External validation of the ISARIC 4C Mortality Score to predict in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19 in a Canadian intensive care unit: a single-centre historical cohort study.

PURPOSE: With uncertain prognostic utility of existing predictive scoring systems for COVID-19-related illness, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) 4C Mortality Score was developed by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium as a COVID-19 mortality prediction tool. We sought to externally validate this score among critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 and compare its discrimination characteristics to that of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. METHODS: We enrolled all consecutive patients admitted with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure between 5 March 2020 and 5 March 2022 to our university-affiliated and intensivist-staffed ICU (Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada). After data abstraction, our primary outcome of in-hospital mortality was evaluated with an objective of determining the discriminative properties of the ISARIC 4C Mortality Score, using the area under the curve of a logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 429 patients were included, 102 (23.8%) of whom died in hospital. The receiver operator curve of the ISARIC 4C Mortality Score had an area under the curve of 0.762 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.717 to 0.811), whereas those of the SOFA and APACHE II scores were 0.705 (95% CI, 0.648 to 0.761) and 0.722 (95% CI, 0.667 to 0.777), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The ISARIC 4C Mortality Score is a tool that had a good predictive performance for in-hospital mortality in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 admitted to an ICU for respiratory failure. Our results suggest a good external validity of the 4C score when applied to a more severely ill population.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Compte tenu de l'utilité pronostique incertaine des systèmes de notation prédictive existants pour les maladies liées à la COVID-19, le score de mortalité ISARIC 4C a été mis au point par l'International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium en tant qu'outil de prédiction de la mortalité associée à la COVID-19. Nous avons cherché à valider en externe ce score chez les patient·es gravement malades atteint·es de COVID-19 admis·es dans une unité de soins intensifs (USI) et à comparer ses caractéristiques de discrimination à celles des scores APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) et SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment). MéTHODE: Nous avons recruté toutes les personnes consécutives admises pour insuffisance respiratoire associée à la COVID-19 entre le 5 mars 2020 et le 5 mars 2022 dans notre unité de soins intensifs affiliée à l'université et dotée d'intensivistes (Hôpital général juif, Montréal, QC, Canada). Après l'abstraction des données, notre critère d'évaluation principal de mortalité à l'hôpital a été évalué dans le but de déterminer les propriétés discriminatives du score de mortalité ISARIC 4C, en utilisant la surface sous la courbe d'un modèle de régression logistique. RéSULTATS: Au total, 429 patient·es ont été inclus·es, dont 102 (23,8 %) sont décédé·es à l'hôpital. La fonction d'efficacité du récepteur (courbe ROC) du score de mortalité ISARIC 4C avait une surface sous la courbe de 0,762 (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, 0,717 à 0,811), tandis que celles des scores SOFA et APACHE II étaient de 0,705 (IC 95%, 0,648 à 0,761) et 0,722 (IC 95%, 0,667 à 0,777), respectivement. CONCLUSION: Le score de mortalité ISARIC 4C est un outil qui a affiché une bonne performance prédictive de la mortalité à l'hôpital dans une cohorte de patient·es atteint·es de COVID-19 admis·es dans une unité de soins intensifs pour insuffisance respiratoire. Nos résultats suggèrent une bonne validité externe du score 4C lorsqu'il est appliqué à une population plus gravement malade.

High-flow nasal oxygen as first-line therapy for COVID-19-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure: a single-centre historical cohort study.

