Optofluidic Force Induction Meets Raman Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry: A New Hyphenated Technique for Comprehensive and Complementary Characterizations of Single Particles.

Nanoparticles are produced at accelerating rates, are increasingly integrated into scientific and industrial applications, and are widely discharged into the environment. Analytical techniques are required to characterize parameters such as particle number concentrations, mass and size distributions, molecular and elemental compositions, and particle stability. This is not only relevant to investigate their utility for various industrial or medical applications and for controlling the manufacturing processes but also to assess toxicity and environmental fate. Different analytical strategies aim to characterize certain facets of particles but are difficult to combine to retrieve relevant parameters coherently and to provide a more comprehensive picture. In this work, we demonstrate the first online hyphenation of optofluidic force induction (OF2i) with Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) to harness their complementary technology-specific advantages and to promote comprehensive particle characterizations. We optically trapped individual particles on a weakly focused vortex laser beam by aligning a microfluidic flow antiparallelly to the laser propagation direction. The position of particles in this optical trap depended on the hydrodynamic diameter and therefore enabled size calibration as well as matrix elimination. Additionally, laser light scattered on particles was analyzed in a single particle (SP) Raman spectroscopy setup for the identification of particulate species and phases. Finally, particles were characterized regarding elemental composition and their distributions in mass and size using SP ICP-TOFMS. In a proof of concept, we analyzed polystyrene-based microplastic and TiO2 nanoparticles and demonstrated the opportunities provided through the coupling of OF2i with SP Raman and SP ICP-TOFMS.

Interaction of the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib with the organic cation transporter 2.

Oxaliplatin (OHP) is effective in colorectal cancer treatment but induces peripheral neurotoxicity (OHP-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, OIPN), diminishing survivor quality of life. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) is a key OHP uptake pathway in dorsal root ganglia. Competing for OCT2-mediated OHP uptake, such as with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib, may mitigate OHP side effects. We investigated OHP and dasatinib interaction with OCT2 in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing OCT2 within a 10-3 to 10-7 M concentration range. Uptake competition experiments using fluorescent organic cation 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+, 1 µM) and mass spectrometry (MS) to determine cellular platinum content indicated that OHP (100 µM) is an OCT2 substrate, mediating OHP cellular toxicity. ASP+ and MS analysis revealed dasatinib as a non-transported inhibitor of hOCT2 (IC50 = 5.9 µM) and as a regulator of OCT2 activity. Dasatinib reduced transporter Vmax, potentially via Y544 phosphorylation suppression. MS analysis showed cellular dasatinib accumulation independent of hOCT2. Although 3 µM dasatinib reduced 100 µM OHP accumulation in hOCT2-HEK293 cells, co-incubation with dasatinib and OHP did not prevent OHP toxicity, possibly due to dasatinib-induced cell viability reduction. In summary, this study demonstrates OHP as an OCT2 substrate and dasatinib as a non-transported inhibitor and regulator of OCT2, offering potential for OIPN mitigation.

Mild Dissolution/Recomplexation Strategy for Speciation Analysis of Gadolinium from MR Contrast Agents in Bone Tissues by Means of HPLC-ICP-MS.

A species-dependent and total gadolinium quantification strategy for the analysis of bone and bone marrow samples was developed and applied to femurs of rats previously treated with different gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). A combined mild dissolution/recomplexation strategy allows the quantification of total Gd as well as the quantification of intact GBCA in bones within one analysis for the first time. Samples of rat bones and bone marrow were dissolved in low concentrations of hydrochloric acid and diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA). This is followed by the addition of excess In(III) to recomplex all free ligands, previously added DTPA as well as the ligands of GBCAs that were not stable during the dissolution step. Separation and quantification were carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column with subsequent inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that the investigated GBCA with a macrocyclic ligand shows a higher tendency to stay intact in the bone tissues over time, while a GBCA with a linear ligand is decomplexed more rapidly four weeks after GBCA administration. Additionally, for all macrocyclic GBCAs, a similar limited gadolinium accumulation was observed in the bone and bone marrow. Whereas linear GBCAs showed a higher gadolinium accumulation, a difference was observed between bone and bone marrow, indicating a different biodistribution behavior.

Tofacitinib and Baricitinib Are Taken up by Different Uptake Mechanisms Determining the Efficacy of Both Drugs in RA.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a key role. Baricitinib and Tofacitinib both act intracellularly, blocking the ATP-binding side of JAK proteins and thereby the downstream signalling pathway via STAT-3. Therefore, we investigated the role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in Baricitinib and Tofacitinib cellular transport. METHODS: OCT expression was analysed in SF isolated from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The interaction of Baricitinib and Tofacitinib with OCTs was investigated using quenching experiments. The intracellular accumulation of both drugs was quantified using LC/MS. Target inhibition for both drugs was tested using Western blot for phosphorylated JAK1 and STAT3 upon stimulation with IL-6. RESULTS: MATE-1 expression increased in OASF compared to RASF. The other OCTs were not differentially expressed. The transport of Baricitinib was not OCT dependent. Tofacitinib; however, was exported from RASF in a MATE-1 dependent way. Tofacitinib and Baricitinib showed comparable inhibition of downstream signalling pathways. CONCLUSION: We observed different cellular uptake strategies for Baricitinib and Tofacitinib. Tofacitinib was exported out of healthy cells due to the increased expression of MATE1. This might make Tofacitinib the favourable drug.

