successfully achieved after 2 weeks of culture only with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based lentiviral vector system. The most critical time point for lentiviral gene transduction was around the 7th day from the beginning of culture with lentiviral vectors. Rat peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and another cell line (K562) were easily transducted by adenoviral vectors and lentiviral vectors.

Phenotype and functional identity of GM-CSF-independent dendritic cells generated by long-term propagation of DC progenitor cells in bone marrow cells and skin Langerhans cells.

Evidence is provided that dendritic cells (DC) generated by either long-term bone marrow cell (BMC) culture with Flt3L and interleukin-6 (IL-6), or after short-term BMC culture with granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), contain heterogeneous cell populations of admixed DC and Mphi, regardless of the cytokine source. By employing GM-CSF-independent culture systems with the aid of Flt3/Flk-2 ligand and IL-6 and phenotypic characterization of BMC-derived DC and skin Langerhans cells (LC), revealed similar phenotypes. Furthermore, CD103 (OX62), which is widely used for rat DC separation, was found to be insufficient to enrich DC, due to downregulation of the marker. In this regard, the most efficient selection of rat DC, was obtained by CD161a (NKR-P1A), a member of the C-type lectin family. Despite the phenotypic similarity with BMC-derived DC, the nucleus of LC showed a distinct morphology. A large population of DC generated by Flt3L/IL-6 from GM-CSF receptor-deficient mice by do not express NK1.1 (NKR-P1B and NKR-P1C). The profiles for BMC-derived DC were the same as for skin Langerhans cells.

Studies on the most efficient vector systems for gene transduction into dendritic cells.

Specialized antigen-presenting cells (APC), known as dendritic cells (DC), play a pivotal role in initiating primary immune responses. Several vector systems, including adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors, hemagglutinating virus of Japan-related vectors, and the electroporation, have been shown to transduce genes into mouse and human but not rat DC. However, there is no direct evidence to support the view that the currently used vector systems are able to transduce genes into mature DC. Inasmuch as most, if not all, gene transfer studies investigating DC or DC-related cell populations are performed employing heterogeneous-groups of cells, it is therefore important to determine the extent to which gene transduction occurs in bona fide DC. In this study, we provide evidence that none of these vector systems are able to transfer genes into mature rat DC, which are derived from bone marrow cells (BMC), driven by Flt3/Flk2 ligand and IL-6, and purified with CD161a. Nevertheless, the most efficient gene transduction was observed with developing DC progenitor cells during long-term culture of rat BMC. Successful gene transfer was achieved after 2-week culture with an HIV-based lentiviral vector system.

Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma expresses the protooncogene c-kit.

A 33-year-old woman first noticed numbness in the both lower extremities and the numbness gradually extended up to the thorax. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated a mass with moderate and heterogeneous enhancement and peritumoural intramedullary cysts in the spinal cord at the T-1 to T-3 levels. The tumour was explored partially and intra-operative pathological examination demonstrated the so-called "two-cell pattern" typical of germinoma. The margin of the tumour was not clear. Histological examination showed germinoma with strong c-kit protein expression on the tumour cell surface. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy were given following surgery. Her neurological deficits were improved but not resolved.

Effects of extracellular Ca2+ on phagocytosis and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of postpartum dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](e)) on phagocytosis and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The experiments were performed by using blood samples from parturient paretic and clinically normal parturient cows and manipulating the [Ca(2+)](e) in vitro. Phagocytosis by PMNs (with and without stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and inhibition with cytochalasin B) and resting [Ca(2+)](i) were significantly lower in parturient paretic cows. Repletion of Ca(2+) in the extracellular media for the samples from these animals increased phagocytosis and resting [Ca(2+)](i). In the blood of clinically normal parturient cows, decreasing the [Ca(2+)](e) decreased phagocytosis and resting [Ca(2+)](i) in PMNs, but increasing the [Ca(2+)](e) did not affect phagocytosis. These results suggest that the hypocalcemic condition of parturient paretic cows in vivo causes decreased phagocytosis and resting [Ca(2+)](i) in PMNs, which may partly contribute to greater susceptibility to infection.

Prolonged gene expression in mouse lung endothelial cells following transfection with Epstein-Barr virus-based episomal plasmid.

