Provider perspectives on nutrition interventions in primary care: the role of organizational structure and community partnerships.

BACKGROUND: Poor nutrition remains a significant public health concern that is often managed within primary care settings. Meanwhile, to our knowledge, there have been few studies that evaluate the intent of primary care providers to offer nutrition services, nor what type of exchanges they engage in to ensure those programs can be implemented. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 primary care providers and support staff. Grounded theory analysis was utilized to identify themes and to develop a theoretical model of primary care nutrition program implementation. RESULTS: Three themes were identified. Patients approached primary care organizations with complex health beliefs, health severity, and barriers to care (theme 1). Providers and support staff responded by providing services that fit into existing organizational constraints, especially constraints related to workflow/time with patient, space and billing (theme 2). Providers see community as a major cue to action among patients but are unsure of the role of primary care (theme 3). CONCLUSIONS: Provider respondents found that implementing nutrition programs in primary care settings is difficult and that effective interventions for nutrition within health settings are limited without community-based partnerships and programming. Additional research is needed to measure existing community ties and how such ties could improve patient nutrition.

The gut microbiome and depression: a review.

BACKGROUND: Recent explorations into the gut microbiome of humans and animals reveal implications in chronic physical and mental health disorders. Relatively little is known regarding the relationship of gut microbiome and depression. In the current review, we reviewed existing scientific data related to the gut microbiome and healthy patients versus patients with depression. Additionally, scientific literature containing the utility of microbiome interventions to improve depression symptoms was reviewed. METHODS: A PubMed and Clinical Key literature search combined the key terms 'gut,' 'microbiome,' 'bacteria,' and 'depression' to identify studies investigating these relationships. RESULTS: 76 relevant articles were identified. Human and animal studies reviewed examined marked alterations in the dominant bacterial phyla in the gut of individuals with depression, the connection between leaky gut and neuroinflammation in depression, brain regulatory centers impacted by changes in the gut microbiome, and the benefits of the addition of a probiotic/prebiotic for gut and mental health. CONCLUSIONS: The current review confirmed the suspected direct communication between the gut microbiome, brain functioning, and depression. Additionally, studies suggest antibiotics disrupt the gut microbiome. There are important implications for psychiatrists in providing opportunities for intervention and enhancement of current treatments for individuals with depression.

Asenapine in the Treatment of Bipolar Depression.

Objectives: Asenapine, a potent serotonin 7 (5-HT7) receptor antagonist, was examined for efficacy as an antidepressant in depressed bipolar subjects. It was predicted that subjects with the genetic variant of the short form of the serotonin transporter (5HTTR) would be more likely to respond. Experimental Design: A subset of patients participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of asenapine in bipolar I depression also underwent genetic testing for the 5HTTR. Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score was ≥ 26 prior to randomization to asenapine or placebo for 8 weeks. Gene testing was performed before breaking the blind. Principal Observations: Nine patients completing the study also underwent gene testing. At study end, the average MADRS improvement was -19.80 ± SD 8.59 for the 4 people randomized to asenapine and -3.80 ± 9.01 for the 5 people receiving placebo (P = 0.021, t = 2.88). Anxiety, as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), also improved in asenapine-treated patients (-15.40 ± 6.15 vs. -2.80 ± 7.95, P = 0.023, t = 2.803). Six participants had the short form of the 5HTTR, and it is believed they influenced the significant outcome in this small sample. Conclusions: While this is a very small sample, asenapine appears to have a beneficial effect on both depression and anxiety in depressed bipolar I patients compared to treatment with placebo. Due to the large fraction of subjects with the short form, the hypothesis that the SF-5HTTR might increase asenapine response could not be adequately tested.