Preclinical evaluation of platinum-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles are commonly used as building blocks in the design of bone-substituting biomaterials. Recently, these nanoparticles have been considered for the treatment of metastasis disease, since their pH-dependent dissolution behavior allows for precise tuning of release kinetics of loaded cargo. Herein we show that the capacity of drug-loaded nanoparticles stabilized with citrate ions reduce cancer cell survival in an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model. In particular, in vitro studies demonstrate that PtPP-loaded HA nanoparticles exhibit anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cells at reduced pH. In vivo studies using an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model reveal that PtPP co-delivered with human breast cancer cells strongly reduce cancer cell survival. Similarly, co-injection of breast cancer cells with citrate-functionalized and PtPP-loaded HA nanoparticles into zebrafish significantly reduces survival of cancer cells due to release of chemotherapeutically active kiteplatin species. These results demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles against human breast cancer cells in a xenogenic embryonic in vivo model.

Targeting of radioactive platinum-bisphosphonate anticancer drugs to bone of high metabolic activity.

Platinum-based chemotherapeutics exhibit excellent antitumor properties. However, these drugs cause severe side effects including toxicity, drug resistance, and lack of tumor selectivity. Tumor-targeted drug delivery has demonstrated great potential to overcome these drawbacks. Herein, we aimed to design radioactive bisphosphonate-functionalized platinum (195mPt-BP) complexes to confirm preferential accumulation of these Pt-based drugs in metabolically active bone. In vitro NMR studies revealed that release of Pt from Pt BP complexes increased with decreasing pH. Upon systemic administration to mice, Pt-BP exhibited a 4.5-fold higher affinity to bone compared to platinum complexes lacking the bone-seeking bisphosphonate moiety. These Pt-BP complexes formed less Pt-DNA adducts compared to bisphosphonate-free platinum complexes, indicating that in vivo release of Pt from Pt-BP complexes proceeded relatively slow. Subsequently, radioactive 195mPt-BP complexes were synthesized using 195mPt(NO3)2(en) as precursor and injected intravenously into mice. Specific accumulation of 195mPt-BP was observed at skeletal sites with high metabolic activity using micro-SPECT/CT imaging. Furthermore, laser ablation-ICP-MS imaging of proximal tibia sections confirmed that 195mPt BP co-localized with calcium in the trabeculae of mice tibia.

Fast simultaneous quantification of gabapentin and cetirizine in cell lysates by means of HPLC-MS/MS.

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was successfully developed for the simultaneous detection of gabapentin (GBP) and cetirizine (CTZ) in cell lysates. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were found for GBP, CTZ and deuterated internal standards of both, allowing a selective and sensitive detection. Limits of detection (LODs) of 0.04 ng/mL and 0.07 ng/mL were achieved for CTZ and GBP respectively, and a linear range could be confirmed to the highest tested concentration of 50 ng/mL. Furthermore, with a total runtime of 2.5 min, this method allows a high throughput analysis. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by using it for the quantification of CTZ and GBP in cell lysates to examine the effects of renal transporters on these two analytes.

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)-stimulated angiogenesis is mediated by epoxy hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (EHETs) formed from COX-2.

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are formed from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450s. EETs promote angiogenesis linked to tumor growth in various cancer models that is attenuated in vivo by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors. This study further defines a role for COX-2 in mediating endothelial EET metabolism promoting angiogenesis. Using human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), we quantified 8,9-EET-induced tube formation and cell migration as indicators of angiogenic potential in the presence and absence of a COX-2 inducer [phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)]. The angiogenic response to 8,9-EET in the presence of PDBu was 3-fold that elicited by 8,9-EET stabilized with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (t-TUCB). Contributing to this response was the COX-2 metabolite of 8,9-EET, the 11-hydroxy-8,9-EET (8,9,11-EHET), which exogenously enhanced angiogenic responses in HAECs at levels comparable to those elicited by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In contrast, the 15-hydroxy-8,9-EET isomer was also formed but inactive. The 8,9,11-EHET also promoted expression of the VEGF family of tyrosine kinase receptors. These results indicate that 8,9-EET-stimulated angiogenesis is enhanced by COX-2 metabolism in the endothelium through the formation of 8,9,11-EHET. This alternative pathway for the metabolism of 8,9-EET may be particularly important in regulating angiogenesis under circumstances in which COX-2 is induced, such as in cancer tumor growth and inflammation.

Quantitative imaging of platinum-based antitumor complexes in bone tissue samples using LA-ICP-MS.

There is a need for effective medication against bone metastases because todays drugs are not able to penetrate the bone and reach the affected areas. To analyze if current or future platinum-containing drugs are able to achieve this, a quantitative imaging method is urgently needed. In this study, the platinum distribution in thin sections of mice tibia was determined using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in a spatially resolved manner. The hard bone tissue visible in microscopic images and signals found for calcium and phosphorous recorded via LA-ICP-MS and micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µXRF) correlate well. Furthermore, the platinum concentration was quantified using polymer-based matrix-matched standards. A limit of detection of 6 µg/g and a linearity of almost three decades could be achieved. Concentrations surpassing 300 µg/g could be found in the tibia samples. The method presented herein is a powerful approach for the visualization and quantification of platinum. As such, this method is a valuable tool to unravel the mechanism of delivery and optimize the therapeutic potency of platinum-containing drugs targeting bone diseases like bone metastases.