The development of a strategy to deliver a gene to pulmonary endothelium will be useful for gene function study and for pulmonary gene therapy. Cationic lipidic vectors are efficient in gene transfer to pulmonary endothelium via the vascular route; however, gene expression is transient and lasts for only a few days. In this study, we show that pulmonary gene transfer via cationic lipidic vectors can be significantly improved using an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based expression plasmid. Systemic administration of cationic liposomes followed by the EBV-based plasmid led to gene expression in the lung that lasted for more than 3 weeks. Prolonged and high levels of gene expression can also be obtained in primary mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) following lipofection with an EBV-based plasmid. These results suggest the utility of this gene transfer protocol in studying the expression of cloned genes in lung endothelial cells and in pulmonary gene therapy.

Nonviral genetic transfer of Fas ligand induced significant growth suppression and apoptotic tumor cell death in prostate cancer in vivo.

To accomplish efficient nonviral gene therapy against prostate cancer (PC), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vectors containing EBNA1 gene and oriP were employed and combined with a cationic polymer or cationic lipid. When EBV-plasmid/poly-amidoamine dendrimer complex was injected into PC-3-derived tumors established in severe combined immunodeficiency mice, a considerable expression of marker gene was obtained in the tumors, and the expression level was more than eight-fold higher than that achieved by conventional plasmid vector/dendrimer. Since most PC cells express the apoptotic signal molecule Fas (Apo-1/CD95) on their surface, Fas ligand (FasL) gene was transferred into PC cells to kill the tumor cells. In vitro transfection with pGEG.FasL (an EBV-plasmid with the FasL gene) significantly reduced the viability of PC cells, which subsequently underwent apoptosis. Intratumoral injections of pGEG.FasL into PC induced significant growth suppression of the xenograft tumors, in which typical characteristics of apoptosis were demonstrated by TUNEL staining and electron microscopic observations. When pGEG.FasL transfer was accompanied by systemic administrations of cisplatin, the tumors were inhibited even more remarkably, leading to prolonged survival of the animals. FasL gene transfection by means of EBV-based plasmid/cationic macromolecule complexes may provide a practical therapeutic strategy against PC.

Potential mechanism for the effects of dexamethasone on growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, has clinical benefit in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), but the mechanisms responsible for its effects are unknown. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 (IL-6) is thought to stimulate growth of HRPC. Because dexamethasone interferes with NF-kappaB activation, we determined whether dexamethasone inhibits prostate cancer growth by working through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to interfere with NF-kappaB-IL-6 pathway. METHODS: Three human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP) were assessed for GR expression and responsiveness to dexamethasone. Levels of GR, NF-kappaB, and the cytoplasmic NF-kappB inhibitor IkappaBalpha were determined by western blotting and of IL-6 by enzyme immunoassay. The subcellular localization of NF-kappaB was analyzed by immunofluorescence. The effects of dexamethasone (thrice weekly injections of 1 microg/mouse) on DU145 xenografts in nude and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were evaluated. GR expression in human prostate cancers was assessed by immunohistochemistry. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Dexamethasone dose dependently decreased GR levels and inhibited the growth of DU145 and PC-3 but not LNCaP cells (DU145 cells, P< .001; PC-3 cells, P = .009). Dexamethasone increased IkappaBalpha protein levels and the cytosolic accumulation of NF-kappaB in DU145 cells and decreased secreted IL-6 levels to 37 pg/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] = 33 pg/mL to 41 pg/mL), compared with 164 pg/mL (95% CI = 162 pg/mL to 166 pg/mL) secreted by ethanol-treated control cells. Dexamethasone inhibited the growth of DU145 xenografts in nude (P = .006) and SCID (P = .026) mice without affecting GR levels. Eight of 16 human prostate cancers expressed GR at high levels (>or=30% GR-positive cells). CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone inhibited the growth of GR-positive cancers, possibly through the disruption of the NF-kappaB-IL-6 pathway.

Highly efficient gene transfer into murine liver achieved by intravenous administration of naked Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vectors.

Naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) injection could become an alternative procedure to viral and nonviral gene delivery systems. We have previously shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vectors containing the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene and the oriP sequence enable quite high and long-lasting expression in various in vitro and in vivo transfection systems. The EBV-based plasmids were intravenously injected into mice via their tail vein under high pressure. A large amount of the marker gene product was expressed in the liver; as much as 320 microg of luciferase was demonstrated per gram of liver at 8 to 24 h after a single injection with 10 microg of DNA. More than 70% of liver cells stained with X-gal when beta-gal gene was transferred. The expression level was significantly higher than that obtained by conventional pDNA lacking the EBNA1 gene and oriP. On day 35 after the transfection, the expression from the EBV-based plasmid was approximately 100-fold stronger than the conventional pDNA gene expression. Both the EBNA1 gene and oriP are a prerequisite for the augmentation of the transfection efficiency. These results suggest that the intravascular transfection with naked EBV-based plasmid may provide a quite efficient, simple and convenient means to transduce therapeutic genes in vivo into the liver.

Integrin-linked kinase controls neurite outgrowth in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells.

Mouse N1E-115 cells grown on a laminin matrix exhibit neurite outgrowth in response to serum deprivation. Treatment of cells with an antibody against beta(1) integrin inhibits neurite outgrowth. Thus, beta(1) integrin is involved in the neuritogenesis of N1E-115 cells on a laminin matrix. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a recently identified cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of beta(1) integrin, has an important role in transmembrane signal transduction via integrins. We report that ILK is expressed in N1E-115 cells, the expression levels of which are constant under both normal and differentiating conditions. A stable transfection of a kinase-deficient mutant of ILK (DN-ILK) results in inhibition of neurite outgrowth in serum-starved N1E-115 cells grown on laminin. On the other hand, a transient expression of wild type ILK stimulated neurite outgrowth. The ILK activity in the parental cells was transiently activated after seeding on the laminin matrix, whereas that in the DN-ILK-transfected cells was not. These results suggest that transient activation of ILK is required for neurite outgrowth in serum-starved N1E-115 cells on laminin. Under the same conditions, p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but neither MAP kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) nor extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), was transiently activated after N1E-115 cell attachment to laminin, but not in the DN-ILK-expressed cells. The time course of p38 MAP kinase activation was very similar to that of ILK activation. Furthermore, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580, significantly blocked neurite outgrowth. Thus, activation of p38 MAP kinase is involved in ILK-mediated signal transduction leading to integrin-dependent neurite outgrowth in N1E-115 cells.

In vivo electroporation-mediated transfer of interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 genes induces significant antitumor effects against melanoma in mice.

Direct intratumoral transfection of cytokine genes was performed by means of the in vivo electroporation as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer. Plasmid vectors carrying the firefly luciferase, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 genes were injected into established subcutaneous B16-derived melanomas followed by electric pulsation. When plasmid vectors with Epstein--Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene were employed, the expression levels of the transgenes were significantly higher in comparison with those obtained with conventional plasmid vectors. In consequence of the transfection with IL-12 and IL-18 genes, serum concentrations of the cytokines were significantly elevated, while interferon (IFN)-gamma also increased in the sera of the animals. The IL-12 gene transfection resulted in significant suppression of tumor growth, while the therapeutic effect was further improved by co-transfection with IL-12 and IL-18 genes. Repetitive co-transfection with IL-12 and IL-18 genes resulted in significant prolongation of survival of the animals. Natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities were markedly enhanced in the mice transfected with the cytokine genes. The present data suggest that the cytokine gene transfer can be successfully achieved by in vivo electroporation, leading to both specific and nonspecific antitumoral immune responses and significant therapeutic outcome.

Participation of thrombospondin-1 in the activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta in malignant glioma cells.

Malignant glioma cells secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and can activate latent TGF-beta. However, the mechanism of the latent TGF-beta activation has not yet been determined. This study examined whether thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) secreted by malignant glioma cell lines participates in the activation of latent TGF-beta secreted by the glioma cells. Western blot analysis revealed that TSP-1 was present in both the cell lysates and the culture supernatants of all three malignant glioma cell lines (T98G, A172, and U251). A bioassay for TGF-beta activity revealed that all malignant glioma cell lines used in this study could activate latent TGF-beta by themselves. Latent TGF-beta 1 activation, evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was inhibited by more than 50% by the addition of neutralizing anti-TSP-1 monoclonal antibody or anti-TSP-1 polyclonal antibody. These results indicate that TSP-1 has a predominant role in the activation of latent TGF-beta in malignant glioma cells.