PURPOSE: The optimal noninvasive modality for oxygenation support in COVID-19-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure and its association with healthcare worker infection remain uncertain. We report here our experience using high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) as the primary support mode for patients with COVID-19 in our institution. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre historical cohort study of all COVID-19 patients treated with HFNO for at least two hours in our university-affiliated and intensivist-staffed intensive care unit (Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada) between 27 August 2020 and 30 April 2021. We report their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Healthcare workers in our unit cared for these patients in single negative pressure rooms wearing KN95 or fit-tested N95 masks; they underwent mandatory symptomatic screening for COVID-19 infection, as well as a period of asymptomatic screening. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients were analysed, with a median [interquartile range (IQR)] age of 66 [59-73] yr; 71% were male. Patients had a median [IQR] Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score of 3 [2-3], median [IQR] oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio of 120 [94-164], and a median [IQR] 4C score (a COVID-19-specific mortality score) of 12 [10-14]. Endotracheal intubation occurred in 48/142 (34%) patients, and overall hospital mortality was 16%. Barotrauma occurred in 21/142 (15%) patients. Among 27 symptomatic and 139 asymptomatic screening tests, there were no cases of HFNO-related COVID-19 transmission to healthcare workers. CONCLUSION: Our experience indicates that HFNO is an effective first-line therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients, and can be safely used without significant discernable infection risk to healthcare workers.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: La modalité non invasive optimale pour le soutien en oxygène lors d'insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique liée à la COVID-19 et son association avec l'infection des travailleurs de la santé restent incertaines. Nous rapportons ici notre expérience avec l'utilisation de canules nasales à haut débit (CNHD) comme principale modalité de soutien pour les patients atteints de COVID-19 dans notre établissement. MéTHODE: Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte historique monocentrique de tous les patients atteints de COVID-19 traités par CNHD pendant au moins deux heures dans notre unité de soins intensifs affiliée à l'université et dotée d'intensivistes (Hôpital général juif, Montréal, QC, Canada) entre le 27 août 2020 et le 30 avril 2021. Nous rapportons leurs caractéristiques cliniques et leurs résultats. Les travailleurs de la santé de notre unité ont soigné ces patients dans des chambres individuelles à pression négative en portant des masques KN95 ou N95 ajustés; ils ont subi un dépistage symptomatique obligatoire de l'infection à la COVID-19, ainsi qu'un dépistage en période asymptomatique. RéSULTATS: Cent quarante-deux patients ont été analysés, avec un âge médian [écart interquartile (ÉIQ)] de 66 [59-73] ans; 71 % étaient des hommes. Les patients avaient un score SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) médian [ÉIQ] de 3 [2, 3], un ratio médian [ÉIQ] de saturation en oxygène par oxymétrie de pouls/fraction d'oxygène inspiré de 120 [94-164], et un score 4C (un score de mortalité spécifique à la COVID-19) médian [ÉIQ] de 12 [10­14]. Dans l'ensemble, 48/142 patients (34 %) ont reçu une intubation endotrachéale, et la mortalité hospitalière globale était de 16 %. Un barotraumatisme est survenu chez 21/142 (15 %) patients. Parmi les 27 tests de dépistage symptomatiques et 139 tests asymptomatiques, aucun cas de transmission de COVID-19 liée aux CNHD aux travailleurs de la santé n'a été observé. CONCLUSION: Notre expérience indique que les CNHD constituent un traitement de première intention efficace pour l'insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique chez les patients atteints de COVID-19 qui peut être utilisé en toute sécurité, sans risque d'infection significatif discernable pour les travailleurs de la santé.

Spurious point-of-care lactate elevation in ethylene glycol intoxication: rediscovering a clinical pearl.

A 76-year-old man was found unresponsive and brought to the emergency department. Initial workup showed profound lactic acidosis on a point-of-care arterial blood gas, without clinical signs of hypoperfusion. Investigations for types A and B lactic acidosis revealed no unifying diagnosis to explain both his altered mental status and profound lactic acidosis. A toxicology workup revealed an increased osmolar gap and an elevated ethylene glycol level. The lactic acidosis and his mental status completely normalised within 8 hours of renal replacement therapy initiation and fomepizole administration. Ethylene glycol metabolites have similar molecular structure with L-lactate. Some blood gas analysers are unable to differentiate them, resulting in an artefactual lactate elevation. Our case highlights the importance of recognising a falsely elevated lactate, which should raise clinical suspicion of ethylene glycol poisoning, as the treatment is time-sensitive to prevent complications and mortality.