Black tea extract, thearubigin fraction, counteracts the effect of tetanus toxin in mice.

The aim of this study was to find an inactivating substance for tetanus toxin in natural foodstuff. Tetanus toxin (4 micrograms/ml) abolished indirect twitches in In vitro mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations within 2.5 hr. Hot water infusion of black tea mixed with tetanus toxin blocked the inhibitory effect of the toxin. Mixing the toxin with thearubigin fraction extracted from black tea infusion produced an identical result. Furthermore, thearubigin fraction mixed with the toxin protected against the in vivo paralytic effect of the toxin. Thearubigin fraction had no protective effect on other toxins, such as tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. The specific binding of [125I]tetanus toxin to rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes was inhibited by mixing iodinated toxin with thearubigin fraction. These results imply that thearubigin fraction counteracts the effect of tetanus toxin by binding with toxin, and also suggest that this fraction may be able to apply for prophylaxis of tetanus.

Cationic polymer-mediated genetic transduction into cultured human chondrosarcoma-derived HCS-2/8 cells.

The usefulness of three types of cationic polymer, i.e., degraded polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer (SuperFect Transfection Reagent; Oiagen), linear polyethylenimine (PEI; ExGen 500; Euromedex), and branched PEI in gene delivery into chondrocytes was examined comparatively. A plasmid vector containing the Escherichia coli LacZ (pSES.beta) was combined with one of the three cationic polymers at various molar ratios and the resultant complex (polyplex) was used to transduce a human chondrocyte-like cell line, HCS-2/8. Gene expression was evaluated by an O-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) assay and by staining with 0.05% 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal; Nacalai Tesque). The ONPG assay showed that the highest delivery rate was achieved when 2microg of pSES.beta was combined with either 21 microg of dendrimer, 1.7microg of linear PEI, or 2.0microg of branched PEI. At the same DNA/polymer ratios, the proportions of X-gal-stained cells were also the highest (31.3 +/- 7.5%, 30.3 +/- 9.0%, and 8.3 +/- 3.1%, respectively). LacZ expression reached the highest level 3 days after the dendrimer-mediated transduction, and gradually declined, returning to the background level on day 14. Possible cytotoxicity was examined by trypan blue staining and phase contrast microscopic observations. Neither cytotoxicity nor morphological change was induced at the optimal dose of each polymer. The cationic polymers, particularly the degraded dendrimer and linear PEI, would be a useful nonviral vector for gene delivery to cells of chondrocytes.

The mechanism of maitotoxin-induced elevation of the cytosolic free calcium level in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes.

The present study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism of the maitotoxin (MTX)-induced increase in intrasynaptosomal free calcium level ([Ca2+]i). The MTX (1 ng/ml)-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was partially inhibited by the omission of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+e) or the addition of verapamil, but not by adding nifedipine, omega-agatoxin IVA, omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-conotoxin MVIIC. An increase in [Ca2+]i in the absence of Ca2+e was sensitive to procaine, TMB-8, genistein and verapamil, but not to ryanodine and U-73122. These results may suggest that MTX increases [Ca2+]i by stimulating Ca2+ entry through voltage-independent nonselective cation channels and Ca2+ release from stores through a phospholipase C-gamma1-mediated pathway in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes.

Black tea extract, thearubigin fraction, counteract the effects of botulinum neurotoxins in mice.

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A, 1.5 nM) completely inhibited indirectly evoked twitches in in vitro mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations within 40 - 45 min. Black tea extract, thearubigin fraction (TRB), mixed with BoNT/A blocked the inhibitory effect of the toxin. The protective effect of TRB extended to botulinum neurotoxins types B and E (BoNT/B and BoNT/E) and tetanus toxin, but not to tetrodotoxin. TRB was also effective against oral toxicity of BoNT/A, B and E. Thus, TRB may be of potential benefit in protecting the paralytic actions of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), but its use is limited by mixing with the toxin.