Outcomes and clinical practice in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit in Montréal, Canada: a descriptive analysis.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is responsible for millions of infections worldwide, and a substantial number of these patients will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Our objective was to describe the characteristics, outcomes and management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at a single designated pandemic centre in Montréal, Canada. METHODS: A descriptive analysis was performed on consecutive critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the ICU at the Jewish General Hospital, a designated pandemic centre in Montréal, between Mar. 5 and May 21, 2020. Complete follow-up data corresponding to death or discharge from hospital health records were included to Aug. 4, 2020. We summarized baseline characteristics, management and outcomes, including mortality. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were included in this study. Twenty-one patients (19.8%) died during their hospital stay, and the ICU mortality was 17.0% (18/106); all patients were discharged home or died, except for 4 patients (2 awaiting a rehabilitation bed and 2 awaiting long-term care). Twelve of 65 patients (18.5%) requiring mechanical ventilation died. Prone positioning was used in 29 patients (27.4%), including in 10 patients who were spontaneously breathing; no patient was placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. High-flow nasal cannula was used in 51 patients (48.1%). Acute kidney injury was the most common complication, seen in 20 patients (18.9%), and 12 patients (11.3%) required renal replacement therapy. A total of 53 patients (50.0%) received corticosteroids. INTERPRETATION: Our cohort of critically ill patients with COVID-19 had lower mortality than that previously described in other jurisdictions. These findings may help guide critical care decision-making in similar health care systems in further COVID-19 surges.

A Paralyzing Case of Myalgias.

BACKGROUND Myalgia, which describes muscle pain or soreness, is a common presenting complaint encountered in the Emergency Department, in inpatient settings and in outpatient settings. Its differential diagnosis is broad and includes benign as well as more serious clinical entities. Some of the common causes of myalgias include viral infections, strenuous exercise, and medications. Succinylcholine is a well-known neuromuscular blockade agent that is frequently used for rapid sequence intubation and short surgeries. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 70-year-old male who presented to the Emergency Department with a chief complaint of acute, severe onset diffuse myalgia leading to the inability to mobilize. He was being investigated for recent onset generalized lymphadenopathy and had undergone a diagnostic lymph node biopsy under general anesthesia 2 days prior to his presentation. He was diagnosed with presumed succinylcholine-induced myalgias after other etiologies were deemed less likely with thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. Succinylcholine binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junction and produces prolonged depolarization during which activation of the muscle is blocked. Initial depolarization of the neuromuscular junction induces hectic fasciculation of the muscle fibers, which in turn may be responsible for the occurrence of post-operative myalgias (POM). This entity can be severe and debilitating and is self-limited. CONCLUSIONS Succinylcholine remains a commonly used agent in anesthesia and succinylcholine-induced myalgia should remain in the differential diagnosis of acute, non-inflammatory myalgia. Its recognition can help avoid unwarranted, possibly invasive investigations and their associated additional healthcare costs.

Inflatable Penile Prosthesis in the Ambulatory Surgical Setting: Outcomes From a Large Urological Group Practice.

BACKGROUND: The definitive treatment for erectile dysfunction is the surgical implantation of a penile prosthesis, of which the most common type is the 3-piece inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) device. IPP surgery in outpatient freestanding ambulatory surgical centers (ASC) is becoming more prevalent as payers and health systems alike look to reduce healthcare costs. AIM: To evaluate IPP surgical outcomes in an ASC as compared to contemporaneously-performed hospital surgeries. METHODS: A database of all patients undergoing IPP implantation by practitioners in the largest private community urology group practice in the United States, from January 1, 2013 to August 1, 2019, was prospectively compiled and retrospectively reviewed. Cohorts of patients having IPP implantation performed in the hospital vs ASC setting were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome measure was to compare surgical data (procedural and surgical times, need for hospital transfer from ASC) and outcomes (risk for device infection, erosion, and need for surgical revision) between ASC and hospital-based surgery groups. RESULTS: A total of 923 patients were included for this analysis, with 674 (73%) having ASC-based surgery and 249 (27%) hospital-based, by a total of 33 surgeons. Median procedural (99.5 vs 120 minutes, P < .001) and surgical (68 vs 75 minutes, P < .001) times were significantly shorter in the ASC. While the risk for device erosion and need for surgical revision were similar between groups, there was no higher risk for prosthetic infection when surgery was performed in the ASC (1.7% vs 4.4% [hospital], P = .02), corroborated by logistic regression analysis (odds ratio 0.39, P = .03). The risk for postoperative transfer of an ASC patient to the hospital was low (0.45%). The primary reason for mandated hospital-based surgery was medical (51.4%), though requirement as a result of insurance directive (39.7%) was substantial. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: IPP implantation in the ASC is safe, has similar outcomes compared to hospital-based surgery with a low risk for need for subsequent hospital transfer. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The strengths of this study include the large patient population in this analysis as well as the real-world nature of our practice. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the review as well as the potential for residual confounding. CONCLUSION: ASC-based IPP implantation is safe, with shorter surgical and procedural times compared to those cases performed in the hospital setting, with similar functional outcomes. These data suggest no added benefit to hospital-based surgery in terms of prosthetic infection risk. Weinberg AC, Siegelbaum MH, Lerner BD, et al. Inflatable Penile Prosthesis in the Ambulatory Surgical Setting: Outcomes From a Large Urological Group Practice. J Sex Med 2020;17:1025-1032.

Interdisciplinary Systems-Based Intervention to Improve IV Hydration during Parenteral Administration of Acyclovir.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous (IV) hydration is considered a protective factor in reducing the incidence of acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity. A systems-based review of cases of acyclovir-associated acute kidney injury can be used to examine institution-, care provider-, and task-related factors involved in administering the drug and can serve as a basis for developing a quality improvement intervention to achieve safer administration of acyclovir. OBJECTIVES: To explore the effectiveness of the study institution's inter-disciplinary quality improvement intervention in increasing the dilution of acyclovir before IV administration. METHODS: After conducting a systems-based review for intervention development, a retrospective analysis was undertaken to compare IV administration of acyclovir in the 6-month periods before and after implementation of the intervention. The study population was a sequential sample of all patients over 18 years of age who were seen in the emergency department or admitted to a ward and who received at least one IV dose of acyclovir at the study institution. The primary outcome was the volume in which each acyclovir dose was delivered. The secondary outcomes were the hourly rate of fluid administration, the frequency of an increase in hourly hydration rate, and the incidence of acute kidney injury. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients (44 in the pre-intervention period and 40 in the post-intervention period) received IV acyclovir and had evaluable data for the primary outcome. The median volume in which the acyclovir dose was administered was significantly higher in the post-intervention group (250 mL versus 100 mL, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, an easily implemented intervention significantly increased the volume of IV fluid administered to patients receiving acyclovir. Adequately powered prospective studies are suggested to investigate the effectiveness of this intervention on the clinically relevant incidence of acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity.

CONTEXTE: L'hydratation par voie intraveineuse est considérée comme un facteur de protection aidant à réduire l'incidence des cas de néphrotoxicité associés à l'acyclovir. Une analyse de systèmes des cas d'insuffisance rénale aiguë associés à l'acyclovir peut servir à examiner les facteurs liés aux établissements, aux fournisseurs de soins et aux tâches qui touchent l'administration du médicament et à générer ainsi une mesure visant l'amélioration de la qualité qui rendra l'administration d'acyclovir plus sûre. OBJECTIF: Étudier l'efficacité de la mesure interdisciplinaire visant l'amélioration de la qualité qui a été mise en œuvre dans l'établissement de l'étude et qui encourageait à diluer davantage l'acyclovir avant son administration par voie intraveineuse. MÉTHODES: Après avoir procédé à une analyse de systèmes pour générer une mesure d'intervention, une analyse rétrospective a été réalisée afin de comparer l'administration d'acyclovir par voie intraveineuse au cours des six mois précédant et suivant la mise en œuvre de la mesure. La population de l'étude était composée d'un échantillon progressif de tous les patients de plus de 18 ans ayant séjourné aux urgences ou dans un service intra-hospitalier et ayant reçu au moins une dose d'acyclovir par voie intraveineuse dans l'établissement concerné. Le principal paramètre d'évaluation était le volume de liquide contenant chaque dose d'acyclovir administrée. Les paramètres d'évaluation secondaires comprenaient : le débit horaire de liquide administré, la fréquence d'ajustement à la hausse du débit liquidien horaire et la fréquence des cas d'insuffisance rénale aiguë. RÉSULTATS: Quatre-vingt-quatre patients (44 dans la période précédant l'application de la mesure et 40 dans la période la suivant) ont reçu de l'acyclovir par voie intraveineuse et présentaient des données évaluables pour le paramètre principal. Le volume médian avec lequel chaque dose d'acyclovir était administrée était significativement supérieur dans le groupe suivant l'application de la mesure (250 mL contre 100 mL, p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONS: Cette étude montre qu'une mesure facile à mettre en place augmentait de façon significative le volume de liquides intraveineux administré aux patients recevant de l'acyclovir. L'on suggère de réaliser des études prospectives d'une puissance suffisante pour évaluer l'efficacité de cette mesure en ce qui a trait à la fréquence cliniquement significative des cas de néphrotoxicité associés à l'acyclovir.

Novel low-resource intervention reduces urinary catheter use and associated urinary tract infections: role of outcome measure bias?

BACKGROUND: Previous interventions targeting nosocomial urinary tract infections have reduced catheterization and infections, but they require significant resources and may be susceptible to misclassification and surveillance bias. We sought to determine the effectiveness of a novel intervention at reducing catheterization and infections while exploring the potential for bias. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of a brief monthly in-person educational intervention focusing on appropriate urinary catheter use. RESULTS: We studied 1,335 patients (13,753 patient days) on 1 control and 1 intervention ward. After the intervention, the device utilization rate was significantly reduced, with a relative risk of 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.76; P = .001) versus 1.02 (95% CI, 0.58-1.82; P = .93) for controls. Both wards demonstrated a reduction in catheter-associated infections after intervention, with an intervention relative risk of 0.42 (95% CI, 0.16-1.08; P = .07) and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.22-1.20; P = .12) for controls. There was no change in the rate of all nosocomial urine infections, with an intervention relative risk of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.38-1.65; P = .53) and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.48-1.67; P = .72) for controls. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that our novel educational intervention significantly reduces urinary catheter use in hospitalized patients. The trend towards reduced catheter-associated infections after intervention, coupled with the absence of an improvement in all nosocomial infections supports a potential role of misclassification bias. We suggest that future prospective investigations explore this phenomenon using more robust outcome measures.

Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest on the Internal Medicine clinical teaching unit.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data on patient outcomes following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) on the Internal Medicine clinical teaching unit (CTU). Accurate outcome data enhances discussions between patients, surrogates, and physicians, and assists in their management. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive "Code Blue" calls on 2 medical CTUs in a Canadian tertiary centre from January 1, 2003 to June 30, 2007. The medical records of identified patients were screened for eligibility and patient-specific and arrest-specific data were collected for eligible events. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS: Our cohort comprised 83 patients; including 54 (65.1%) men with a mean age of 75 years (range, 38-97). Infection (34.9%) was the principal reason for admission and over half of patients had 3 or more comorbid illnesses. Forty-three (51.8%) of the IHCA events were witnessed. In all, 39 (90.7%) of the witnessed and 36 (90%) of the unwitnessed arrests were pulseless electrical activity (PEA) or asystole (P = not significant). Return of spontaneous circulation occurred in 29 patients (34.9%) and 2 (2.4%) survived to hospital discharge. No patients survived to discharge after unwitnessed arrest. CONCLUSIONS: IHCA in Internal Medicine CTU patients is characterized by a high rate of PEA/asystole and a minimal chance of survival to hospital discharge. Moreover, no patient with an unwitnessed arrest survived to hospital discharge. While these findings require confirmation in a larger study, they merit consideration in the context of code status discussions, particularly with respect to the response to unwitnessed arrests.